Timeline of the Jurchens

See also: Timeline of the Khitans, Timeline of the Tanguts, and Timeline of the Qing dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Mongol Conquest of Jin (1211–1234)
Ethnic map of northeast Asia prior to Manchu unification (early 17th century)

This is a timeline of the Jurchens.

8th century
YearDateEvent
748Jurchens are mentioned for the first time bearing tribute to the Tang court[1]

10th century
YearDateEvent
900Hanpu of the Wanyan clan is recorded to have lived around this time[2]
90727 FebruaryKhitan chieftain Abaoji, also known as Emperor Taizu of Liao, becomes khagan of the Khitans[3]
925A Jurchen embassy bears tribute to the Later Tang court[1]
960FebruaryZhao Kuangyin declares himself Emperor Taizu of Song, replacing Later Zhou[4]
961Jurchens bear tribute to the Song dynasty[1]
973Jurchens raid Liao dynasty[5]
976Jurchens raid Liao dynasty[5]
991Khitans attempt to prevent the Jurchens from contacting the Song dynasty by erecting palisades to block the land route[2]

11th century
YearDateEvent
1010Second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: Jurchens ally with Goryeo in a conflict against the Khitans and emerge victorious[2]
101927 MarchToi invasion: About 3000 Jurchens pirates invaded Goryeo and then northern Kyūshū
103810 NovemberLi Yuanhao declares himself Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia[6]
1074Wugunai of the Wanyan clan unites the Jurchens of eastern and northern Manchuria and is succeeded by his son, Wanyan Helibo[7]
1092Wanyan Helibo is succeeded by his brother Wanyan Polashu
1094Wanyan Polashu is succeeded by his brother Wanyan Yingge

12th century

1100s
YearDateEvent
1103Wanyan Yingge is succeeded by his nephew Wanyan Wuyashu[7]

1110s
YearDateEvent
1113Wanyan Wuyashu is succeeded by his brother Wanyan Aguda[8]
1114Wanyan Aguda attacks the Liao dynasty[9]
1115springWanyan Aguda declares himself emperor of the Jin dynasty, named after the Ashi River, the "Golden River"[8]
1116Gao Yongchang rebels against the Liao dynasty and asks the Jurchens for help and ends up getting annexed by the Jin dynasty[10]
1117Emperor Taizu of Jin defeats the Khitan army of the Liao dynasty[10]
1118Emperor Taizu of Jin captures the Liao dynasty's Eastern Capital[11]

1120s
YearDateEvent
1120Emperor Taizu of Jin captures the Liao dynasty's Supreme Capital[12]
1121Emperor Taizu of Jin captures the Liao dynasty's Central Capital[13]
1122Jin dynasty conquers the Western Capital and Southern Capital[13]
1123Yelü Dashi is captured by the Jin dynasty and leads an attack on Emperor Tianzuo of Liao, who escapes; afterwards Yelü Dashi escapes from the Jurchens and rejoins the emperor[14]
Zhang Jue rebels in Ping Prefecture and defects to the Song dynasty but the Jin dynasty immediately retaliates and crushes his army; Zhang Jue is executed by the Song as reconciliation towards the Jin[15]
19 SeptemberEmperor Taizu of Jin dies and is succeeded by his brother Wuqimai, who becomes Emperor Taizong of Jin[16]
1124Emperor Tianzuo of Liao attacks the Jin dynasty despite warnings from Yelü Dashi[14]
Jin dynasty vassalizes the Western Xia[16]
112526 MarchEmperor Tianzuo of Liao is captured by the Jin dynasty; so ends the Liao dynasty[14]
NovemberJin dynasty invades the Song dynasty and occupies Shanxi and Hebei[15]
112631 JanuaryJin army lays siege to Kaifeng[17] - earliest recorded use of thunderclap bombs[18]
5 MarchJin army retreats from Kaifeng after the Song dynasty promises to pay an annual indemnity[17]
summerJin dynasty vassalizes Goryeo[19]
JuneJin dynasty defeats two Song armies[17]
DecemberJin army returns with fire arrows and gunpowder bombs and lays siege to Kaifeng[17][20]
11279 JanuaryJingkang incident: Kaifeng falls to the Jin dynasty and emperors Qinzong and Huizong are captured; territory north of the Huai River is annexed by the Jin[19] - earliest recorded use of "molten metal bombs", suspected to contain gunpowder[20]
1129Former Song official Liu Yu is enthroned as emperor of the Jin puppet state of Qi[21]
Yelü Dashi annexes two Jin tribes[22]

1130s
YearDateEvent
1132Siege of De'an: Jin dynasty fails to capture De'an - earliest recorded use of the fire lance[23][24][25]
1134Yelü Dashi launches an invasion of the Jin dynasty, which ends in failure[26]
11359 FebruaryEmperor Taizong of Jin dies and Hela, a grandson of Emperor Taizu of Jin, succeeds him as Emperor Xizong of Jin[27]
Jin puppet state Qi captures Xiangyang[27]
Yue Fei of the Song dynasty retaliates and recaptures much of the lost territory[27]
1137The Jin puppet state of Qi is dissolved and Liu Yu is sent off to live out his life under supervised retirement[27]
Khitans raid Jin dynasty[28]

1140s
YearDateEvent
1140Yue Fei launches a successful attack against the Jin and makes considerable territorial gains, but is forced to withdraw by Emperor Gaozong of Song[29]
1142OctoberSong and Jin agree to the Treaty of Shaoxing which stipulates that the Song must pay Jin an annual indemnity; the Huai River is settled as the boundary between the two states[30][29]
1146Khabul Khan of the Khamag Mongols rebels against the Jin dynasty[31]

1150s
YearDateEvent
11509 JanuaryEmperor Xizong of Jin is murdered by his cousin, Wanyan Liang, who ascends the Jin throne as "Prince of Hailing"[32]
1152The Prince of Hailing relocates to the Central Capital[33]
1153The Jin dynasty starts issuing paper money called jiaochao ('exchange notes')[34]
1157The Prince of Hailing orders the destruction of palace structures in the Supreme Capital[33]

1160s
YearDateEvent
1161Khitans rebel against the Jin dynasty[35]
27 OctoberThe Prince of Hailing's cousin Wulu is proclaimed Emperor Shizong of Jin in a coup[36]
16 NovemberBattle of Tangdao: A Song fleet sinks a Jin fleet off the shore of Shandong peninsula - earliest recorded use of fire arrows in naval combat[37]
26–27 NovemberBattle of Caishi: Song treadmill boats sink a Jin fleet on the Yangtze - earliest recorded use of thunderclap bombs in ship combat[37]
15 DecemberThe Prince of Hailing is murdered by a group of officers[36]
1163The Khitan rebellion is defeated by the Jin dynasty[35]
1165Song and Jin conclude a peace treaty[38]

1170s
YearDateEvent
1175Naimans and Kankalis submit to the Jin dynasty[39]

1180s
YearDateEvent
118920 JanuaryEmperor Shizong of Jin dies and his grandson Madage succeeds him as Emperor Zhangzong of Jin[40]

1190s
YearDateEvent
1190The Tatars declare independence from the Jin dynasty[41]
1192Jin dynasty starts constructing fortifications in the northwest to prevent depredations by the Mongols[42]
1196Jin and Mongol troops carry out a punitive expedition against the Tatars[41]
1194The Yellow River changes course and causes mass devastation to surrounding regions[40]

13th century

1200s
YearDateEvent
1204Song forces start showing military aggression along the Jin border[43]
1206springKokochu, also known as Teb Tengri, chief shaman of the Mongols, bestows upon Temüjin the title of Genghis Khan, "Oceanic Ruler" of the Mongol Empire, at the kurultai of Burkhan Khaldun, sacred mountain of the Mongols[44]
20 JuneSong dynasty declares war on Jin dynasty[43]
DecemberThe governor-general of Sichuan, Wu Xi, defects to the Jin dynasty[45]
120729 MarchSong loyalists kill Wu Xi[45]
Song forces slaughter a Jin camp, killing 2000 men and 800 horses - earliest recorded use of thunderclap bombs in open combat[46]
AprilSong and Jin enter a stalemate[45]
12082 NovemberSong and Jin agree to a peace renewing the Song's tributary relationship with the Jin[47]
29 DecemberEmperor Zhangzong of Jin dies and his uncle, Wanyan Yongji, takes the Jin throne and becomes "Prince Shao of Wei"[48]

1210s
YearDateEvent
1210Genghis Khan breaks off tributary relations with the Jin dynasty[41]
1211OctoberBattle of Yehuling: Genghis Khan invades the Jin dynasty and defeats their army before retreating[49]
1212autumnMongols attack the Jin dynasty[49]
Yelü Liuge along with his Khitan followers in northern and central Manchuria defect to the Mongols[50]
1213springMongols break through the Juyong Pass and plunder Hebei, Shandong, and Shanxi[49]
11 SeptemberPrince Shao of Wei is murdered by the general Hushahu, who installs the previous ruler's nephew Wudubu as Emperor Xuanzong of Jin[49]
1214winterMongols blockade the Central Capital but retreat after peace negotiations[49]
Emperor Xuanzong of Jin relocates to the Southern Capital[51]
Yang Anguo rebels against the Jin dynasty in Shandong and is crushed[52]
Jin troops attack Yelü Liuge but fails[50]
1215springJurchen general Wannu declares independence and the state of Dazhen at the Supreme Capital[50]
31 MayBattle of Zhongdu: Mongols return and capture the Central Capital[51]
"Red Coat" rebels rise up in Shandong[52]
1217Jin dynasty invades Song dynasty but is repelled[53]
Western Xia invades Jin dynasty but is repelled[53]

1220s
YearDateEvent
1221Jin troops take Qi Prefecture - earliest recorded use of iron casing bombs[54]
122414 JanuaryEmperor Xuanzong of Jin dies and his son Ningjiasu succeeds him as Emperor Aizong of Jin[55]
Song and Jin cease hostilities[55]
1225Jin and Western Xia cease hostilities[55]
1227SeptemberEmperor Mozhu of Western Xia surrenders to the Mongol Empire and is promptly executed; so ends the Western Xia[56]

1230s
YearDateEvent
1230Ögedei Khan of the Mongol Empire renews the invasion of the Jin dynasty[57]
1231Jin troops destroy a Mongol warship - earliest recorded use of thunder crash bombs[58]
12328 AprilMongol siege of Kaifeng: Mongol general Subutai lays siege to Kaifeng - earliest recorded use of reusable fire lances[58]
1233Emperor Aizong of Jin flees Kaifeng[59]
29 MayMongol siege of Kaifeng: Kaifeng surrenders to the Mongols[59]
Mongols annex the state of Dazhen and take Wannu prisoner[53]
12349 FebruarySiege of Caizhou: Emperor Aizong of Jin abdicates to a distant relative, Hudun, who becomes Emperor Mo of Jin, and commits suicide; Emperor Mo of Jin is killed by the Mongols; so ends the Jin dynasty[59]

1280s
YearDateEvent
1287Hand cannons are employed by the troops of Yuan Jurchen commander Li Ting in putting down a rebellion by Mongol prince Nayan.[60]

15th century

1400s
YearDateEvent
1403DecemberAkhachu of the Jianzhou Jurchens accepts the Ming proposition to establish a guard in his region[61]
1404Mentemu of the Left Jianzhou Jurchens pays tribute to Joseon[62]
1405Mentemu of the Left Jianzhou Jurchens pays tribute to the Ming dynasty[62]

1410s
YearDateEvent
1411Ming dynasty sends Yishiha into Manchuria to create the Nurgan Regional Military Commission[63]
1413Yongning Temple Stele: Ming dynasty sends Yishiha to the Nurgan Regional Military Commission to create postal stations and spread Buddhism[64]
1417A Ming Prefectural Buddhist Registry is founded in Jianzhou[64]

1420s
YearDateEvent
1426Ming dynasty sends Yishiha to the Wild Jurchens to construct shipyards and warehouses[64]

1430s
YearDateEvent
1432Ming dynasty sends Yishiha to present seals to Ming-allied Jurchens and to repair the Yongning Temple[64]
1433Mentemu of the Left Jianzhou Guard dies[65]
1434Joseon defeats Li Manzhu of Jianzhou Jurchens[65]
1437Joseon defeats Li Manzhu of Jianzhou Jurchens[65]

1440s
YearDateEvent
1442Fanca becomes leader of the Right Jianzhou Guard while Dongshan becomes leader of the Left Jianzhou Guard[66]

1460s
YearDateEvent
1466The Ming execute Dongshan[67]
1467A Ming-Joseon expedition defeats the Jianzhou Jurchens and kill Li Manzhu[67]

1470s
YearDateEvent
1470The governor of Liaodong, Chen Yue, attacks the Jurchens and demands bribes from Jurchen embassies[67]

1480s
YearDateEvent
1480Ming dynasty ceases hostile relations with the Jurchens[67]

16th century

1520s
YearDateEvent
1522Ming dynasty reimposes trade restrictions on the Jurchens[68]

1540s
YearDateEvent
1548The Hulun Confederation is formed under Wang Tai, chieftain of the Hada tribe[69]

1570s
YearDateEvent
1570Wang Gao of the Jianzhou Guard raids Ming settlements[68]
1574Li Chengliang kills Wang Gao with the help of Giocangga and Taksi[68]

1580s
YearDateEvent
1582Li Chengliang defeats Atai, son of Wang Gao, and burns his fort to the ground, also inadvertently killing Giocangga, whose son Taksi is killed by Ming forces in the confusion[68]
1583Nurhaci becomes leader of the Jianzhou Left Branch[70]
1587Nurhaci founds Fe Ala[71]

1590s
YearDateEvent
1592Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98): Nurhaci offers to fight the Japanese but is refused; Ming reacts with alarm to the size and quality of Nurhaci's troops[72]
1593Battle of Gure: Nurhaci defeats the Hulun Confederation and Khorchin Mongols[73]

17th century

1600s
YearDateEvent
1600Nurhaci creates the Banner Army[74]
1601Nurhaci subjugates the Hada[75]
1603Nurhaci and Ming generals agree to delineate the boundary between their territories[76]
Nurhaci moves his capital to Hetu Ala due to water problems at Fe Ala[77]
1605Gwanghaegun of Joseon sends an expedition north of the Tumen River to destroy the Jurchen Holjaon community[75]
1607Nurhaci subjugates the Hoifa[75]

1610s
YearDateEvent
1611Nurhaci subjugates the Wild Jurchens[78]
1613Nurhaci incorporates the Ula into his confederation[79]
1615Nurhaci increases the number of banners from four to eight[79]
Nurhaci sends his last tributary emissary to Beijing[80]
1616Nurhaci declares the Later Jin, also known as the Amaga Aisin Gurun[81]
16189 MayBattle of Fushun: Later Jin seizes Fushun[82]
summerBattle of Qinghe: Later Jin takes Qinghe[83]
161918 AprilBattle of Sarhū: Ming forces are annihilated by Later Jin[84]
26 JulyBattle of Kaiyuan: Later Jin takes Kaiyuan[85]
3 SeptemberBattle of Tieling: Later Jin takes Tieling[85]
SeptemberBattle of Xicheng: Later Jin annexes the Yehe Jurchens[86]
Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan attacks Guangning, a horse trading town under the protection of Nurhaci, but is defeated[87]

1620s
YearDateEvent
16214 MayBattle of Shen-Liao: Later Jin seizes Shenyang[88]
DecemberBattle of Fort Zhenjiang: Ming raids into Later Jin are repulsed[89]
162211 MarchBattle of Guangning: Later Jin seizes Guangning[89]
1625Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan's attack is turned back by a combined Khorchin Jurchen force[90]
162610 FebruaryBattle of Ningyuan: A Later Jin attack on Ningyuan is repulsed and Nurhaci is wounded[91]
30 SeptemberNurhaci succumbs to his wounds and dies[92]
1627January - MarchLater Jin invasion of Joseon: Hong Taiji is elected khan and subjugates Joseon[93]
springBattle of Ning-Jin: Later Jin forces under Hong Taiji attack Jinzhou but are repelled[94]
1629winterJisi Incident: Later Jin forces break through the Great Wall and loot the region around Beijing[95]

1630s
YearDateEvent
1630summerJisi Incident: Later Jin forces retreat[95]
163121 NovemberBattle of Dalinghe: Later Jin seizes Dalinghe[96]
1633AprilWuqiao Mutiny: Shandong rebels defect to Later Jin[97]
summerSiege of Lüshun: Later Jin seizes Lüshun[98]
1634Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan of the Chahar Mongols is overthrown and displaced by Hong Taiji, who takes the Imperial Seal of the Mongols[99]
1635Hong Taiji unites all Jurchen tribes under the name of Manchu; so ends the Jurchens[93]

See also

References
  1. Twitchett 1994, p. 218.
  2. Twitchett 1994, p. 219.
  3. Xiong 2009, p. 310-311.
  4. Xiong 2009, p. cxviii.
  5. Twitchett 1994, p. 87.
  6. Twitchett 2009, p. 302.
  7. Twitchett 1994, p. 220.
  8. Twitchett 1994, p. 221.
  9. Twitchett 1994, p. 142.
  10. Twitchett 1994, p. 144.
  11. Twitchett 1994, p. 223.
  12. Twitchett 1994, p. 146.
  13. Twitchett 1994, p. 147.
  14. Twitchett 1994, p. 151.
  15. Twitchett 1994, p. 227.
  16. Twitchett 1994, p. 226.
  17. Lorge 2005, p. 53.
  18. Andrade 2016, p. 34.
  19. Twitchett 1994, p. 229.
  20. Andrade 2016, p. 34-35.
  21. Twitchett 1994, p. 230.
  22. Biran 2005, p. 32.
  23. Needham 1986, p. 222.
  24. Chase 2003, p. 31.
  25. Lorge 2008, p. 33-34.
  26. Twitchett 1994, p. 153.
  27. Twitchett 1994, p. 232.
  28. Biran 2005, p. 40.
  29. Mote 2003, p. 303.
  30. Beckwith 2009, p. 175.
  31. Twitchett 1994, p. 238.
  32. Twitchett 1994, p. 239.
  33. Twitchett 1994, p. 240.
  34. Tsien 1985, p. 99.
  35. Biran 2005, p. 52.
  36. Twitchett 1994, p. 243.
  37. Andrade 2016, p. 39.
  38. Twitchett 1994, p. 244.
  39. Biran 2005, p. 57.
  40. Twitchett 1994, p. 245.
  41. Twitchett 1994, p. 251.
  42. Twitchett 1994, p. 246.
  43. Twitchett 1994, p. 247.
  44. Twitchett 1994, p. 343.
  45. Twitchett 1994, p. 248.
  46. Andrade 2016, p. 41.
  47. Twitchett 1994, p. 249.
  48. Twitchett 1994, p. 250.
  49. Twitchett 1994, p. 252.
  50. Twitchett 1994, p. 258.
  51. Twitchett 1994, p. 254.
  52. Twitchett 1994, p. 256.
  53. Twitchett 1994, p. 259.
  54. Andrade 2016, p. 42.
  55. Twitchett 1994, p. 261.
  56. Twitchett 1994, p. 213.
  57. Twitchett 1994, p. 262.
  58. Andrade 2016, p. 46.
  59. Twitchett 1994, p. 264.
  60. Needham 1986, p. 293-4.
  61. Twitchett 1998b, p. 261.
  62. Twitchett 1998b, p. 262.
  63. Twitchett 1998b, p. 263.
  64. Twitchett 1998b, p. 264.
  65. Twitchett 1998b, p. 267.
  66. Twitchett 1998b, p. 268.
  67. Twitchett 1998b, p. 269.
  68. Twitchett 1998b, p. 270.
  69. Swope 2014, p. 16.
  70. Elliott 2001, p. 52.
  71. Elliott 2001, p. 54.
  72. Twitchett 1998, p. 576.
  73. Narangoa 2014, p. 24.
  74. Swope 2014, p. 19.
  75. Narangoa 2014, p. 25.
  76. Twitchett 1998, p. 570.
  77. Crossley 1997, p. 65-77.
  78. Elliott 2001, p. 56.
  79. Narangoa 2014, p. 28.
  80. Twitchett 1998, p. 558.
  81. Twitchett 1998b, p. 271.
  82. Twitchett 1998, p. 577.
  83. Swope 2014, p. 14.
  84. Twitchett 1998, p. 579.
  85. Wakeman 1985, p. 63.
  86. Swope 2014, p. 24.
  87. Narangoa 2014, p. 30.
  88. Twitchett 1998, p. 600.
  89. Twitchett 1998, p. 601.
  90. Narangoa 2014, p. 34.
  91. Twitchett 1998, p. 602.
  92. Crossley 1997, p. 74.
  93. Elliott 2001, p. 63.
  94. Swope 2014, p. 79.
  95. Twitchett 1998, p. 616.
  96. Twitchett 1998, p. 617.
  97. Twitchett 1998, p. 618.
  98. Swope 2014, p. 102.
  99. Crossley 1997, p. 77.

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