Hellenism (religion)

Hellenism[lower-alpha 1], the Hellenic ethnic religion[lower-alpha 2], also commonly known as Hellenismos, Hellenic Polytheism, and occasionally Dodekatheism (Δωδεκαθεϊσμός), or Olympianism (Ὀλυμπιανισμός), comprises various religious movements which revive or reconstruct ancient Greek religious practices, and which have publicly emerged since the 1990s.

"Olympianism" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Olympism, the philosophy of the modern Olympic games.
This article is about modern Greek polytheism. For the historical Greek religion, see Ancient Greek religion.
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Symbol used by Hellenism followers.

The Hellenic religion builds on traditional religion and on a traditional way of life, which revolves around the Greek gods, is primarily focused on the twelve Olympians and embraces ancient Greek values and virtues.

In 2017, Greek governmental authorities legally recognized Hellenic Ethnic Religion (Hellenism) as a "known religion" in Greece, granting it certain religious freedoms in that country, including the freedom to open houses of worship and for clergy to officiate at weddings.[1]

Name
Emperor Julian the Philosopher

There are no official naming practices for the Hellenic religion, and the ancient Greeks did not have a word for 'religion' in the modern sense.[2] Some informal naming conventions have developed since the formation of the first Hellenic religious organizations in the 1990s, based on academically accepted descriptive definitions. Hellenism (or Hellenismos) is the most common term, used chiefly as a name for the modern religion by its adherents today, though it can also refer to the ancient Greek religion and culture.[3] The term Hellenismos originally stems from a 4th-century AD systematization and revival of Greek religion by the Roman Emperor Julian. Julian used the term to describe traditional Graeco-Roman religion.[4] Additionally, subgroups within Hellenism have used a variety of names to distinguish branches focusing on specific schools of thought, or various different modern traditions. Hellenic religion and Hellenic polytheism are often used interchangeably to refer to the religion. The phrase Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism refers specifically to the methodology used by some practitioners to recreate the religion based on academic sources, rather than the religion itself, and not all Hellenic Polytheists are reconstructionists. Other organizations, such as Dodekatheon (Δωδεκάθεον),[5] the Helliniki Hetaireia Archaiophilon (Societas Hellenica Antiquariorum), and the Thyrsos (Θύρσος) use a combination of terms interchangeably, including elliniki thriskia (ἑλληνικὴ θρησκεία, 'Hellenic religion'), Hellenic polytheistic religion, and Hellenism.[6][7]

Other terms in common usage by Hellenic polytheists include "Greek reconstructionism" and "Hellenic Traditionalism", but the two are not synonymous.[8] The American group Elaion uses the term "Dodekatheism" (Greek: δώδεκα, dodeka, 'twelve' + θεϊσμός, theïsmós, 'belief in the gods') to describe their approach to the Hellenic religion, stating that the term "has been used for some time within and outside Greece to refer to ancient Greek religion and we feel that it is important for those of us outside Greece share a common name and identity with our co-religiosts in the homeland of our spirituality", and that the term 'Hellenism' is linked too closely in current use to the modern Greek nation.[2]

Beliefs

Prominent themes in Hellenic beliefs include, but are not restricted to: Eusebeia (piety), Arete (virtue), and Xenia (hospitality). These are rooted in the various ancient Greek beliefs and concepts that they look to for guidance and inspiration from the Tenets of Solon, the Delphi Maxims, the Golden Verses of Pythagoras, Epicurean Philosophy, the ethics of Aristotle, Stoic Philosophy and more.[9]

Eusebeia

Eusebeia (εὐσεβής) is often translated as piety or reverence towards the gods,[10] it can also be translated as right action. The focus of Eusebeia for modern Hellenists is on action on how to honor the Gods and Goddesses rather than on particular set of beliefs. Practicing Eusebeia is an important and key ethic for many modern Hellenists.[11]

Arete
Main article: Arete

Arete (Ἀρετή) means virtue, excellence, and Moral Virtue.[12] For a number of Hellenists, cultivating Arete is considered one of the highest things to cultivate and focus on for modern Hellenists and that cultivating it will lead to a good life.[13] Modern Hellenists believe that by living up to one's full potential. Cultivating Arete for modern Hellenists implies improving all aspects of their life and thus improving their soul[14]

Xenia
Main article: Xenia (Greek)

Xenia (ξενία) is the concept of hospitality and is sometimes translated as 'guest-friendship' or 'ritualized friendship'. In Hellenism, xenia implies that one should be kind to strangers and foreigners, that the host is obliged to be hospitable and the guest to be hospitable in return. The god Zeus Xenios is thought by Hellenists to protect strangers and foreigners.[15][16]

Divinity

Hellenic polytheists worship the ancient Greek Gods, or the Hellenic pantheon, including the Olympians, nature divinities, underworld deities (chthonic gods) and heroes. Both physical and spiritual ancestors are greatly honoured.

Practice

Offerings and rituals

Offerings and libations are considered sacred integral acts within modern Hellenist worship.[17][9] There are several types of offerings that are performed within Hellenism, sacrifices, votive offerings and Libations.

without sacrifices prayers are words only; but accompanied with sacrifices they become animated words; and words indeed corroborating life

— Sallustius[9]

Hellenists are divided upon the question of animal sacrifice. Some are fine with the practice,[9] while others do not engage in the practice at all.[18] Some instead offer symbolic food of the animal that is sacrificed instead of the animal, often though not exclusively fruit, breads, or cakes.[19]

Festivals

Hellenism has many festivals throughout the year that many modern Hellenists seek to revive, where the dates are often set by the lunisolar Attic calendar.[20] The festivals typically celebrate events from Hellenism, connoting spiritual themes and honoring the deities that the festivals. The celebrations incorporate religious themes, arts, sacrifices and offerings, family get togethers and feasts. Many modern Hellenists follow the three monthly festivals of Deipnon, Noumenia and Agathos Daimon.[20]

Some Hellenist festivals include:[21][22]

Relationship to ancient Greek religion
Further information: Polytheistic reconstructionism

The majority of modern historians agree that the religion practiced by the ancient Greeks had been extinguished by the 9th century AD at the latest and that there is little to no evidence that it survived past the Middle Ages. (in certain isolated areas it survived until the 12th century, see Tsakonia and Maniots) [23] The majority of modern Hellenic polytheist organizations view their religious traditions as either "revivalist" or "reconstructionist", though most modern individual adherents exist somewhere on a reconstructionist to revivalist spectrum.

Revivalists view Hellenic Polytheism as a living, changing religion. Hellenic Revivalism allows room for practitioners to decide what feels right to them, and to adapt historical religious practices to modern life.

Reconstructionism is a methodology that attempts to accurately base modern religious practice on culturally and historically genuine examples of ancient religious practices. The term is frequently used in the United States to differentiate between syncretic and eclectic Neopagan movements, and those based on the traditions, writings, history, and mythology of a specific ancient polytheistic culture. In contrast to revivalist traditions, Reconstructionists are culturally oriented and attempt to reconstruct historical forms of religion and spirituality, in a modern context. Therefore, Kemetic, Canaanite, Hellenic, Roman, Celtic, Germanic, Baltic and Slavic Reconstructionists aim for the revival of historical practices and beliefs of Ancient Egypt, Ancient Canaan and Phoenicia, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, the Celts, the Germanic peoples, the Balts and the Slavs, respectively.

Most Hellenic polytheist groups unequivocally state that reconstructionism is not the only correct method of practicing the ancient Greek religion, but do identify a practice as Hellenic only when it embraces the humanistic values and ethical virtues of the ancient Greeks, demonstrates loyalty and reverence toward the Greek Gods, and uses a religious structure that would be recognizable to an ancient Greek.[24][25][26][27] These groups make a clear distinction between themselves and the Neopagan movement, and identify some 'Hellenic' groups as "simply disguised as 'Hellenes' for reasons that exist hidden within the depths of their own minds." [28]

Some adherents, like Greek Dodecatheon member Panagiotis Marinis, have claimed that the religion of ancient Greece actually survived throughout the intervening centuries, and some claim they were raised in families that practiced this religion.[29] Whether or not they believe that the Hellenic polytheist religious tradition is continuous, there is evidence that Greek Hellenic polytheists living in modern Greece see the movement as an expression of Greek cultural heritage in opposition to the dominant Orthodox Christianity.[30][31]

History

Early reconstructionists

During the 18th century, several notable authors and freethinkers embraced Ancient Greek religion to some extent, studying and translating ancient works of theology and philosophy, and in some cases composing original hymns and devotionals to the Ancient Greek pantheon. The English author John Fransham (1730–1810) was one example, considered an eccentric by his peers, who was also referred to as a pagan and a polytheist. In Fransham's 1769 book The Oestrum of Orpheus, he advanced a theology similar to that of the Neoplatonists: that the first cause of existence is uncreated and indestructible, but not intelligent, and that the universe is shaped by "innumerable intelligent powers or forces, 'plastic and designing,' who ruled all sublunary affairs, and may most fitly be designated by the nomenclature of the Hellenic theology."[32] Despite his apparent belief in the Hellenic gods, Fransham does not seem to have been particularly devoted to their worship. According to an 1875 profile in Fraser's Magazine, Franshem's "libations to the Penates found their way down his own throat, and when he sacrificed a fowl to 'Esculapius it was usually in the form of chicken-broth for his supper."[32]

Another example of an 18th-century literary figure who may have considered himself a Hellenist was Thomas Taylor (1758–1835), who produced the first English translations of many neoplatonic philosophical and religious texts. Taylor was widely known as the "English Platonist", and rumors existed that he had produced anonymous pamphlets advocating a return to a sort of pagan religion (these rumors have been debunked by modern scholars[33]). Though the extent of his actual devotion to Ancient Greek spirituality remains unknown, brief descriptions written by others about him tend to portray him as a sincerely devout polytheist.[32] One such sketch, written by Isaac D'Israeli, describes Taylor delaying answering his door until he has finished his mid-day hymn to Apollo, and reports that his study contained a hanging globe of clear glass, representing Zeus, that scattered sunbeams he would use to read and write, shifting his position in the room to follow them throughout the day.[32]

His work inspired a limited number devotees.[32] The most notable was Godefroi Izarn, the Marquis de Valadi, a young member of a wealthy French family who adopted a "Pythagorean mode of life". In 1788, Valadi traveled to England in order to convince an unnamed "gentleman of eminence in the literary world" to become the head of a new Pythagorean sect, assuring him that Valadi would help him find numerous followers.[34] He refused, and suggested Valadi learn Greek and become the head of the sect himself. Valadi began his studies at Glasgow, where he learned of Taylor, to whom he wrote in a letter:

"My determination was to go and live in North America, and there to keep a school of temperance and love, in order to preserve so many men from the prevailing vices of brutal intemperance and selfish cupidity ... There I would devoutly erect altars to my favourite Gods: Dioscuri, Hector, Aristomenes, Pan, Orpheus, Epaminondas, Pythagoras, Pluto, Timoleon, Marcus Brutus and his Portia, and above all, Phoebus, the God of my hero Julian ..."[32]

Valadi paid Taylor to live in his house and study under him, but his tenure as Taylor's disciple was short lived. He returned to France to fight in the French Revolution in 1789 (he reportedly said, "I came over Diogenes. I am going back Alexander."), and was executed by guillotine in December 1793.[34]

20th century

In the early 20th century, several neopagan groups were formed, often incorporating elements of ancient Greek religion and honoring Greek gods, but with heavily syncretic elements drawn from Hermeticism and 19th century folklore studies. Most prominent of these modern traditions are Thelema and Wicca, though Feraferia (an American tradition founded in the 1970s by Fred Adams) places heavier emphasis on a more Hellenistic style of worship and on the Greco-Roman pantheon of gods.[35] One Wiccan organization in the United States, the Aquarian Tabernacle Church, began to host a spring festival based on the Eleusinian Mysteries in 1985, which has continued to be held every year through the present day.[36]

During the 1970s, some began to reject the influence of Hermeticism and other heavily syncretic forms of Greek religion in preference of practices reconstructing earlier or more original forms of Hellenic worship. Early revivalists of Hellenic religion tended to be individuals working alone, and early attempts to organize adherents into larger groups failed. The first successful revival attempt was made by the Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes (or YSEE). In 1993, a variety of adherents to the Hellenic religion in Greece and elsewhere came together and began the process of organization. This resulted in a "Hellenic National Assembly", initiated at a gathering in southern Olympus on the 9th of September 1995. The process culminated with the formal establishment of the YSEE as a non-profit in Greece, in June 1997.[37]

2004 Olympics controversy

The 2004 Summer Olympics stirred up several disputes concerning Hellenic polytheistic religion.

  • Professor Giorgos Dontas, president of the Archaeological Society of Athens expressed public outrage at the destruction of ancient archaeological sites around the Parthenon and Acropolis in preparation for the Games.[38]
  • Prior to the Olympic Games, MSNBC correspondent Rehema Ellis in a story called It's Greek to Me: Group Tries to Restore Pagan Worship documented the vandalism and arson of a bookstore in Athens which sold books promoting ancient Greek religion. She also interviewed several adherents who were upset about the current state of affairs in Greece. Ellis said: "A contrast in this place where the Olympic Games were created to honour Zeus - now those praying to the ancient gods are criticized for putting too much faith in the past."
  • The Greek Society of the Friends of the Ancients objected to the commercial use of Athena and Phevos as the official mascots of the 2004 Summer Olympics held in Athens. They felt that the caricatured representations of the Greek Gods Athena and Phoebus were disrespectful and culturally insensitive.[39] In a BBC Radio interview on June 26, 2004, Dr. Pan. Marinis President of the Societas Hellenica Antiquariorum said that the mascots: "mock the spiritual values of the Hellenic Civilization by degrading these same holy personalities that were revered during the ancient Olympic Games. For these reasons we have proceeded to legal action demanding the punishment of those responsible."

Recognition and Places of worship

In May 2006 an Athens court granted official recognition to the veneration of the Ancient Greek pantheon. Soon afterwards, on 22 January 2007, the Hellenist group Ellinais held a ceremony at the historic Temple of Olympian Zeus in Athens. It was the first such rite performed at the temple since the ancient Greek religion was outlawed by the Roman government in the late 4th century.[40] The ceremony involved participants dressed as ancient warriors who left their swords and spears outside the sacred site, in order to represent the laying down of arms before the Olympic games. The BBC referred to the event as a show of "intentional publicity". The event caught the attention of the Greek Orthodox Church. Reporters at the event suggested the church might step up their opposition to the legitimizing of Hellenism. Father Eustathios Kollas, who presided over a community of Greek Orthodox priests, said: "They are a handful of miserable resuscitators of a degenerate dead religion who wish to return to the monstrous dark delusions of the past."[41] Despite the 2006 court ruling, the Greek Ministry of Culture and Sports continued to disallow ceremonies of any kind at archaeological sites, and some early 21st century Hellenic rituals therefore took the form of protests. In August 2008, a group of adherents, again organized by Ellinais, gathered at the Acropolis both to give libations and other offerings to the goddess Athena, and to protest the removal of architectural pieces from the temples to a new museum at the site.[42]

The first modern Hellenic temple dedicated to the Hellenic Gods was started in 1994 just outside Thessaloniki in the village of Oraiokastro and completed in 2009. Another temple, dedicated to Alexander and the Earth opened in the nearby village of Mesaia in 2019.[43][44][45]

A modern Hellenic temple in Athens is still in the planning stages, in the meantime worshippers meet at a temporary temple at the headquarters of the Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes (or YSEE) at an apartment building on Aristotelous street in central Athens.[46]

In 2017, the Greek government finally recognised Hellenism as an official religion, over 1600 years after the Ancient Hellenic religion was banned by Emperor Theodosius I.[47][48]

Modern groups and demographics

Ritual performed by members of the Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes.

Hellenism originated in and is practiced in Greece and in other countries. Leaders of the movement claimed in 2005 that there are as many as 2,000 adherents to the Hellenic tradition in Greece, with an additional 100,000 who have "some sort of interest".[49] No official estimates exist for devotees worldwide. Outside Greece, Hellenic religious organizations began to emerge around 1998, with some individuals claiming to have been engaging in some form of traditional practice since the 1970s.[50]

There have been some complaints of cultural or religious appropriation regarding Hellenism. Individuals without a Hellenic background have created works based on the Hellenic gods and goddesses, without consultation with the Hellenist Greek community. Some major complaints have been depicting the Greek deities as non-Greeks, such as in Disney's Hercules, as well as in the popular young adult franchise, Camp Half-Blood Chronicles.

Priest performing ritual.

The first Greek organization to openly support the religious revival of Hellenic religion was Ύπατο Συμβούλιο των Ελλήνων Εθνικών (Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes or YSEE), established in 1997,[51] and is publicly active. YSEE is a founding member of the World Congress of Ethnic Religions (now European Congress of Ethnic Religions) and hosted the seventh annual WCER Congress in June 2004.[52] With branches also in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Germany, their level of real world public activity, and actual membership levels, the Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes can be argued to be the defining lead organization for the public revival movement. YSEE is also a member of the European Union's action program to combat discrimination. The organization primarily refers to the religion as the "Ethnic Polytheistic" or "genuine Hellenism"[53] and its practitioners as Ethnikoi Hellenes, "Ethnic [National] Hellenes".

YSEE uses the terms "traditional", "ethnic", and "genuine" to refer to their religious practices. Greek polytheist author Vlassis G. Rassias has written a popular series of books on "Christian persecutions against the Hellenes," and the "Church of the Hellenes" organization goes so far as to call for the wholesale extermination of Christianity,[54] while the Athens-based group Ellinais emphasizes "world peace and the brotherhood of man."[55]

Founded in the United States in 2001, Hellenion[56] identifies its practices as "Hellenic Pagan Reconstructionism" and emphasizes historical accuracy in its mission statement.[57] The group uses the term Hellenismos (Ἑλληνισμός, [elinisˈmos]) to describe the religion. Hellenion does not provide official membership numbers to the public, but an unofficial estimate of 43 members was made for 2007 and approximately 100 members for 2017.[58] though this number can only give the roughest approximation, as Hellenion offers hardship waivers to those who cannot afford the typical membership fees.[59] In early 2010, the organization reported 1 demos (fully chartered local congregation) and 6 proto-demoi (start-up congregations not fully chartered with less than 3 members) established, which offer rituals and other events for members and frequently for the public as well.[60] Two of the six proto-demoi cannot be independently verified to exist. Hellenion offers legal clergy training,[61] basic adult religious education classes,[62] and other educational/training courses for its members.[63]

Another American group, Elaion, was founded in 2005 after members of other groups grew dissatisfied with what was, in their view, a de-emphasis on Hellenic ethics, philosophy, poetry, and art, and a re-emergence of "occult" doctrines among some practitioners. Elaion aimed to create an organization that emphasized ethics, piety, and "right-living", which they initially termed "Traditionalist Hellenismos"[64] No reported numbers for current membership levels are known to exist.

Another active organization based in Greece, the Labrys (Λαβρύς, [lavˈris]) religious community was founded in 2008. Labrys has focused primarily on the religious aspects of Hellenism or Hellenic polytheism, avoiding anti-Christian rhetoric and politics, establishing weekly public rituals[65] and engaging in other aspects of practical promotion of polytheism like theater and music.[66][67][68][69][70][71][72] Labrys has also promoted among Hellenes worldwide the need to actively practice household worship and the idea that family and community should be the starting points of religious practice.[73] The community has been organizing since 2008 the largest festival in Athens and also actively participates and supports the religious aspects of the oldest Hellenic festival in Greece, Prometheia[74] which is held every year on Mount Olympus. The Labrys religious community has published a book.[75]

In Brazil, there are some Hellenic religious groups, in different states. In addition, in Portuguese language, there is the website of RHB - Reconstrucionismo Helênico no Brasil,[76] built since 2003 by Brazilian members of Hellenion and other international groups, such as the American Neokoroi[77] and the Greek Thyrsos.[78]

See also

Hellenism

Related systems and religions

 Ancient Greece portal  Religion portal

References
  1. Ancient Greek: Ἑλληνισμός, romanized: Hellēnismós, Attic–Ionic pronunciation: [hel.lɛː.niz.mós], Koine Greek pronunciation: [(h)ɛl.le̝.nizˈmos]
    Greek: Ελληνισμός, romanized: Ellinismós, Modern Greek pronunciation: [e̞.li.niˈz̠mo̞s̠]
    Latin: Hellēnismus, Classical Latin: [(h)ɛl.leːˈnɪs̠.mʊs̠]
  2. Ancient Greek: Ἑλληνική ἐθνική θρησκεία, romanized: Hellēnikḗ ethnikḗ thrēskeía Attic–Ionic pronunciation: [hel.lɛː.ni.kɛ̌ː e.tʰni.kɛ̌ː tʰrɛːs.kěː.a], Koine Greek pronunciation: [(h)ɛl.le̝.niˈke̝ ɛ.θniˈke̝ θre̝sˈki.a]
    Greek: Ελληνική εθνική θρησκεία, romanized: Ellinikí ethnikí thriskeía, Modern Greek: [e̞.li.niˈci e̞.θn̪iˈci θɾis̠ˈci.a]
    Latin: Hellēnica gentīlis religiō, Classical Latin: [(h)ɛlˈleː.nɪ.ka ɡɛn̪ˈt̪iː.l̪ɪs̠ rɛˈl̪ɪ.ɡi.oː]
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Further reading
  • Addey, Tim (2000). The Seven Myths of the Soul. Prometheus Trust. ISBN 978-1-898910-37-4.
  • Addey, Tim (2003). The Unfolding Wings: The Way of Perfection in the Platonic Tradition. Prometheus Trust. ISBN 978-1-898910-41-1.
  • Mikalson, Jon D (2004). Ancient Greek Religion (Blackwell Ancient Religions). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-23223-0.
  • Stone, Tom (2008). Zeus: A Journey Through Greece in the Footsteps of a God. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 978-1-58234-518-5.

Hellenic polytheist organizations

FAQs and articles

Hellenic polytheism in the news
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