Triton (mythology)

Triton (/ˈtraɪtən/; Greek: Τρίτων Tritōn) is a Greek god of the sea, the son of Poseidon and Amphitrite, god and goddess of the sea respectively. Triton lived with his parents, in a golden palace on the bottom of the sea. Later he was often depicted as having a conch shell he would blow like a trumpet.

Triton
Gold armband with Triton holding a putto, Greek, 200 BC, Metropolitan Museum of Art
AbodeSea
Personal information
ParentsAmphitrite, Poseidon
SiblingsRhodos, Benthesikyme
ChildrenTriteia, Pallas

Triton is usually represented as a merman, with the upper body of a human and the tailed lower body of a fish. At some time during the Greek and Roman era, Triton(s) became a generic term for a merman (mermen) in art and literature. In English literature, Triton is portrayed as the messenger or herald for the god Poseidon.

Triton of Lake Tritonis of Ancient Libya is a namesake mythical figure that appeared and aided the Argonauts.

Greek deities
series
Aquatic deities

Sea god

Triton was the son of Poseidon and Amphitrite according to Hesiod's Theogony.[1][2] He was the ruler (possessor) of the depths of the sea,[1] who is either "dreadful" or "mighty" (δεινός) according to the epithet given him by Hesiod.[1][3]

Triton dwelt with his parents in underwater golden palaces.[1] It has been pointed out Poseidon's golden palace was located at Aegae on Euboea in one passage of Homer's Iliad 12.21.[4][5][6][lower-alpha 1]

Unlike his father Poseidon who is always fully anthropomorphic in ancient art (this has only changed in modern popular culture), Triton's lower half is that of a fish, while the top half is presented in a human figure.

Triton in later times became associated with possessing a conch shell,[7] which he blew like a trumpet to calm or raise the waves.[9] He was "trumpeter and bugler" to Oceanus and Poseidon.[10] Its sound was so cacophonous that when loudly blown, it put the giants to flight, who imagined it to be the roar of a dark wild beast.[11]

The original Greek Triton only sometimes bore a trident.[12] In literature, Triton carries a trident in Accius's Medea fragment.[13][14][lower-alpha 2]

Triton is "sea-hued" according to Ovid and "his shoulders barnacled with sea-shells".[17] Ovid actually here calls Triton "cerulean" in color, to choose a cognate rendering to the original language (Latin: caeruleus);[18][19] Ovid also includes Triton among other deities (Proteus, Aegaeon, Doris) of being this blue color, with green (viridis) hair,[20][21] as well describing the steed Triton rides as cerulean.[23]

Libyan lake god

There is also Triton, the god of Lake Tritonis of Ancient Libya encountered by the Argonauts. This Triton is treated as a separate deity in some references.[24][7] He had a different parentage, as his father was Poseidon but his mother Europa according to the Greek writers of this episode.[26]

This Triton first appeared in the guise of Eurypylus before eventually revealing his divine nature.[27] This local deity has thus been euhemeristically rationalized as "then ruler over Libya" by Diodorus Siculus.[28]

Triton-Eurypylus welcomed the Argonauts with a guest-gift of a clod of earth which was a pledge that the Greeks would be granted the land of Cyrene, Libya in the future.[7] The Argo had been driven ashore in the Syrtes (Gulf of Syrtes Minor according to some), and Triton guided them through the lake's marshy outlet back to the Mediterranean.[27][29]

One of the works which recounts this adventure is Apollonius of Rhodes' Argonautica (3rd century BC), the first work in written literature that describes a Triton as "fish-tailed".[30]

Triton with men and heroes

In Virgil's Aeneid, book 6, it is told that Triton killed Misenus, son of Aeolus, by drowning him after he challenged the gods to play as well as he did.[31][7]

Herakles wrestling Triton is a common theme in Classical Greek art particularly black-figure pottery,[32] but no literature survives that tells the story.[33] In fewer examples, the Greek pottery depicting apparently the same motif are labeled "Nereus" or "Old Man of the Sea" instead, and among these, Nereus' struggle with Herakles is attested in literature (Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca).[34] "Old Man of the Sea" is a generic term applicable to Nereus, who was also frequently depicted as half-fishlike.[34][35] One explanation is that some vase painters developed the convention of depicting Nereus as a fully human form, so that Triton had to be substituted in the depiction of the sea-monster wrestling Herakles. And Nereus appears as a spectator in some examples of this motif.[36]

In the red-figure period, the Triton-Herakles theme became completely outmoded, supplanted by such scenes as Theseus's adventures in Poseidon's golden mansion, embellished with the presence of Triton.[32] Again, extant literature describing the adventure omits any mention of Triton,[37] but placement of Triton in the scene is not implausible.[32]

Further genealogy

Triton was the father of a daughter named Pallas and foster parent to the goddess Athena, according to Pseudo-Apollodorus's Bibliotheca.[lower-alpha 3][38] Elsewhere in the Bibliotheca, there appears a different Pallas (Giant), a male figure overcome by Athena.[lower-alpha 4][39]

Athena bears the epithet Tritogeneia (Τριτογένεια) "Triton-born"[41] and while this is suggestive of Triton's daughter being Athena,[42] the appellation is otherwise explainable in several ways, e.g., as Athena's birth (from Zeus's head) taking place at the River Triton or Lake Tritonis.[43]

Triton also had a daughter named Triteia. According to Pausanias writing in the 2nd century CE, one origin story of the city of Triteia held that this was an eponymous city after Triteia, founded by her and Ares's son, named Melanippus ("Black Horse").[44]

Tritons

At some time during the Greco-Roman period, "Tritons", in the plural, came to be used a generic term for mermen.[2]

Hellenistic and Roman art
Tritoness bronze applique, Greek, 2nd century BCE, Cleveland Museum of Art

Greek pottery depicting a half-human, half-fish being bearing an inscription of "Triton" is popular by the 6th century BC.[30] It has also been hypothesized that by this time "Triton" has become a generic term for a merman.[45][lower-alpha 5]

Furthermore, Tritons in groups or multitudes began to be depicted in Classical Greek art by around the 4th century BC.[lower-alpha 6][46] Among these is the work by Greek sculptor Scopas (d. 350 BC) which was later removed to Rome.[47] Though not a contemporaneous inscription or commentary, Pliny (d. 79 CE) commented on the work that "there are Nereids riding on dolphins.. and also Tritons" in this sculpture.[48]

Triton with wings (feathery flippers?) instead of forelegs. Bas-Relief. Glyptothek Munich 239.
Triton with clawed feet. Sketch of relief sculpture. Glyptothek Munich 115.[49][50]
Triton half-man, half-lobster. Herculanum fresco, formerly held at Museo di Portici.[51]
Triton with two fish-tails. Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus. Glyptothek Munich.

In later Greek periods into the Roman period, Tritons were depicted as ichthyocentaurs, i.e., merman with a horse's forelegs in place of arms. The earliest known examples are from the 2nd century B.C.[lower-alpha 7][52] The term "Ichthyocentaur" did not originate in Ancient Greece, and only appeared in writing in the Byzantine period (12th century); "Centaur-Triton" is another word for a Triton with horse-legs.[8][53]

Besides examples in which the horse-like forelimbs have been replaced by wings,[53] there are other examples where the forelegs have several clawed digits (somewhat like lions), as in one relief at the Glyptothek in Munich, Germany.[49][50] A Triton with a lower extremity like a lobster or crayfish, in a fresco unearthed from Herculanum has been mentioned.[54][51]

Double-tailed tritons began to be depicted by the late 2nd century BC, such as in the Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus. Rumpf thought that might be the earliest example of a "Triton with two fish-tails (Triton mit zwei Fischschwänzen)".[55] However the double-tailed tritonesses in Damophon's sculptures at Lycosura predates it, and even this is doubted to be the first example.[56] Lattimore believed the two-tailed triton should be dated to the 4th century BC, and speculated that Skopas was the one to devise it.[57][59]

As aforementioned, there is the female version of the half-human, half-fishlike being, sometimes called a "tritoness"[60] or a "female triton".[61]

Cameo of Augustus in a quadriga drawn by tritons (Kunsthistorisches Museum)

Literature in the Roman period

The first literary attestation of Tritons (Latin: Tritonēs) in the plural was Virgil's Aeneid (c. 29–19 BC).[47][62] In the 1st century CE, another Latin poet Valerius Flaccus wrote in Argonautica that there was a huge Triton at each side of Neptune's chariot, holding the reins of horses.[63][22] And Statius (1st century) makes a Triton figurehead adorn the prow of the Argo.[65]

Trions and nereids appear as marine retinues (Latin: marinum obsequium) to the goddess Venus in Apuleius's Metamorphoses, or "The Golden Ass".[66]

Pausanias

Tritons (Greek: Τρίτωνες, Tritones) were described in detail in the 2nd century CE by Pausanias (ix. 21).[67][8]

"The Tritons have the following appearance. On their heads they grow hair like that of marsh frogs (Greek: βατράχιον, plants of the Ranunculus genus[lower-alpha 8]) not only in color, but in the impossibility of separating one hair from another. The rest of their body is rough with fine scales just as is the shark. Under their ears they have gills and a man's nose; but the mouth is broader and the teeth are those of a beast. Their eyes seem to me blue,[lower-alpha 9] and they have hands, fingers, and nails like the shells of the murex. Under the breast and belly is a tail like a dolphin's instead of feet."

Pausanias was basing his descriptions on a headless Triton exhibited in Tanagra and another curiosity in Rome. These Tritons were preserved mummies or taxidermied real animals or humans (or fabrication made to appear as such).[69][70] The Tanagran Triton was seen by Aelian[71] who described it as an embalmed or pickled mummy (Greek: τάριχος). While Pausanias related a legend around the Tanagran Triton that its head was cut off, J. G. Frazer conjectured that such a cover story had to be invented after a sea mammal's carcass with a severed or severely mutilated head was passed off as a Triton.[70][lower-alpha 10]

Renaissance Period
The Triton Fountain (1642–3), by Gianlorenzo Bernini, Rome

Triton was referred to as "trumpeter of Neptune (Neptuni tubicen)" in Cristoforo Landino (d. 1498)'s commentary on Virgil;[73] this phrasing later appeared in the gloss for "Triton" in Marius Nizolius's Thesaurus (1551),[74] and Konrad Gesner's book (1558).[75]

Triton makes appearance in English literature as the messenger for the god Poseidon.[76] In Edmund Spenser's Faerie Queene, Triton blew "his trompet shrill before" Neptune and Amphitrite.[76][77] And in Milton (1637), "Lycidas" v. 89, "The Herald of the Sea" refers to Triton.[78]

Gianlorenzo Bernini sculpted the "Neptune and Triton" fountain (1622–23) now in the Victoria and Albert Museum[79][80] and the Triton Fountain (1642–43) in Bernini Square, Rome.[81][82] There is differing opinion on what earlier works he may have drawn from near-contemporary works or examples from antiquity. He may have been influenced by Battista di Domenico Lorenzi's Alpheus and Arethusa (1568–70) or his Triton blowing the conch (late 1570s),[83] or Stoldo Lorenzi's Neptune fountain.[84] But Rudolf Wittkower has cautioned against exaggerating the influences of Florentine fountains.[84] It has been pointed out that Bernini had access to the Papal collection[lower-alpha 11] of genuine Greco-Roman sculptures, and worked with restoring ancient fragments,[87] although it is unclear if any Triton was among these. It is within the realm of possibilities that Bernini might have used as his model the ancient Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus, which does include Triton in its composition.[88] The Triton of this altar, the Stoldo Lorenzi Triton and the Bernini Triton are all double-tailed, like a pair of human legs.[89]

A Triton blowing on a conch on this title page of Alexander Justice, Samuel Pepys and Josiah Burchett: A general treatise of the dominion of the sea, 1710

Victorian Age
Triton and Nymphe fountain by Viktor Tilgner in the Volksgarten (Vienna)

In Wordsworth's sonnet "The World Is Too Much with Us" (c. 1802, published 1807), the poet regrets the prosaic humdrum modern world, yearning for

glimpses that would make me less forlorn;
Have sight of Proteus rising from the sea;
Or hear old Triton blow his wreathèd horn.

Triton appears in the 1963 film Jason and the Argonauts. When the Argo is threatened with destruction by the clashing rocks, Triton emerges from the water to hold the sides of the narrow passage apart so that the Argo can pass through safely.

King Triton is a character depicted in the Disney's The Little Mermaid, inspired by Triton, as an undersea king, the father of the title character. In The Little Mermaid, Triton has seven daughters for the Seven Seas, the youngest named Ariel, of whom he is very overprotective. However, this character (and all the other ones in the Disney movie) is actually based on Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale of the same name.

Mascot

There are numerous universities, colleges, and high schools and businesses that use Triton as their mascot. These include the following:

Many club sports teams, especially swimming leagues, use the symbol of Triton.

  • Drew Marine, a leading maritime company, also uses the symbol

Eponyms

The largest moon of the planet Neptune has been given the name Triton, as Neptune is the Roman equivalent of Poseidon. A family of large sea snails, the shells of some of which have been used as trumpets since antiquity, are commonly known as "tritons", see Triton (gastropod).

The name Triton is associated in modern industry with tough hard-wearing machines such as the Ford Triton engine and Mitsubishi Triton pickup truck.

Explanatory notes
  1. Homer Iliad 8.203 also mentions "Aegaea" but this refers to Aegae (Achaea).[6]
  2. A triton (see §Tritons below) and merman are synonymous in heraldry,[15] and the figure may often carry a trident.[16]
  3. In this story, Pallas was inadvertently killed by Athena during sparring, and the goddess subsequently took a wooden figurine of Pallas and wrapped the Aegis (goat-skin) around it, thus creating the palladium.
  4. In Apollod. 1.6, Frazer ed., the Pallas who Athena slew and whose flayed skin she used as shield-covering, which DGRBM says was a giant ( "Pallas (3)").[39] Cf. Frazer, note 8 and DGRBM "Pallas (5)".[40][39]
  5. As aforementioned, "Triton" is the most common label, but "Nereus", and "Old Man of the Sea" are found as inscriptions in six century pottery depicting the motif of Herakles wrestling a sea-monster.[34]
  6. Excepting Etruscan art, which has older examples.
  7. Among the relief groups in the Pergamon Altar.
  8. Translated as "parsley which grows in marshes" by Taylor.[68]
  9. Greek: γλαυκός. Defined "freq. of the eye, light blue, grey", in Liddle-Scott-Jones, "γλαυκός".
  10. Tritons were the aquatic versions of Satyrs and Centaur "relicts", i.e., creatures purported to exist and exhibited in Greek and Roman times.[72]
  11. As a favorite of Paul V (d. 1621).[85] Urban VIII (elected 1623) became his great patron.[86]

References
Citations
  1. Hesiod, Theogony 930-933. ——— (2006), translated by Most, Glenn W., "Theogony", Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia, Loeb Classical Library No. 57, Harvard University Press, pp. 76–79, ISBN 9-780-6749-9622-9
  2. Hansen, William F. (2004). Deities, Themes and Concepts: Waters. Handbook of Classical Mythology. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9-781-5760-7226-4.
  3. Mommsen (2014), pp. 53, 55.
  4. Homer. Iliad. 13.21.
  5. Hesiod (1966), West, Martin Litchfield (ed.), Theogony, Clarendon Press, p. 414, ISBN 9780198141693
  6.  Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Aegae". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
  7. Arafat, Karim (KWA) (2012). "Triton". The Oxford Classical Dictionary. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-199-54556-8.
  8.  Smith, William, ed. (1870). "Triton (1)". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
  9. Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.333 apud DGRBM[8]
  10. Conti, Natale (2006) [1567]. Natale Conti's Mythologiae. 2. ACMRS, Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. p. 708. ISBN 0-866-98361-9.
  11. Pseudo-Hyginus, Poetical astronomy ii. 23 apud DGRBM[8]
  12. Ashton, John (1890). Curious Creatures in Zoology. London: John C. Nimmo. p. 210.
  13. Seneca (1987). Fitch, John G. (ed.). Seneca's "Hercules furens". Cornell University Press. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-801-41876-1.
  14. Slaney, Helen (2019). Seneca: Medea. Companions to Greek and Roman Tragedy. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-1-474-25863-0.
  15. Moule, Thomas (1842). Heraldry of Fish: Notices of the Principal Families Bearing Fish in Their Arms. J. Van Voorst. p. 218.
  16. Eve, George W. (1907). "Heraldic birds and other figures". Heraldry as Art: An Account of Its Development and Practice, Chiefly in England. Batsford. p. 95.
  17. Ovid (2008) [1986]. Kenney, E. J. (ed.). 1. 332 Deucalion and Pyrrha. Metamorphoses. Translated by Melville, A. D. Oxford University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-199-53737-2.
  18. Ovid (2010). Kenney, E. J. (ed.). 1. 332 Deucalion and Pyrrha. Metamorphoses. Translated by Lombardo, Stanley. Hackett Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-603-84497-0.
  19. Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.332
  20. Ovid, Metamorphoses 2.8
  21. Ovid (2005). 2 Phaëton. Metamorphoses: A New Translati. Translated by Martin, Charles. Bernard M. W. Knox. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 51. ISBN 0-393-07243-6.
  22. Kleywegt, A. J. (2005). Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica, Book I: A Commentary. BRILL. p. 396. ISBN 9-004-13924-9.
  23. Ovid, Heroides 7.49–50: "caeruleis Triton per mare curret equis".[10][22]
  24.  Smith, William, ed. (1870). "Triton (2)". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
  25. Jackson, Steven (1987), "Apollonius' Argonautica: Euphemus, a Clod and a Tripod" (PDF), Illinois Classical Studies, The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 12 (1), pp. 23–30
  26. Pindar, Pythian 4. 45, Apollonius Argonautica I.179181). Jackson (1987), pp. 27, 28[25]
  27. Pindar, Pythian 4; Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, iv. 1552ff; .
  28. Diodorus iv.56.6.
  29. Jackson (1987), p. 23.
  30. Lattimore (1976), p. 56.
  31. Virgil, Aeneid 6.164 ff..
  32. Mommsen (2014), pp. 55.
  33. Norris, Michael Byron (2000). Greek Art: From Prehistoric to Classical : a Resource for Educators. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 172. ISBN 0-870-99972-9.
  34. Pedley, John Griffiths (1970). "The Friedlaender Hydria". Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. 74: 48–49. doi:10.2307/310997. JSTOR 310997.
  35. Pulliam, Susan Elizabeth (1977). Problems of Metamorphosis in Greek Black-figure Vase-painting (Thesis). University of California, Berkeley. p. 6–8.
  36. Padgett, J. Michael (1988). The painted past: 28 Attic vases, 6th and 5th centuries B.C., from the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Utah Museum of Fine Arts, University of Utah. p. 19.
  37. Bacchylides 17, Hygnius Poeticon astronomicon 2.5 , Pausanias 1. 17.3, apud Mommsen (2014), pp. 55
  38. Apollod. 3.12.6; or 3.144: Apollodorus' Library and Hyginus' Fabulae: Two Handbooks of Greek MythologyI. Translated by Stephen M. Trzaskoma; R. Scott Smith. Hackett Publishing. 2007. p. 62. ISBN 9-781-60384-052-1.
  39.  Smith, William, ed. (1870). "Pallas (3)". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
  40.  Smith, William, ed. (1870). "Pallas (5)". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
  41. Hesiod, Theogony 895. Most tr. (2006), p. 75; Hesiod (2015). Theogony 895. Theogony & Works and Days. Translated by Richard Caldwell. Hackett Publishing. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-585-10603-5.
  42. Connelly claims this is so in some sources.
  43. Connelly, Joan Breton (2014). The Parthenon Enigma. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-307-59338-2.
  44. Pausanias. "Description of Greece VII 22.8". Perseus.tufts.edu. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Jones, William Henry Samuel. Harvard University Press. Retrieved 2019-09-02.
  45. Lattimore (1976), p. 56: "By the sixth century, to judge from inscriptions on vases, "Triton" was the most popular designation for the merman".
  46. Lattimore (1976), p. 30: "The next stage -- pluralization of Triton (originally a god).. is not attested before the fourth century except in Etruscan art".
  47. Robinson, David M. (1926). Roman Sculptures from Colonia Caesarea: (Pisidian Antioch). College Art Association of America. p. 29. In literature, Tritons in the plural are first mentioned by Vergil, Aeneid, V, 824. But in Greek art they were already known from the group made by Scopas and brought from Asia Minor to the temple of Domitius in the Circus of Flaminius at Rome.
  48. Pliny (1962). Natural History Volume X: Book XXXVI . Loeb Classical Library 419. Translated by D. E. Eichholz. Harvard University Press. pp. 20–21 – via Wikisource.
  49. Roscher, Wilhelm Heinrich (1890), "Ichthyokentauren", Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie (in German), B. G. Teubner, 2, pp. 91–94, archived from the original on 2008-01-12
  50. Overbeck, Johannes Adolf (1878), Griechische Kunstmythologie, 2, pp. 356–357
  51. Froehner, Wilhelm, 1834-1925 (1878), "5. Mercure, Jupiter, Cérès", Notice de la sculpture antique du Musée Impérial du Louvre (in French), De Mourges, pp. 24–25
  52. Rumpf, Andreas (1939) Die Meerwesen, Reprint (1969), p. 105 and note 140, apud Lattimore (1976), p. 44, note 84.
  53. Packard, Pamela M. (1980), "A Monochrome Mosaic at Isthmia" (PDF), Hesperia, The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 49 (4): 329, note 7 JSTOR 147913
  54. Clarac, Frédéric de (1841), Musée de sculpture antique et moderne (in French), 2, Imprimerie royale et impériale, pp. 190–191
  55. Rumpf, Andreas (1939) Die Meerwesen, Reprint (1969), p. 105 (?) apud Lattimore (1976), p. 56
  56. Picard, Charles (1948), Manuel d'archéologie grecque: sculpture, p. 684 apud Lattimore (1976), p. 56
  57. Lattimore (1976), pp. 60–61.
  58. Stewart, A. F. (1978), "(Book Review) The Marine Thiasos in Greek Sculpture by Steven Lattimore" (PDF), American Journal of Archaeology, 82 (2): –261–262, doi:10.2307/504508, JSTOR 504508 JSTOR 504508
  59. Skopa's sculpture is long lost. Cf. A. F. Stewart's remark that hypotheses on a lost work causes Lattimore to adopt an equivocal ("might-have-beens"), though Lattimore is uniquely resolute on the "conclusion [that] the double-tailed Triton was probably Skopas's creation (p. 61)".[58]
  60. Lattimore (1976), p. 61.
  61. Lawrence, Arnold Walter (1972). Greek and Roman sculpture. Harper & Row. p. 196.
  62. P. Vergilius Maro. Aeneid V. 824. Translated by John Dryden.
  63. Gaius Valerius Flaccus (2008). Valerius Flaccus' Argonautica, Book 1: Edited with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary. The Works of Edmund Spenser: With Observations on His Life and Writings. OUP Oxford. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-0-199-21949-0.
  64. Kleywegt (2005), p. 175.
  65. Thebaid 5.371f.[64]
  66. Kenney, E. J. (1990). Apuleius: Cupid and Psyche. P. E. Easterling. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-27813-9.. Text and translation to 4.31–7, pp. 44–45; endnotes pp. 125–126.
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  69. Mayor (2011), p. 232.
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  71. Aelian, De Natura Animalium, xiii, 21, apud Frazer[70]
  72. Mayor (2011), p. 236.
  73. Landinus, Christophorus (1508). Tertius & Quartus in Publij Virgilij Maronis Allegorias. Christophori Landini Florentini Libri Qvattvor. Schurer. p. H iiii.
  74. Nizolius, Marius (1551) [1535], "Triton", Dictionarium Seu Thesaurus Latinae Linguae, Ex Sirenis Officina, p. 507
  75. Gesner, Konrad (1558). Historiae animalium (1604 ed.). Lib. IIII, p. 1197. Lib. IV, p. 1001.
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  77. Spenser, Edmund (1845). Faerie Queene 4.11.12. The Works of Edmund Spenser: With Observations on His Life and Writings. Henry Washbourne. p. 232.
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  82. Wilkins (2000), p. 406, n84
  83. Wilkins (2000), p. 390 and n24; p. 405, n 82.
  84. Wittkower, Rudolf (1997) [1955]. Gian Lorenzo Bernini: The Sculptor of the Roman Baroque (4th ed.). London: Phaidon Press. p. 22, n5. ISBN 9780801414305.
  85. Barrow (2018), p. 165.
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Bibliography
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