Trafficking in Persons Report

The Trafficking in Persons Report, or the TIP Report, is an annual report issued by the U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. It ranks governments based on their perceived efforts to acknowledge and combat human trafficking.[1][2]

The TIP Report on a map based on 2019 data

Ranking system

The report divides nations into tiers based on their compliance with standards outlined in the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000. These tiers are:

  •    Tier 1 countries whose governments fully comply with the TVPA's minimum standards.
  •    Tier 2 countries whose governments do not fully comply with an TVPA’s minimum standards, but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards.
  •    Tier 2 watchlist countries whose governments do not fully comply with the TVPA’s minimum standards, but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards and:
    • The absolute number of victims of severe forms of trafficking is very significant or is significantly increasing; or
    • There is a failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat severe forms of trafficking in persons from the previous year; or
    • The determination that a country is making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with minimum standards was based on commitments by the country to take additional future steps over the next year.
  •    Tier 3 countries whose governments do not fully comply with the minimum standards and are not making significant efforts to do so.

There also a few special cases (Special Tier) such as Yemen, where the civil conflict and humanitarian crisis make gaining information difficult; and Sint Maarten, where the devastation caused by Hurricane Irma has made reporting difficult.

Findings of the legislative framework in place in different countries to prevent/reduce human trafficking (the findings are from the 2010 Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report)[3]
Findings of the legislative framework in place in different countries to prevent/reduce human trafficking (the findings are from the 2011 Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report)[4]
Trafficking in Persons Report tier placements[lower-alpha 1]
CountryLocation
2011 [4]
2012 [5]
2013 [6]
2014 [7]
2015 [8]
2016 [9]
2017 [10]
2018 [11]
2019 [12]
2020 [13]
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Main article
AfghanistanCentral Asia 2w 2w 2w 2 2 2w 2 2 2w 3 Human trafficking in Afghanistan
AlbaniaSoutheast Europe 2 2 2w 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Albania
AlgeriaNortheast Africa 3 3 3 3 3 3 2w 2w 2w 3 Human trafficking in Algeria
AngolaCentral Africa 2w 2w 2w 2w 2 2 2 2w 2w 2 Human trafficking in Angola
Antigua and BarbudaCaribbean Sea 2 2 2w 2 2w 2w 2w 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Antigua and Barbuda
ArgentinaSouth America 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 Human trafficking in Argentina
ArmeniaEurasia 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2w Human trafficking in Armenia
ArubaCaribbean Sea 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2w
AustraliaOceania 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in Australia
AustriaCentral Europe 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in Austria
AzerbaijanEurasia 2w 2w 2 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2w Human trafficking in Azerbaijan
BahamasAtlantic Ocean 2w 2w 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in the Bahamas
BahrainMiddle East 2 2w 2w 2w 2 2 2 1 1 1 Human trafficking in Bahrain
BangladeshSouth Asia 2w 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2w 2w 2 Human trafficking in Bangladesh
BarbadosLesser Antilles 2w 2w 2w 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2w Human trafficking in Barbados
BelarusEastern Europe 2 2w 2w 2w 3 3 3 3 3 3 Human trafficking in Belarus
BelgiumWestern Europe 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in Belgium
BelizeCentral America 2 2 2 2w 3 3 3 3 2w 2w Human trafficking in Belize
BeninWest Africa 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2w 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Benin
BhutanSouth Asia - - 2 2 2 2 2 2w 3 2w
BoliviaSouth America 2 2 2 2w 2w 2w 2w 3 2w 2 Human trafficking in Bolivia
Bosnia and HerzegovinaCentral / Southeast Europe 1 2 2 2w 2 2 2 2w 2w 2w Human trafficking in Bosnia and Herzegovina
BotswanaSouthern Africa 2 2 2 2w 2w 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Botswana
BrazilSouth America 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Brazil
BruneiSoutheast Asia 2w 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2w Human trafficking in Brunei
BulgariaEastern Europe 2 2 2 2 2w 2w 2w 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Bulgaria
Burkina FasoWestern Africa 2 2 2 2 2w 2 2w 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Burkina Faso
BurmaSoutheast Asia 3 2w 2w 2w 2w 3 2w 3 3 3 Human trafficking in Burma
BurundiEastern Africa 2w 2w 2w 2w 3 3 3 3 3 3 Human trafficking in Burundi
CambodiaSoutheast Asia 2 2 2w 2w 2w 2 2 2 2w 2w Human trafficking in Cambodia
CameroonWestern Africa 2w 2 2 2 2 2w 2w 2 2 2w Human trafficking in Cameroon
CanadaNorth America 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in Canada
Cape VerdeAtlantic Ocean - 2 2 2 2 2w 2w 2 2 2
Central African RepublicCentral Africa 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2w 2w 2 Human trafficking in the Central African Republic
ChadCentral Africa 2w 2w 2w 2 2 2 2w 2w 2 2w Human trafficking in Chad
ChileSouth America 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in Chile
China, People's RepublicEast Asia 2w 2w 3 2w 2w 2w 3 3 3 3 Human trafficking in China
ColombiaSouth America 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in Colombia
ComorosIndian Ocean 2w 2w 2w 2w 3 3 3 3 3 3
Congo, Democratic Republic of theCentral Africa 3 3 3 3 2w 2w 3 3 3 2w Human trafficking in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Congo, Republic of theCentral Africa 2w 2w 2 2 2w 2w 3 3 2w 2 Human trafficking in the Republic of the Congo
Costa RicaCentral America 2w 2 2 2 2w 2w 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Costa Rica
Côte d'IvoireWest Africa - 2 2 2 2 2w 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Côte d'Ivoire
CroatiaCentral Europe 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Croatia
CubaCaribbean Sea 3 3 3 3 2w 2w 2w 2w 3 3 Human trafficking in Cuba
CuraçaoCaribbean Sea 2w 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2w
CyprusEastern Mediterranean 2w 2 2 2w 2 1 2 1 1 1 Human trafficking in Cyprus
Czech RepublicCentral Europe 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in the Czech Republic
DenmarkNorthern Europe 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 Human trafficking in Denmark
DjiboutiHorn of Africa 2 2w 2w 2w 2w 3 2w 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Djibouti
Dominican RepublicHispaniola 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2w Human trafficking in the Dominican Republic
EcuadorSouth America 2w 2w 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Ecuador
EgyptNorth Africa 2 2 2 2 2w 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Egypt
El SalvadorCentral America 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in El Salvador
Equatorial GuineaMiddle Africa 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2w Human trafficking in Equatorial Guinea
EritreaHorn of Africa 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Human trafficking in Eritrea
EstoniaNorthern Europe 2w 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1
EswatiniSouthern Africa 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2w 2w 2 2 Human trafficking in Eswatini
EthiopiaHorn of Africa 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Ethiopia
FijiMelanesia 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2w 2w Human trafficking in Fiji
FinlandNorthern Europe 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in Finland
FranceWestern Europe 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in France
GabonCentral Africa 2 2 2 2 2w 2w 2w 3 2w 2 Human trafficking in Gabon
GambiaWest Africa 2w 2w 2w 3 3 3 2w 2w 3 2w Human trafficking in the Gambia
GeorgiaEurasia 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in Georgia
GermanyWestern Europe 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 Human trafficking in Germany
GhanaWest Africa 2 2 2 2 2w 2w 2w 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Ghana
GreeceSoutheast Europe 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Greece
GuatemalaCentral America 2 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2w 2 2 Human trafficking in Guatemala
GuineaWest Africa 2w 2 2w 2w 2w 2w 3 2w 2 2w Human trafficking in Guinea
Guinea-BissauWest Africa 3 2w 3 3 3 3 3 2w 2w 2w Human trafficking in Guinea-Bissau
GuyanaSouth America 2 2 2w 2w 2w 2 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in Guyana
HaitiCaribbean Sea - 2w 2w 2w 2w 3 2w 2w 2 2 Human trafficking in Haiti
HondurasCentral America 2 2 2w 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Honduras
Hong KongAsia 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2w 2w 2 2w Human trafficking in Hong Kong
HungaryCentral Europe 2 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2w 2w 2 Human trafficking in Hungary
IcelandWestern Europe / North Atlantic 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Iceland
IndiaSouth Asia 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in India
See Child trafficking in India
IndonesiaSoutheast Asia 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Indonesia
IranCentral / Western Asia 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Human trafficking in Iran
IraqWestern Asia 2w 2w 2 2 2 2 2w 2w 2w 2 Human trafficking in Iraq
IrelandEurope 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2w Human trafficking in Ireland
IsraelWestern Asia 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in Israel
ItalyEurope 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 Human trafficking in Italy
JamaicaGreater Antilles 2 2w 2 2w 2w 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Jamaica
JapanPacific Ocean 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 Human trafficking in Japan
JordanWestern Asia 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2w Human trafficking in Jordan
KazakhstanEastern Europe / Central Asia 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2w Human trafficking in Kazakhstan
KenyaEast Africa 2 2w 2w 2w 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Kenya
KiribatiPacific Ocean 2w 2 2 2 2 2w 2w Human trafficking in Kiribati
Korea, Democratic People’s Republic ofEastern Asia 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Korea, Republic ofEastern Asia 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in South Korea
KosovoSoutheast Europe 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
KuwaitWestern Asia 3 3 3 3 3 2w 2w 2w 2 2 Human trafficking in Kuwait
KyrgyzstanCentral Asia 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2w 2w Human trafficking in Kyrgyzstan
LaosSoutheast Asia 2 2 2 2w 2w 2w 2w 3 2w 2 Human trafficking in Laos
LatviaNorthern Europe 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Latvia
LebanonWestern Asia 3 2w 2w 2w 2w 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Lebanon
LesothoSouthern Africa 2 2 2w 2w 2w 2 2 2 2w 3 Human trafficking in Lesotho
LiberiaWest Africa 2w 2w 2w 2 2 2 2w 2w 2w 2 Human trafficking in Liberia
LibyaNorthern Africa 3 3 3 3 3 Human trafficking in Libya
LithuaniaNorthern Europe 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in Lithuania
LuxembourgWestern Europe 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in Luxembourg
MacauAsia 2 2w 2 2 2 2 2w 2w 2 2w Human trafficking in Macau
MadagascarIndian Ocean 3 3 2w 2w 2 2 2w 2w 2 2 Human trafficking in Madagascar
MalawiSoutheast Africa 2 2w 2 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2 Human trafficking in Malawi
MalaysiaSoutheast Asia 2w 2w 2w 3 2w 2w 2 2w 2w 2w Human trafficking in Malaysia
MaldivesIndian Ocean 2w 2w 2w 2 2w 2w 2 2w 2w 2w
MaliWestern Africa 2w 2 2w 2w 2w 2w 3 2w 2 2w Human trafficking in Mali
MaltaMediterranean Sea 2w 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Malta
Marshall IslandsPacific Ocean 2 2 2w 2w 3 3 2w 2 2w 2w
MauritaniaWest Africa 3 2w 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2w Human trafficking in Mauritania
MauritiusIndian Ocean 1 1 2 2 2w 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Mauritius
MexicoNorth America 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Mexico
MicronesiaOceania 3 2w 2w 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
MoldovaEastern Europe 2 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Moldova
MongoliaEast Asia 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2 2 Human trafficking in Mongolia
MontenegroSoutheast Europe 2 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2w 2w 2 Human trafficking in Montenegro
MoroccoNorth Africa 2 2 2w 2w 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Morocco
MozambiqueSoutheast Africa 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2w 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Mozambique
NamibiaSouthern Africa 2 2 2w 2w 2w 2 2 2 2 1 Human trafficking in Namibia
NepalSouth Asia 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Nepal
NetherlandsWestern Europe 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in the Netherlands
New ZealandOceania 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in New Zealand
NicaraguaCentral America 2 1 1 1 2 2 2w 2w 2w 3 Human trafficking in Nicaragua
NigerWestern Africa 2w 2w 2 2 2 2w 2w 2w 2 2 Human trafficking in Niger
NigeriaWestern Africa 1 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2w 2 2w Human trafficking in Nigeria
North MacedoniaSoutheast Europe 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in North Macedonia
NorwayNorthern Europe 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in Norway
OmanSouthwest Asia 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2w 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Oman
PakistanSouth Asia 2 2 2 2w 2w 2w 2w 2 2 2w Human trafficking in Pakistan
PalauPacific Ocean 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Palau
PanamaCentral America 2w 2 2 2w 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Panama
Papua New GuineaOceania 3 3 3 3 2w 3 2w 3 3 3 Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
ParaguaySouth America 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Paraguay
PeruSouth America 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Peru
PhilippinesSoutheast Asia 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in the Philippines
PolandCentral Europe 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 Human trafficking in Poland
PortugalWestern Europe 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in Portugal
QatarMiddle East 2w 2 2 2w 2w 2w 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Qatar
RomaniaCentral Europe 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2w Human trafficking in Romania
RussiaNorthern Eurasia 2w 2w 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Human trafficking in Russia
RwandaEastern Africa 2 2 2w 2w 2 2w 2w 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Rwanda
Saint LuciaLesser Antilles 2 2 2w 2 2 2w 2 2 2 2
Saint Vincent
and the Grenadines
Windward Islands 2 2 2 2w 2w 2w 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saudi ArabiaMiddle East 3 3 3 3 2w 2w 2w 2w 3 2w Human trafficking in Saudi Arabia
SenegalWestern Africa 2 2w 2 2 2 2w 2w 2w 2 2w Human trafficking in Senegal
SerbiaCentral / Southeast Europe 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2w 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Serbia
SeychellesIndian Ocean 2 2w 2w 2 2 2w 2 2w 2 2w
Sierra LeoneWest Africa 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2w 2 Human trafficking in Sierra Leone
SingaporeSoutheast Asia 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 Human trafficking in Singapore
Sint MaartenLesser Antilles - - 2 2 2 1 1 2 2
SlovakiaCentral Europe 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 Human trafficking in Slovakia
SloveniaCentral Europe
Southeast Europe
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in Slovenia
Solomon IslandsOceania 2w 2 2w 2w 2w 2w 2 2 2 2
South AfricaSouthern Africa 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2w 2 Human trafficking in South Africa
South SudanNorth Africa - 2w 2w 2w 3 3 3 3 3 3
SpainWestern Europe 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in Spain
Sri LankaSouth Asia 2w 2 2w 2w 2w 2w 2 2 2w 2w Human trafficking in Sri Lanka
SudanNorth Africa 3 3 3 2w 2w 3 3 2w 2w 2w Human trafficking in Sudan
SurinameSouth America 2 2 2w 2w 2w 3 2w 2w 2 2 Human trafficking in Suriname
SwedenNorthern Europe 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in Sweden
SwitzerlandWestern Europe 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in Switzerland
SyriaWestern Asia 2w 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Human trafficking in Syria
TaiwanAsia 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in Taiwan
TajikistanCentral Asia 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2 2 Human trafficking in Tajikistan
TanzaniaEast Africa 2w 2 2w 2w 2w 2w 2 2 2w 2w Human trafficking in Tanzania
ThailandSoutheast Asia 2w 2w 2w 3 3 2w 2w 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Thailand
Timor-LesteSoutheast Asia 2 2 2 2w 2w 2 2 2 2 2w Human trafficking in East Timor
TogoWest Africa 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2 2 Human trafficking in Togo
TongaSouth Pacific 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2 2 2 2
Trinidad and TobagoCaribbean Sea 2 2 2w 2 2w 2w 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Trinidad and Tobago
TunisiaNorthern Africa 2w 2 2w 2w 2w 2w 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Tunisia
TurkeyWestern Asia / Eastern Europe 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Turkey
TurkmenistanCentral Asia 3 2w 2w 2w 2w 3 3 3 3 3 Human trafficking in Turkmenistan
UgandaEast Africa
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2w Human trafficking in Uganda
UkraineEastern Europe 2 2 2w 2w 2w 2w 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Ukraine
United Arab EmiratesSouthwest Asia
Eastern Europe
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking
in the United Arab Emirates
United KingdomWestern Europe 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in the United Kingdom
United StatesNorth America 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human trafficking in the United States
UruguaySouth America 2 2 2w 2w 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human trafficking in Uruguay
UzbekistanCentral Asia 2w 2w 3 3 2w 3 3 2w 2w 2w Human trafficking in Uzbekistan
VanuatuSouth Pacific - - - - - - - - - 2
VenezuelaSouth America 3 2w 2w 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Human trafficking in Venezuela
VietnamSoutheast Asia 2w 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2w Human trafficking in Vietnam
YemenMiddle East 3 3 3 3 3 Human trafficking in Yemen
ZambiaSouthern Africa 2 2 2 2 2 2 2w 2 2 2w Human trafficking in Zambia
ZimbabweSouthern Africa 2w 3 3 3 3 3 2w 2w 2 2 Human trafficking in Zimbabwe

Criticism

Some critics of the Trafficking in Persons Report focus on how its methodology could be improved. For example, one recent academic paper suggests how the rankings could better incorporate risk factors of trafficking in order to focus more on prevention.[14] Another critic argues that the Report should better incorporate "international rules that states (including the USA) have collectively developed and freely accepted," rather than focusing on criteria drawn up solely by U.S. politicians.[15]

Other critics more fundamentally question its methodology and sources, such as anthropologist Laura Agustín, who writes that the Report "relies on CIA, police and embassy guesstimates of situations that are not understood the same way across all cultures and social classes."[16]

Hero Acting to End Modern Slavery Award

Mike Pompeo and Ivanka Trump posed a photo with the 2019 TIP Report Heroes Agnes De Coll, Adélaïde Sawadogo, Veronica Supliguicha, Daniel Rueda, Sister Gabriella Bottani, Roseline Eguabor, Raoudha Laabidi, and Camilious Machingura. [17]

As part of the report the Department of State announces the awarding of the Hero Acting to End Modern Slavery Awards to a number of individuals.[18] The first such awards were made in 2004.[19] Awards are made for actions taken to protect victims, bring offenders to justice or to raise awareness of modern slavery. More than 110 individuals from more than 60 countries have been honored so far.[18][19] Award winners are invited to a large reception in the United States followed by a tour of several American cities.[19]

Notes

  1. Tier designations:[4]
    • Tier 1: Countries whose governments fully comply with the Trafficking Victims Protection Act's (TVPA) minimum standards.
    • Tier 2: Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the TVPA’s minimum standards, but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards.
    • Tier 2 Watch List: Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the TVPA's minimum standards, but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards AND:
    a) The absolute number of victims of severe forms of trafficking is very significant or is significantly increasing; or
    b) There is a failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat severe forms of trafficking in persons from the previous year; or
    c) The determination that a country is making significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with minimum standards was based on commitments by the country to take additional future steps over the next year.
    • Tier 3: Countries whose governments neither fully comply with the minimum standards nor are making significant efforts to do so.

References

  1. "Trafficking in Persons Report". United States Department of State. June 20, 2013. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
  2. "US downgrades China, Russia in its annual report on human trafficking". Washington Post. 19 June 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  3. "Trafficking in Persons Report 2010". U.S. Department of State. 2010. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  4. "Trafficking in Persons Report 2011". U.S. Department of State. 2011. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  5. "Trafficking in Persons Report 2012". U.S. Department of State. 2012. Archived from the original on 2018-03-17. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  6. "Trafficking in Persons Report 2013". U.S. Department of State. 2013. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  7. "Trafficking in Persons Report 2014". U.S. Department of State. 2014. Archived from the original on 2018-09-14. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
  8. "Trafficking in Persons Report 2015". U.S. Department of State. 2015. Archived from the original on 2018-09-14. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  9. "Trafficking in Persons Report 2016". U.S. Department of State. 2016. Archived from the original on 2018-09-14. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  10. "Trafficking in Persons Report 2017". U.S. Department of State. 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-09-14. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  11. "Trafficking in Persons Report 2018". U.S. Department of State. 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-11-01. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
  12. "Trafficking in Persons Report 2019". U.S. Department of State. 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  13. {{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-trafficking-in-persons-report/%7Ctitle=Trafficking in Persons Report 2020|publisher=U.S. Department of State|year=2020|access-date=23 November 2020
  14. Horning, Amber; et al. (2014). "The Trafficking in Persons Report: a game of risk". International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice. 38 (3): 257–280. doi:10.1080/01924036.2013.861355.
  15. Gallagher, Anne T. (2011). "Improving the Effectiveness of the International Law of Human Trafficking: A Vision for the Future of the US Trafficking in Persons Reports". Human Rights Review. 12 (3): 381–400. doi:10.1007/s12142-010-0183-6.
  16. "The shadowy world of sex across borders". The Guardian. 19 November 2008. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  17. "The Heroes - U.S. Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report Heroes". www.tipheroes.org. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  18. "About - U.S. Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report Heroes". TIP Heroes. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  19. "TIP Global Heroes Network: About the TIP Heroes". National Underground Railroad Freedom Center. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
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