Timeline of the Northern Yuan

14th century
YearDateEvent
1368The Yuan dynasty retreats to Karakorum[1]
1380Ming dynasty sacks Karakorum[1]
1381DecemberMing conquest of Yunnan: Ming forces take Qujing[2]
1382AprilMing conquest of Yunnan: Ming forces conquer Yunnan[3]
1387OctoberMing campaign against the Uriankhai: Naghachu surrenders to Ming forces[4]
1388MayBattle of Buir Lake: Ming forces defeat Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür[5]
1399The Four Oirats break away from Northern Yuan[6]

15th century
YearDateEvent
1408Öljei Temür Khan defeats Örüg Temür Khan and becomes ruler of Northern Yuan[6]
140923 SeptemberBattle of Kherlen: Ming forces are defeated by Öljei Temür Khan[7]
141015 JuneFirst Mongol Campaign: The Yongle Emperor defeats Öljei Temür Khan on the banks of the Onon River[7]
JulyFirst Mongol Campaign: Ming forces defeat Arughtai east of the Greater Khingan and withdraw to Nanjing[7]
1414AprilSecond Mongol Campaign: Ming forces engage Oirats at the Tuul River, suffering heavy casualties, but ultimately prevail through the use of heavy cannon bombardments[8]
1422AprilThird Mongol Campaign: Ming forces are dispatched against Arughtai but fail to engage him in combat and return to Beijing[8]
1423AugustFourth Mongol Campaign: The Yongle Emperor launches an offensive against Arughtai only to find out he had already been defeated by the Oirats[9]
1424AprilFifth Mongol Campaign: The Yongle Emperor leads an expedition against the remnants of Arughtai's horde but fails to find them[9]
1428OctoberUriankhai raid Ming borders and the Xuande Emperor personally leads troops to repel them[10]
1433The Oirats install Taisun Khan as leader of the Eastern Mongols[6]
1449JulyTumu Crisis: Esen Taishi of the Oirats and de facto ruler of the Northern Yuan launches an invasion of the Ming dynasty[11]
4 AugustTumu Crisis: The Zhengtong Emperor departs from Beijing to personally confront Esen Taishi[12]
30 AugustTumu Crisis: The Ming rearguard is defeated[13]
1 SeptemberTumu Crisis: The Ming army is annihilated and the Zhengtong Emperor is captured by Esen Taishi[14]
27 OctoberEsen Taishi lays siege to Beijing but fails to take it and withdraws after 5 days[15]
1451Esen Taishi declares himself Yuan Emperor, which causes widespread dissent among his followers[6]
1454Esen Taishi is killed and the Northern Yuan is once more split into two portions between the Oirats and Eastern Mongols[16]
1479Dayan Khan becomes ruler of Northern Yuan[16]
1483Dayan Khan defeats Ismayil Taishi[16]

16th century
YearDateEvent
1504Datong is raided by Mongols[17]
1510Dayan Khan conquers the Ordos Loop[18]
151716 OctoberDayan Khan raids the Ming dynasty[19]
20 OctoberThe Zhengde Emperor repels Dayan Khan's raiding party[20]
1531Datong comes under raid by Mongols[21]
1536Mongols raid Shanxi but are repelled[22]
1537Mongols raid Datong[22]
1541OctoberAltan Khan raids Shaanxi[23]
1542JulyAltan Khan raids Shaanxi[23]
4 AugustMing forces are defeated by Altan Khan at Guangwu[23]
8 AugustAltan Khan pillages the suburbs of Taiyuan[23]
1548JuneMongols defeat Ming forces at Xuanfu[24]
OctoberMongols raid Huailai[24]
1549MarchAltan Khan defeats Ming forces at Xuanfu but suffers heavy casualties[24]
15501 OctoberAltan Khan pillages the suburbs of Beijing[24]
6 OctoberMing forces are defeated by Mongols[25]
1552AprilMing forces are defeated by Mongols north of Datong[26]
1557Daraisung Guden Khan is succeeded by his son, Tümen Zasagt Khan[27]
winterSengge, son of Altan Khan, lays siege to a garrison near Datong[28]
1566Altan Khan captures some lamas in a raid[29]
1576Buddhism becomes the state religion of Northern Yuan[30]
1577Altan Khan names Sonam Gyatso the Dalai Lama, the first living person to take the title[30]
1590The Uriankhai and Yunshebu Tümen disperse, breaking into smaller units called ulus (nations)[31]
1598Mongols kill Li Rusong, the Ming commander-in-chief[32]

17th century
YearDateEvent
1619Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan attacks Guangning, a horse trading town under the protection of Nurhaci, but is defeated[33]
1625Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan's attack is turned back by a combined Khorchin Jurchen force[34]
1634Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan is overthrown and displaced by Hong Taiji[35]
1636Mongols south of the Gobi Desert submit to the Qing dynasty[36]
1691The Khalkha Mongols submit to the Qing dynasty after being invaded by the Dzungar Khanate[37]
1696Dzungar–Qing Wars: The Qing dynasty takes all of Mongolia from the Dzungar Khanate[37]

References
  1. Adle 2003, p. 209.
  2. Twitchett 1998, p. 144.
  3. Mote 2003, p. 557.
  4. Twitchett 1998, p. 158.
  5. Twitchett 1998, p. 159.
  6. Adle 2003, p. 210.
  7. Twitchett 1998, p. 226.
  8. Twitchett 1998, p. 227.
  9. Twitchett 1998, p. 228.
  10. Twitchett 1998, p. 299.
  11. Twitchett 1998, p. 322.
  12. Twitchett 1998, p. 323.
  13. Twitchett 1998, p. 324.
  14. Twitchett 1998, p. 325.
  15. Twitchett 1998, p. 328.
  16. Adle 2003, p. 211.
  17. Twitchett 1998, p. 371.
  18. Twitchett 1998, p. 467.
  19. Twitchett 1998, p. 420.
  20. Twitchett 1998, p. 421.
  21. Twitchett 1998, p. 468.
  22. Twitchett 1998, p. 472.
  23. Twitchett 1998, p. 473.
  24. Twitchett 1998, p. 475.
  25. Twitchett 1998, p. 476.
  26. Twitchett 1998, p. 477.
  27. Narangoa 2014, p. 17.
  28. Twitchett 1998, p. 478.
  29. Adle 2003, p. 213.
  30. Adle 2003, p. 214.
  31. Narangoa 2014, p. 16.
  32. Twitchett 1998, p. 557.
  33. Narangoa 2014, p. 30.
  34. Narangoa 2014, p. 34.
  35. Crossley 1997, p. 77.
  36. Adle 2003, p. 146.
  37. Adle 2003, p. 219.

Bibliography
  • Adle, Chahryar (2003), History of Civilizations of Central Asia 5, UNESCO Publishing
  • Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1997), The Manchus, Blackwell Publishers Ltd
  • Mote, F. W. (2003), Imperial China: 900–1800, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0674012127
  • Narangoa, Li (2014), Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, 1590-2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 9780231160704
  • Twitchett, Denis (1998), The Cambridge History of China Volume 7 The Ming Dynasty, 1368—1644, Part I, Cambridge University Press
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