The Quality of Nationality Index

The Quality of Nationality Index (QNI) ranks the quality of nationalities based on internal and external factors.[1] Each nationality receives an aggregated score based on their economic strength, human development, ease of travel, political stability and overseas employment opportunities for their citizens. The data is collected from various sources with quantifiable data.[2] The QNI was created by Dimitry Kochenov, an expert in citizenship, nationality and immigration law and constitutional law of the European Union at the University of Groningen and Christian Kälin, chairman of Henley & Partners.

The Quality of Nationality Index
The Quality of Nationality Index Logo 2018
AuthorChristian Kälin and Dimitry Kochenov
LanguageEnglish
Release number
2018
PublisherHenley & Partners
Websitenationalityindex.com

Significance

The phenomenon of being a native of any country has also been described as ‘a birthright lottery’ by Professor of Law, Political Science, and Global Affairs Ayelet Shachar at the University of Toronto.[3] At the same time, the QNI shows that nationalities diverge greatly in their practical value which often does not run parallel with the characteristics of the countries with which nationalities are associated, such as the economic power or the level of human development of the countries. Applying the methodology of the QNI, some economically strong countries have relatively unattractive nationalities. For example, the nationality of India shares the 106th place with the nationality of Senegal (2017 data). By contrast, some small countries have nationalities of larger value, such as those of Lithuania and Romania, which are ranked 22nd and 25th respectively in the QNI 2017.

The QNI is frequently cited in media such as Forbes, Bloomberg, The Enquirer and Business Standard.[4][5][6][7]

QNI World Map

Methodology

The QNI takes a quantitative approach to determine the value of a nationality based on seven parameters, comprising both internal value (40%) and external value (60%). Three parameters reflect the internal value of a nationality: human development (15%), economic strength (15%), and peace and stability (10%). Four parameters reflect the external value of a nationality: diversity of travel freedom (15%), weight of travel freedom (15%), diversity of settlement freedom (15%), and weight of settlement freedom (15%).[8]

Virtually all nationalities of the world as well as EU citizenship are included in the ranking. Not included are fantasy passports and nationalities of non-recognized states such as the various micronations, Abkhazia, South-Ossetia, and Somaliland.[9] All nationalities receive a score from 0% to 100%.[10]

Weighted distribution of factors to calculate the QNI score

Internal parameters and sources

The data is aggregated from various objective sources. The internal factors present the quality of life and opportunities for personal growth within the country of origin of the holder of nationality.[11]

Human Development

Human Development is measured using the United Nations Development Programme Human Development Index (Human Development Index). The HDI was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian economist Amartya Sen which was further used to measure the country's development by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The index is based on the human development approach, developed by Ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in life. Examples include—Being: well fed, sheltered, healthy; Doings: work, education, voting, participating in community life. Consequently, this index centres on three different human development areas: life expectancy at birth, expected years of education, and standard of living.

The QNI normalizes the HDI scores of the countries with which a particular nationality is associated to a 0-15% scale. The nationality of the highest-scoring country on the HDI gets the full 15% score, with the other nationalities being ranked proportionately.[12][13]

Economic Strength

Economic Strength of a nationality is based on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) of the country with which the nationality is associated. It is calculated from the data that is provided by the International Monetary Fund. If there is no reliable Purchasing Power Parity data available, non-PPP data from the World Bank [14] are used.[15] GDP at PPP scores are normalized to a 0-15% scale, the largest economy receiving the full 15% score.

Peace and Stability

Peace and Stability are calculated using data by the annual Global Peace Index (GPI). The index is published by the Institute for Economics and Peace.[16] Peace and Stability accounts for 10% of the total QNI General Ranking scale. Also here the nationality which is associated with the most peaceful country receives the full 10%. The other nationalities are ranked proportionately on the basis of the ranking scale used by the GPI.[17]

External parameters and sources

External factors identify the quality of opportunities and diversity the holder of a nationality can pursue outside the country of origin.[18]

Diversity of Travel Freedom

Diversity of Travel Freedom is based on how many destinations the holder of a particular nationality can visit without a visa or with a visa-on-arrival [19] for short-term tourist or business purposes. The data is sourced from the International Air Transport Association IATA. The diversity of Travel Freedom accounts for 15% of the total QNI General Ranking scale.

Weight of Travel Freedom

Weight of Travel Freedom evaluates the quality of the travel freedom the holder of a nationality has without a visa or with a visa-on-arrival for short term visits. Unlike Diversity of Travel Freedom, which looks only at the number of destinations, Weight of Travel Freedom looks at the value of having visa-free or visa-on-arrival travel access to a particular country. This value is based on the Human Development (50%) and Economic Strength (50%) of each country destination.[20] This is based on the presumption that for most people, having visa-free access to the United States of America is of higher value than having visa-free access to Sudan, for example. Weight of Travel Freedom accounts for 15% of the total QNI General Ranking scale.[21]

Diversity of Settlement Freedom

Diversity of Settlement Freedom is based on the number of foreign countries in which the holder of a nationality can freely settle for at least 360 days with automatic access to work there.[22] Diversity of Settlement Freedom accounts for 15% of the total QNI General Ranking scale. The most advanced example of a regional organization which allows nationals of its Member States to freely settle in each of the other Member States is the European Union. However, similar regional organizations which include free settlement among Member States are MERCOSUR, the Gulf Cooperation Council, and Economic Community of Western African States. Outside such regional organizations, Georgia is the only country that allows almost all foreigners to freely settle and work in its country.[23] If there is a ‘Hard Brexit’, British citizens may lose their settlement and working rights to more than 30 of the world's leading countries, seriously affecting the quality of the British nationality.[24][25]

Weight of Settlement Freedom

Weight of Settlement Freedom evaluates the quality of the settlement freedom of the holder of a nationality. It does so by looking at the Human Development (50%) and Economic Strength (50%) of the countries to which the nationality holder has settlement access. Weight of Settlement Freedom accounts for 15% of the total QNI General Ranking scale.

As of 2017, France's quality of nationality is ranked the best in the world, according to the latest edition of the Quality of Nationality Index (QNI).[26][27] The French nationality earned a score of 81.7% out of a possible 100%, fractionally ahead of Germany.[28] While the difference between France's and Germany's results is relatively small, France's comparative advantage lies in its greater settlement freedom (attributable mainly to the country's former colonial empire[29]).

Results

France's quality of nationality is ranked the best in the world, according to the latest edition of the Quality of Nationality Index (2018 data).[30][31]The French nationality earned a score of 83.5% out of a possible 100%, fractionally ahead of Germany and the Netherlands. While the difference between France's and Germany's result is relatively small, France's comparative advantage lies in its greater settlement freedom (attributable mainly to the country's former colonial empire[32]).

Full ranking (2018)
RankCitizenshipScore
1 France83.5%
2 Germany82.8%
2 Netherlands82.8%
3 Denmark81.7%
4 Sweden81.5%
4 Norway81.5%
5 Iceland81.4%
6 Finland81.2%
7 Italy80.7%
8 United Kingdom80.3%
9 Ireland80.2%
10 Spain80.0%
11  Switzerland79.8%
11 Belgium79.8%
12 Austria79.7%
13 Czech Republic79.0%
13 Portugal79.0%
13 Luxembourg79.0%
14 Liechtenstein78.9%
15 Slovenia78.6%
16 Malta77.6%
17 Hungary77.5%
17 Slovakia77.5%
18 Greece77.3%
19 Estonia77.1%
20 Poland77.0%
20 Lithuania77.0%
20 Latvia77.0%
21 Cyprus75.3%
22 Romania75.2%
23 Bulgaria75.0%
24 Croatia73.8%
25 United States70.0%
26 Japan58.4%
27 Gibraltar56.0%
28 Canada55.3%
29 Australia55.2%
29 Chile55.2%
30 Singapore55.1%
31 New Zealand54.8%
32 Argentina54.5%
33 Brazil54.3%
34 South Korea54.2%
35 Jersey53.3%
36 Guernsey53.2%
36 Isle of Man53.2%
37 Monaco52.5%
38 Andorra51.6%
39 San Marino51.4%
40 Malaysia51.0%
41 Uruguay50.5%
42 United Arab Emirates50.3%
43 Brunei Darussalam49.2%
44 Hong Kong48.9%
45 Antigua and Barbuda47.7%
46 Saint Kitts and Nevis47.5%
47 Paraguay46.8%
48 Israel46.7%
49 Barbados46.3%
49 Saint Vincent46.3%
50 Seychelles46.2%
51 Taiwan46.1%
52 Mexico45.7%
52 Grenada45.7%
53 Peru45.6%
54 Bahamas45.5%
54 Costa Rica45.5%
54 St. Lucia45.5%
55 Mauritius45.2%
56 China44.3%
56 Venezuela44.3%
57 Dominica43.9%
58 Panama41.7%
58 Macao43.8%
59 Trinidad and Tobago43.3%
59 Colombia43.3%
60 Palau42.7%
61 Serbia42.1%
62 Russian Federation42.0%
63 Marshall Islands41.8%
64 Montenegro40.9%
65 Micronesia40.2%
66 El Salvador39.7%
66 Samoa39.7%
67 North Macedonia39.3%
68 Honduras39.2%
69 Ecuador39.1%
69 Guatemala39.1%
70 Kuwait39.0%
71 Bosnia38.8%
72 Albania38.7%
72 Tonga38.7%
73 Moldova38.6%
73 Tuvalu38.6%
74 Nicaragua38.5%
75 Ukraine38.2%
76 Turkey37.7%
77 Georgia37.5%
78 Vanuatu37.1%
78 Qatar37.1%
78 Oman37.1%
79 Kiribati36.6%
80 Solomon Islands36.5%
81 Saudi Arabia36.2%
82 Bahrain36.1%
83 Bolivia35.8%
84 Kazakhstan35.7%
85 South Africa35.0%
86 Belarus34.8%
87 Cape Verde34.2%
88 Belize34.1%
89 Ghana33.9%
90 Guyana33.6%
91 Fiji33.2%
92 Suriname33.1%
92 Timor-Leste33.1%
93 Botswana33.0%
93 Maldives33.0%
94 Thailand32.4%
95 India32.2%
95 Gambia32.2%
96 Nauru32.0%
96 Jamaica32.0%
97 Indonesia31.8%
97 Benin31.8%
98 Armenia31.7%
99 Sierra Leone31.3%
99 Senegal31.3%
100 Israel31.0%
101 Latvia30.8%
102 Kyrgyzstan30.6%
103 Togo30.3%
104 Dominican Republic30.2%
105 Azerbaijan30.1%
106 Namibia30.0%
106 Côte d’Ivoire30.0%
106 Cuba30.0%
107 Tunisia29.9%
107 Guinea29.9%
108 Burkina Faso29.8%
109 Uzbekistan29.3%
109 Mongolia29.3%
110 Guinea-Bissau28.8%
111 Papua New Guinea28.7%
112 Liberia28.6%
113 Morocco28.1%
113 Nigeria28.1%
114 Philippines27.9%
114 Tajikistan27.9%
115 Mali27.8%
115 Swaziland27.8%
116 Zambia27.6%
117 Bhutan27.5%
118 Niger27.4%
118 Algeria27.4%
119 Tanzania27.0%
120 Kenya26.9%
121 Jordan26.8%
121 Gabon26.8%
121 Vietnam26.8%
122 Turkmenistan26.7%
123 Lesotho26.6%
124 Malawi26.4%
125 Sri Lanka26.2%
125 Iran26.2%
126 Sao Tome25.8%
127 Egypt25.7%
128 Kosovo25.3%
128 Laos25.3%
129British Nationals (Overseas)25.2%
130 Lebanon25.1%
130 Uganda25.1%
130British overseas territories citizenship25.1%
131 Zimbabwe24.9%
132 Equatorial Guinea24.8%
133 Cambodia24.6%
134 Madagascar24.5%
135 Angola24.2%
135 Comoros24.2%
136 Mauritania24.1%
137 Bangladesh23.6%
137 Haiti23.6%
138 Rwanda23.3%
138 Congo23.3%
138 Mozambique23.3%
139 Palestinian Territory23.1%
139 Myanmar23.1%
140   Nepal23.0%
141 North Korea22.9%
142British Overseas citizenship22.6%
143British Subjects22.6%
143British protected persons22.6%
144 Cameroon22.4%
145 Libya21.7%
145 Djibouti21.7%
146 Chad20.7%
147 Burundi20.0%
148 Ethiopia19.9%
149 Iraq19.4%
150 Pakistan19.0%
151 Sudan18.9%
152 Eritrea18.8%
153 Congo18.0%
154 Central African Republic17.6%
155 Yemen17.2%
156 Syrian Arab Republic16.8%
157 South Sudan15.9%
158 Afghanistan15.4%
159 Somalia13.8%

Top 10 nations (2018)
Country 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013
 France 1
83.5%		 1
81.7%		 2
82.4%		 7
80.9%		 8
80.8%		 3
81.3%
 Germany 2
82.8%		 2
81.6%		 1
82.7%		 1
83.1%		 1
83.1%		 1
83.1%
 Netherlands 2
82.8%		 5
80.8%		 8
79.7%		 9
80.3%		 10
80.4%		 7
80.3%
 Denmark 3
81.7%		 4
80.9%		 2
82.4%		 2
83.0%		 2
82.8%		 2
81.7%
 Norway 4
81.5%		 6
80.4%		 5
81.0%		 4
81.7%		 5
81.2%		 4
80.9%
 Sweden 4
81.5%		 7
80.0%		 9
81.2%		 5
81.6%		 4
81.7%		 5
80.8%
 Iceland 5
81.4%		 3
81.5%		 3
81.3%		 5
81.6%		 6
81.1%		 4
80.9%
 Finland 6
81.2%		 8
79.2%		 6
80.7%		 3
82.0%		 3
82.2%		 3
81.3%
 Italy 7
80.7%		 8
79.2%		 7
79.9%		 13
79.8%		 13
80.0%		 8
80.2%
 United Kingdom 8
80.3%		 11
80.2%		 11
80.7%		 8
80.4%		 7
80.5%		 7
80.2%
 Ireland 9
80.2%		 9
79.0%		 11
79.4%		 6
81.0%		 5
81.2%		 6
80.4%
 Spain 10
80.0%		 9
80.5%		 10
80.8%		 11
79.6%		 10
79.6%		 11
80.2%
References [33]

References
  1. "Germany Tops Quality of Nationality Index". cnbc.com. 2017-09-13. Retrieved 2018-08-16.
  2. Kochenov, Dimitry; Lindeboom, Justin (October 2017). "Empirical Assessment of the Quality of Nationalities: The Quality of Nationality Index (QNI)". European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance. 4 (4): 314–336. doi:10.1163/22134514-00404007. SSRN 3053624.
  3. "Birthright is a Lottery". rorotoko.com. 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
  4. "The World's Top Nationalities". Forbes. 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
  5. "Where the Super-Rich go to buy their second Passport". Bloomberg. 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
  6. "World's best Nationalities for 2017 revealed". The Enquirer. 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
  7. "Looking for another Passport – Here are the most sought after countries". Business Standard. 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
  8. Kochenov, Dimitry; Lindeboom, Justin (2018) [2018]. "Methodology of the QNI". The Quality of Nationality Index (3rd ed.). Ideos Publishing.
  9. Lindeboom, Justin (2018). "The Quality of Nationalities of Countries That Don't Exist: Measuring the Value of Unrecognized Nationalities". In Kochenov, Dimitry; Lindeboom, Justin (eds.). The Quality of Nationality Index (3rd ed.). Ideos. ISBN 978-3-9524742-5-9.
  10. "The 41 nationalities with the best quality of life". www.businessinsider.de. 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  11. "The world's best and worst nationalities in 2018 – including South Africa". www.businesstech.co.za. Retrieved 2018-08-07.
  12. "Global Launch of the First Edition of the Henley & Partners – Kochenov Quality of Nationality Index". www.ireland.co.nz /. Retrieved 2018-08-07.
  13. "German citizenship is ranked the most valuable in the world". www. qz.com /. Retrieved 2018-08-07.
  14. "These are the richest countries with the weakest passports". www.weforum.org. 2018-05-02. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  15. "Economic Strength". www.nationalityindex.com/. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  16. "Peace and Stability". www.nationalityindex.com/. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  17. "First index to rank quality of nationalities". www.emirates247.com/. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
  18. "A new ranking of every country's citizenship". www.economist.com. 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
  19. "France's Macron uses culture to assert world's top 'soft power' nationality". www.nbr.co.nz. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  20. "Quality of Nationality Index Methodology". www.nationalityindex.com/. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
  21. "Which One is the Best Passport to Have?". www.fundssociety.com. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
  22. "World's Top Nationalities Revealed: France Is No. 1, U.S. Ranks 27". www.forbes.com. 2018-04-26. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  23. Delcour, Laure (2017). "Georgia". In Kochenov, Dimitry (ed.). The Quality of Nationality Index (2nd ed.). Ideos Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9935866-6-8.
  24. "FRANCE is the world's best nationality according to new data – where does the UK rank?". www.express.co.uk. 2018-04-20. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
  25. "A new ranking of every country's citizenship". www.economist.com. 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
  26. Platon, Sébastien (2018). "The French Nationality". In Kochenov, Dimitry; Lindeboom, Justin (eds.). The Quality of Nationality Index (3rd ed.). Ideos. ISBN 978-3-9524742-5-9.
  27. "France's Macron uses culture to assert world's top'soft power' nationality". www.nbr.co.nz. 2016-05-29. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
  28. Thym, Daniel (2018). "The German Nationality". In Kochenov, Dimitry; Lindeboom, Justin (eds.). The Quality of Nationality Index. Ideos. ISBN 978-3-9524742-5-9.
  29. "World's Top Nationalities Revealed: France Is No. 1, U.S. Ranks 27". www.forbes.com. 2018-04-26. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  30. "France's Macron uses culture to assert world's top'soft power' nationality". www.nbr.co.nz. 2016-05-29. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
  31. "France excels in enabling its citizens to move abroad". www.rfi.fr. 2019-11-22. Retrieved 2019-12-07.
  32. "World's Top Nationalities Revealed: France Is No. 1, U.S. Ranks 27". www.forbes.com. 2018-04-26. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
  33. "Quality of Nationality Index". Retrieved 2019-12-06.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.