1953 in aviation

Years in aviation:	1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956
Centuries:	19th century · 20th century · 21st century
Decades:	1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s
Years:	1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956

This is a list of aviation-related events from 1953:

Events

The first year in which the world's airlines carried more than 50 million people.[1]
Argentina initiates a study of the feasibility of converting either a cargo ship or a heavy cruiser into an aircraft carrier in an Argentine shipyard. Ultimately, no conversion takes place.[2]
During the Korean War, Communist aircraft attack the U.S. Navy rocket-equipped medium landing ship USS LSM(R)-409 off Korea, but do not damage her.[3]
Kuwait National Airways, the future Kuwait Airways, is founded. It will begin flight operations in March 1954.
The Experimental Aircraft Association and annual EAA Convention and Fly-In were founded.
Thanks to a decreasing interest in seaplanes and flying boats, flying operations cease at the Royal Air Force′s Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment (MAEE), as does the organization's connection with the RAF. The MAEE will survive until March 1956, evaluating prototype marine craft and air-sea rescue apparati and associated equipment.

January

January 1 – The United States Army formally deletes glider operations from its capabilities.[4]
January 5 – The British European Airways Vickers VC.1 Type 610 Viking 1B Lord St. Vincent crashes on approach to Nutts Corner in Northern Ireland, killing 27 of the 35 people on board.
January 6 – The West German airline Luftag is founded. It will acquire the name and logo of the defunct airline Deutsche Luft Hansa in August 1954, rename itself Lufthansa, and begin flight operations in April 1955.
January 7
- A chartered Associated Air Transport Curtiss C-46F-1-CU Commando (registration N1648M) carrying military personnel from Seattle, Washington, to Fort Jackson, South Carolina, with a stop at Cheyenne, Wyoming, experiences atmospheric icing, snow, and turbulence, loses altitude involuntarily, strikes pine trees at an altitude of 8,545 feet (2,605 meters), and crashes west of Fish Haven, Idaho, prior to arriving at Cheyenne, killing all 40 people on board. A Civil Air Patrol pilot discovers the aircraft's wreckage on January 12.[5]
- Flying Tiger Line Flight 841 – a Douglas C-54B-10-DO Skymaster (registration N86574) on a ferry flight from San Francisco, California, to pick up military personnel in Seattle, Washington – strikes a high tree on a mountain ridge at an altitude of 1,620 feet (494 meters) while on approach to Boeing Field in Seattle and crashes into a canyon 1,500 feet (457 meters) below, killing all seven people on board.[6]
January 12 – While climbing away after takeoff from RAF Fayid in Egypt, a Royal Air Force Handley Page Hastings C.1 (registration TG602) loses its tail at an altitude of 2,000 feet (608 meters) and crashes west-southwest of RAF Shallufa, killing all nine people on board.[7]
January 15 – Two Royal Air Force planes, an Avro Lancaster maritime patrol aircraft of No. 38 Squadron and a Vickers Valetta transport aircraft, collide over the Strait of Sicily in heavy rain and poor visibility and crash. The accident kills all 19 people aboard the Valetta and the Lancaster's entire crew of seven.
January 16 – A United States Air Force Douglas C-54D-5-DC Skymaster crashes in rocky terrain while on final approach to Ernest Harmon Air Force Base in Stephenville, Newfoundland, killing 13 of the 14 people on board.[8]
January 26
- A Linee Aeree Italiane Douglas C-47-DL Skytrain suffers the failure of its left wing due to overstressing and crashes in mountainous terrain near Sinnai, Sardinia, Italy, killing all 19 people on board.[9]
- The first meeting of the Experimental Aircraft Association takes place at Milwaukee, Wisconsin's Curtiss-Wright Field.
January 31 – United States Air Force Captain Ben L. Fithian (pilot) and Lieutenant Sam R. Lyons score the first aerial victory in a Lockheed F-94 Starfire, shooting down a Lavochkin La-9 (NATO reporting name "Fritz") over Korea. It is the first of four kills by F-94s during the Korean War.[10]

February

Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm No. 705 Squadron Westland Dragonfly helicopters and other services rescue 600 people over a period of two weeks during severe flooding in the Netherlands. No. 705 Squadron loses one helicopter during the operations.[11]
No. 194 Squadron is commissioned as the Royal Air Force's first helicopter squadron.
February 2 – A Skyways Limited Avro York with 39 people on board disappears over the North Atlantic Ocean during a flight from Lajes Field in the Azores to Gander, Newfoundland. No trace of the airliner or its occupants ever is found.[12]
February 7 – A Union Aéromaritime de Transport Douglas C-54A-5-DC Skymaster (registration F-BFGR) crashes into a small wood on approach to Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport in Bordeaux, France, killing nine of the 21 people on board.[13]
February 9 – An Egyptian Air Force Curtiss C-46D Commando (registration 1001) carrying 35 people crashes in the desert 64 kilometers (40 miles) east of Cairo, Egypt, killing 30 of the people on board and injuring three of the five survivors.[14]
February 10 – A United States Air Force Fairchild C-119C-18-FA Flying Boxcar (registration 50-0127) crashes in a snowstorm on approach to Bitburg Air Base in West Germany, killing all five people on board.[15]
February 14 – National Airlines Flight 470, a Douglas DC-6 (registration N90893), crashes in the Gulf of Mexico 20 miles (32 kilometers) off Mobile Point, Alabama, after flying into a strong storm, killing all 46 people on board. Some wreckage and bodies are found the following day, but most of the wreckage will not be found until May 20.[16]
February 28 – The Soviet Union transfers 10 Tupolev Tu-4 (NATO reporting name "Bull") heavy bombers to the People's Republic of China.

March

March 3 – The first fatal crash involving a passenger jetliner takes place when the pilot of the Canadian Pacific Air Lines De Havilland DH.106 Comet 1A Empress of Hawaii (registration CF-CUN) lifts its nose too high during its takeoff run at Karachi Airport in Karachi, Pakistan, for a ferry/positioning flight. The aircraft fails to become airborne and crashes into a dry riverbed, killing all 11 people on board.[17]
March 10 – Czechoslovakian Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s shoot down a United States Air Force F-86 Sabre in Czechoslovakian airspace.
March 12 – Soviet fighters shoot down a Royal Air Force Avro Lincoln over East Germany.
March 14 – After its pilot descends in poor visibility to ascertain his position during a flight from Delhi, India, to Dacca, East Pakistan, an Orient Airways Convair CV-240-7 (registration AP-AEG) crashes into a mountain south of Kalahasahar, India, killing all 16 people on board.[18]
March 17 – An Aigle Azur Douglas C-47A Skytrain (registration F-BEFG) crashes on approach to Da Nang Airport in Da Nang, French Indochina, and catches fire, killing all eight people on board.[19]
March 18
- An East German Junkers Ju 52/3m operated by the Kasernierte Volkspolizei crashes during its initial climb from Cottbus-Drewitz Airport in Drewitz, East Germany, killing all 11 people on board.[19]
- A United States Air Force Convair RB-36H Peacemaker on a 25-hour training mission strikes an 896-foot (273-meter) hill at an altitude of 800 feet (244 meters) near Burgoyne's Cove, inland from Nut Cove, Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, while flying in sleet, fog,[20] freezing drizzle, and poor visibility at a ground speed of 202 knots (374 km/h; 232 mph). The B-36 crashes and bursts into flames, killing its entire crew of 23.[21][22] Brigadier General Richard E. Ellsworth, the plane's copilot, is among the dead. A U.S. Air Force Boeing SB-29 Superfortress search and rescue plane sent out to assist in search efforts disappears and is presumed to have crashed as well.
March 20 – Transocean Airlines Flight 942, a Douglas C-54G-10-DO Skymaster (registration N88942) carrying military personnel from Walker Air Force Base in Roswell, New Mexico, to Oakland International Airport in Oakland, California, suddenly goes into a steep descent and crashes in a field southwest of Alvarado, California, killing all 35 people on board.[19]
March 23 – Czechoslovakian airline captain Mira Slovak and a few co-conspirators hijack a Czech Airlines Douglas DC-3 commercial airliner with 24 passengers aboard during a domestic flight from Prague to Brno and flies it to West Germany, where United States Air Force F-84 Thunderjets escort it to a landing at Frankfurt-am-Main. He defects to the West; four of the passengers choose to remain in the West.[23][24]
March 27 – The Netherlands establishes the Royal Netherlands Air Force as an independent service.
March 29 – The Central African Airways Vickers VC.1 Viking Shangani (registration VP-YEY) disintegrates in mid-air near Mkwaya, Tanganyika, after encountering a sudden strong gust of wind during a flight from Chileka Airport in Blantyre, Nyasaland, to Dar es Salaam International Airport in Dar es Salaam, Tanganyika, killing all 13 people aboard. Investigators blame corrosion of the aircraft's starboard boom for the disaster.[25]

April

April 1 – British European Airways and Air France introduce "Tourist Class" fares.
April 3 – BOAC introduces a weekly service to Tokyo (Japan) by the de Havilland Comet 1 jet airliner.
April 10 – During takeoff from Palisadoes Airport in Kingston, Jamaica, for the inaugural flight of Caribbean International Airways with the airline's owner, Owen Roberts, as its pilot, a Lockheed 18-56-23 Lodestar (registration VP-JBC) suffers the failure of an engine. It climbs to between 100 and 200 feet (30 to 61 meters), then enters a slight banking turn and crashes into the Caribbean Sea, killing 13 of the 14 people on board. Roberts is among the dead.[26]
April 14 – While on approach to Boeing Field in Seattle, Washington, a Miami Airlines Douglas DC-3C (registration N65743) strikes 150-to-200-foot- (46-to-61-meter-) tall trees at the 3,500-foot (1,067-meter) level of Cedar Mountain and crashes east of Selleck, Washington, killing seven of the 25 people on board.[27]
April 16 – An Aigle Azur Douglas C-47A-75-DL Skytrain (registration F-BESS) operating on a military charter flight to Nà Sản Airport in Sơn La, French Indochina, loses a wing shortly after takeoff from Gia Lam Airport in Hanoi, French Indochina, and crashes, killing all 30 people on board.[28]
April 17 – The United States Air Force establishes the Seventeenth Air Force, activating it for service in North Africa, Portugal, the Mediterranean, Austria, the Middle East, Pakistan, India, and Ceylon.
April 20 – Western Air Lines Flight 636, a Douglas DC-6B (registration N91303) flying at night on the last leg of a flight from Los Angeles to San Francisco to Oakland, California, descends below the prescribed minimum altitude of 500 feet (152 meters) and crashes into San Francisco Bay, killing eight of the ten people on board.[29]
April 24 - Tragedy strikes the United States Air Force's Project Tip Tow – which tests the feasibility of strategic bombers carrying fighter aircraft attached to their wingtips to defend them against enemy interceptors – when an EF-84D Thunderjet flips over onto the wing of an ETB-29A Superfortress after attaching to its wingtip, causing the EF-84D, the ETB-29A, and another EF-84D attached to the ETB-29A's other wingtip to crash, killing everyone aboard all three aircraft.

May

May 2 – While climbing to its cruising altitude shortly after takeoff from Dum Dum Airport in Calcutta, India, for a flight to Safdarjung Airport in New Delhi, India, BOAC Flight 783/057 – a de Havilland DH.106 Comet 1 (registration G-ALYV) – suffers a severe structural failure and in-flight fire after entering a thunderstorm and crashes 32 kilometers (20 miles) northwest of Dum Dum Airport, killing all 43 people on board.[30]
May 7 – A Royal Air Force Vickers Valetta T.3 on routine navigation training flight crashes at sea 40 kilometers (25 miles) off the United Kingdom's Hartland Point, killing all 10 people on board.[31]
May 9 – An Air India Douglas C-47A-25-DK Skytrain (registration VT-AUD) overbanks during a steep right turn five minutes after takeoff from Palam Airport in New Delhi, India, and crashes, killing all 18 people on board.[32]
May 11 – INS Garuda opens, serving as the base for the Indian Naval Air Arm.
May 12 – The second Bell X-2 research aircraft explodes over Lake Ontario while mated to its Boeing EB-50 Superfortress mothership, killing test pilot Jean "Skip" Ziegler and an EB-50 crewman and critically damaging the EB-50, which manages to land safely.[33]
May 13 – 59 U.S. Air Force F-84G Thunderjet fighter-bombers attack the Toksan dike in Korea.[34]
May 16 – 90 U.S. Air Force F-84 Thunderjets carry out a successful attack against Chusan, Korea.[34]
May 17 – After entering a thunderstorm while on approach to Greater Shreveport Municipal Airport in Shreveport, Louisiana, Delta Air Lines Flight 318 – a Douglas DC-3DST-318 (registration N28345) – is forced down to a very low altitude, where it strikes trees and crashes east of Marshall, Texas, killing 19 of the 20 people on board.[35]
May 18
- On his last day of combat, U.S. Air Force Captain Joseph C. McConnell shoots down three MiG-15s (NATO reporting name "Fagot") during two sorties over Korea in the F-86F-1 Sabre Beauteous Butch II. He has shot down 16 aircraft, all MiG-15s, in his four months of combat,[36] making him the top-scoring American fighter pilot of the Korean War and the first American triple jet ace. He remains the top-scoring American jet ace in history.
- American Jacqueline Cochran becomes the first woman to break the sound barrier, reaching over 760 mph (1,224 km/hr) in a series of steep dives in an F-86 Sabre over Edwards Air Force Base, California. She also sets a new women's international speed-over-distance record over a 100-km (62.1-mile) closed course, averaging 652 mph (1,050 km/hr).[37]
May 19 – The U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff recommend that United Nations air and naval operations expand into Manchuria and other parts of the People's Republic of China and include the use of nuclear weapons, if necessary, in order to force an end to the Korean War. The U.S. National Security Council approves the recommendation the following day.[38]
May 20 – Flying a North American F-86 Sabre, Jacqueline "Jackie" Cochran sets a women's world speed record.[39]

June

The U.S. Joint Intelligence Committee estimates that the Soviet Union could employ 12,000 tactical aircraft in support of Soviet Army ground forces if the Soviets began an offensive against the North Atlantic Treay Organization (NATO) in Europe.[40]
June 1 – The U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds are activated as the 3600th Air Demonstration Team at Luke Air Force Base, Arizona.
June 2 – To ensure television viewers in Canada can see the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in London on the same day that it takes place, British Royal Air Force English Electric Canberras fly film of the ceremony across the Atlantic Ocean to be broadcast by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation,[41] the first non-stop flight between the United Kingdom and the Canadian mainland. At Goose Bay in Labrador the film is transferred to a Royal Canadian Air Force Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck jet fighter for the further trip to Montreal. In all, three such voyages are made as the ceremonies proceed.[42]
June 7 – Descending from 41,000 feet (12,497 m) over the Yalu River to attack what he thinks is a flight of four MiG-15s (NATO reporting name "Fagot"), U.S. Air Force pilot Ralph S. Parr, flying an F-86 Sabre, pursues them to 300 feet (91 m), then climbs to 4,000 feet (1,219 m) before realizing he is actually engaged with 16 MiG-15s. In the ensuing dogfight, he shoots down two and damages a third before withdrawing safely.[43]
June 11 – The second prototype of the Gloster Javelin crashes. Gloster test pilot Peter Godfrey Lawrence ejects at an altitude of about 400 feet (122 m) but is killed.
June 14 – Lightning strikes Aeroflot Flight 229 – an Ilyushin Il-12 (registration CCCP-L1375) on a domestic flight in the Soviet Union – after it enters a sudden and severe thunderstorm. The aircraft enters an uncontrolled dive and loses its outer wing panels when the crew attempts to recover at an altitude of 300 meters (984 feet). The aircraft crashes nose first into a wooded hillside northeast of Zugdidi in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic and catches fire, killing all 18 people on board. The Georgian film actress Nato Vachnadze is among the dead.[44]
June 15
- The British Royal Navy aircraft carriers HMS Eagle, HMS Illustrious, HMS Implacable, HMS Indefatigable, HMS Indomitable, HMS Perseus, and HMS Theseus, the Royal Canadian Navy aircraft carrier HMCS Magnificent, and the Royal Australian Navy aircraft carrier HMAS Sydney and 37 squadrons of Fleet Air Arm and Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve aircraft – including Fireflies, Sea Furies, Seafires, Attackers, Vampires, Skyraiders, Sea Hornets, Meteors, Avengers, Gannets, Wyverns, Sea Venoms, Sea Hawks, and Dragonflies – take part in the Coronation Review of the Fleet for Queen Elizabeth II. The ceremonies include a fly-past by 300 naval aircraft.[45]
- A LACSA Douglas C-47B-5-DK Skytrain (registration TI-1002) crashes into a mountainside in Costa Rica's San Ramon Mountains, killing nine of the 15 people on board.[46]
- A LAN Chile Lockheed 18-56-23 Lodestar (registration CC-CLD-0100) crashes near Chamonate Airport outside Copiapó, Chile, after an engine fire, killing all seven people on board.[47]
June 16
- A United States Marine Corps AD-4 Skyraider scores the only documented air-to-air kill of the Korean War by a Skyraider, shooting down a Polikarpov Po-2 (NATO reporting name "Mule") biplane.
- An Aigle Azur Douglas C-47A-65-DL Skytrain (registration F-BEST) on a domestic flight in French Indochina from Wattay Airport in Vientiane to Tân Sơn Nhất Airfield near Saigon catches fire in mid-air and crashes on Phou-Lassi Hill in what would later become Laos, killing all 34 people on board. The aircraft's wreckage is discovered on June 29.[48]
June 17 – A Panair do Brasil Lockheed L-049 Constellation (registration PP-PDA) crashes in a narrow valley on final approach to São Paulo–Congonhas Airport in São Paulo, Brazil, killing all 17 people on board.[49]
June 18
- A United States Air Force Douglas C-124 Globemaster II crashes just after takeoff from Tachikawa Airfield near Tokyo, Japan, killing all 129 people on board. It is the deadliest air crash in history at the time and the first with a confirmed death toll exceeding 100. The toll surpasses a 1952 crash in Moses Lake, Washington, in the United States, also involving a U.S. Air Force Globemaster II.
- René Fonck, the top-scoring Allied and second-highest-scoring ace overall of World War I with 75 kills, dies in Paris, France at the age of 59.
June 23 – Lieutenant Commander George H. Whisler, Jr., of U.S. Navy Air Transport Squadron 31 (VR-31), a ferry squadron, makes the first round-trip across the continental United States to be completed between sunrise and sunset. Departing Naval Air Station Norfolk, Virginia, in a Grumman F9F-6 Cougar at 05:18 local time, he makes stops at Naval Air Station Memphis, Tennessee, and Webb Air Force Base, Texas, before arriving at Naval Air Station North Island, California at 09:05 local time. At 09:55 local time, he takes off from North Island in a Douglas F3D-2 Skyknight, stops at Naval Air Station Dallas, Texas, to refuel, and lands at Naval Air Station Norfolk at 19:21 local time.[50]
June 30
- Attacked by ten MiGs, U.S. Air Force pilot Ralph S. Parr, flying an F-86 Sabre, shoots down two of them and drives the rest off despite being low on fuel, escorting the badly damaged F-86 of his wing commander to a safe landing at an air base near Seoul. He will receive the Distinguished Service Cross for the mission.[43]
- A SNCASO S.O. 4000 (prototype of the Sud Vautour fighter-bomber) becomes the first European aircraft to exceed the speed of sound in a shallow dive.

July

Chilean President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo grants the Chilean Navy the authority to operate helicopters and transport aircraft. It is the first time that the navy has had administrative control over aircraft since 1930.[51]
The Moroccan airlines Compagnie Chérifienne de'l Air (Air Atlas) and Compagnie Chérifienne de Transports Aériens Air Maroc merge to form Royal Air Maroc—Compagnie Nationale de Transports Aériens, with a fleet of six Sud-Ouest Bretagnes, four Curtiss C-46 Commandos, five Douglas DC-3s, and two SNCASE Languedocs. The new airline will be renamed Royal Air Maroc in June 1957.
July 1
- The responsibility for air traffic control over West Germany is transferred from the Allies to West German authorities.
- The Aero Vodochody company is formed in Czechoslovakia, carrying on the "Aero" name of Aero Tovarna.[52]
July 3 – The first tethered flight by the Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig VTOL aircraft takes place.
July 8 – Sabena begins the first international helicopter services, linking Brussels (Belgium) with destinations in the Netherlands and France.
July 10 – A Royal Norwegian Air Force F-84 Thunderjet and a United States Air Force C-47D Skytrain collide in mid-air near Stavanger Airport, Sola, in Stavanger, Norway, while the C-47D is on final approach to the airport. Both aircraft crash, killing the F-84 pilot and all 10 people aboard the C-47D.[53]
July 12 – During a charter flight from Wake Island Airfield on Wake Island to Honolulu International Airport in Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, the Transocean Air Lines Douglas DC-6 The Royal Hawaiian (registration N90806) crashes at high speed into the Pacific Ocean 344 miles (550 km) east of Wake Island, killing all 58 people on board.[54]
Mid-July – At the request of Rear Admiral Joseph J. "Jocko" Clark, the commander of the U.S. Navy's aircraft carrier task force, Task Force 77, off Korea, atomic bombs are placed aboard Task Force 77 carriers as a "precautionary measure," in case they are needed if the Korean War expands into Manchuria.[38]
July 17
- Lieutenant Guy P. Bordelon scores his fifth aerial victory, becoming the United States Navy's only ace of the Korean War. He had scored all five victories since June 29, using an F4U-5N Corsair night fighter to shoot down North Korean Polikarpov Po-2 (NATO reporting name "Mule") biplanes making night harassment raids.[55]
- A U.S. Navy Fairchild R4Q-2 Packet carrying Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) students from summer training in Corpus Christi, Texas, to Norfolk, Virginia, crashes into a wooded area during its initial climb after taking off following a refueling stop at Naval Air Station Whiting Field, Florida, killing 44 of the 46 people on board.[56]
July 23 – A U.S. Navy fleet-record 61,000th landing takes place aboard the aircraft carrier USS Boxer (CVA-21) off Korea.[57]
July 24–26 – Operating off the east coast of Korea, the U.S. Navy attack aircraft carriers USS Boxer, USS Lake Champlain (CVA-39), USS Philippine Sea (CVA-47), and USS Princeton (CVA-37), supporting United Nations ground forces, break records for the number of sorties flown with the highest sortie rates of the Korean War. They average 170 sorties per day, and Princeton aircraft fly 184 sorties on one day.[58][59]
July 27
- Aircraft from the aircraft carriers of U.S. Navy Task Force 77 attack airfields in North Korea. Since July 1, U.S. Navy carrier aircraft have flown 6,423 sorties over Korea, and aircraft ordnance tonnage has doubled since May 1.[57]
- Hours before the armistice that ends the Korean War, U.S. Air Force pilot Ralph S. Parr, flying an F-86F Sabre, scores the final aerial victory of the war, shooting down in flames a Soviet Ilyushin Il-12 (NATO reporting name "Coach") cargo aircraft in restricted airspace over North Korea with one long burst of gunfire, killing all 21 people aboard the Il-12. It is his 10th victory, all of them scored during 30 missions flown in the last seven weeks of the war, tying him with five other pilots for total kills during the conflict. The Soviet Union claims the Il-12, which crashes 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) from Mao-erh-shan in the People's Republic of China, was a civilian aircraft carrying VIPs, but Parr claims it was marked with a military red star.[43][60]
- The Korean War ends. During the war, the United States has dropped 635,000 short tons (576.062 metric tons) of bombs – compared with 503,000 short tons (456,314 metric tons) throughout the entire Pacific Theater of Operations during World War II – as well as 32,557 short tons (29,535 metric tons) of napalm.[61] The U.S. Navy has flown 276,000 combat sorties – only 7,000 fewer than it had in all of World War II – and dropped 177,000 short tons (160,573 metric tons) of bombs – 77,000 short tons (67,132 metric tons) more than it did during all of World War II. It has lost 1,248 aircraft, 564 of them (including 302 F4U Corsairs and 124 AD Skyraiders) to enemy action. Since mid-1951, the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps combined have lost 384 tactical aircraft to enemy ground fire, including 193 Corsairs and 102 Skyraiders. A typical U.S. Navy carrier air wing has lost 10 percent of its aircrew during its deployment to Korea.[62] Aircraft of the British Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm have flown over 20,000 carrier sorties during the war.[63]
July 28
- Two B-47 Stratojet bombers of the U.S. Air Force's 305th Bombardment Wing set speed records, when one flies from RCAF Goose Bay, Labrador, to RAF Fairford, England, in 4 hours 14 minutes and the other flies from Limestone Air Force Base, Maine, to RAF Fairford in 4 hours 45 minutes.
- Piloted by test pilot Bill Bridgeman, the Douglas X-3 Stiletto reaches the highest speed it ever achieves, attaining Mach 1.21 in a 30-degree dive from an altitude of 36,000 feet (10,973 meters).[64]

August

A Royal Air Force English Electric Canberra on an intelligence-gathering flight overflies the secret Kapustin Yar rocket test site in the Soviet Union.
August 1 – Indian Airlines begins operations.
August 20 – Using aerial refueling, 17 U.S. Air Force F-84G Thunderjets make the longest-ever nonstop flight by jet fighters, flying 4,485 miles (7,218 km) from the United States to the United Kingdom.

September

September 1
- After beginning its descent to Nice Airport in Nice, France, Air France Flight 178 – a Lockheed L-749A Constellation (registration F-BAZZ) – strays off course and crashes into the side of Mount Cimet in the Maritime Alps 80 kilometers (50 miles) northeast of Nice. All 42 people on board die, including French violinist Jacques Thibaud.[65]
- The United States Air Force conducts the world's first jet-to-jet aerial refueling when a KB-47 Stratojet tanker refuels a B-47 Stratojet bomber.
- A Regina Cargo Airlines Douglas C-47K Skytrain (registration N19941) carrying military personnel on a charter flight from Fort Ord in Monterey, California, to McChord Air Force Base in Tacoma, Washington, crashes southeast of Vail, Washington, killing all 21 people on board.[66]
September 15 – West Germany establishes its Vorläufige Bundesstelle für Luftfahrtgerät und Flugunfalluntersuchung (Provisional Federal Office for Avionic Devices and Investigation of Aviation Accidents).
September 16 – American Airlines Flight 723, a Convair CV-240-0, crashes in Colonie, New York, while on final approach in fog to land at Albany Airport, killing all 28 people on board.[67]
September 17 – Test pilot Scott Crossfield reaches Mach 1.85 at an altitude of 74,000 feet (22,555 m) in a Douglas Skyrocket.[33]
September 21 – North Korean pilot No Kum-Sok defects to South Korea, bringing his MiG-15 with him to Seoul and collecting a $US 100,000 reward.
September 28 – Resort Airlines Flight 1081 – a Curtiss C-46F-1-CU Commando (registration N66534) – crashes on approach to Standiford Field in Louisville, Kentucky, and bursts into flames, killing 25 of the 41 people on board.[68]

October

October – Chapter One of the Milwaukee, Wisconsin-based Experimental Aircraft Association is formed in Riverside, California.
October 3 – Flying a Douglas XF4D-1, U.S. Navy Lieutenant Commander James F. Verdin sets a world airspeed record over a 3 km (1.9 mi) course of 752.944 mph (1,211.487 km/hr). It is the first time that a carrier-capable combat aircraft in its normal configuration sets a world speed record.[69][70]
October 10 – A Royal Air Force English Electric Canberra wins the Christchurch Centenary air race, flying 11,792 miles (18,977 km) from England to New Zealand in 23 hours 50 minutes.
October 14
- A Sabena Convair CV-240-12 (registration OO-AWQ) loses engine power just after taking off from Frankfurt International Airport in Frankfurt-am-Main, West Germany, and crashes, killing all 44 people on board.[71]
- Test pilot Scott Crossfield reaches Mach 1.96 (1,262 mph; 2,032 km/hr) – only 25 mph (40 km/hr) below Mach 2 – in a Douglas Skyrocket.[33]
October 16 – Flying a Douglas XF4D-1, Robert Rahm sets a world airpseed-over-distance record over a 100-km (62.1-mile) closed-circuit course of 728.11 mph (1,171.53 km/hr) at Muroc Dry Lake, California.[70]
October 19 – During a domestic flight in Mexico from Aeropuerto del Norte outside Monterrey to the Nueva Ciudad Guerrero airstrip carrying officials and reporters to the inauguration of the Falcon Dam, a Pemex Douglas DC-3 (registration XC-PMX) crashes in a ravine near Mamulique, killing all 15 people on board.[72]
October 20 – A Transworld Airlines Lockheed Constellation makes the first non-stop scheduled passenger flight across the continental United States.
October 28 – SABENA becomes the first airline to offer transatlantic service from the north of England when it inaugurates a Brussels-Manchester-New York City route with a flight by a Douglas DC-6B (registration OO-CTH).
October 29
- The British Commonwealth Pacific Airlines Douglas DC-6 Resolution, operating as Flight 304, crashes near Woodside, California, while on initial approach to San Francisco International Airport in San Mateo County, California, killing all 19 people on board. Among the dead is pianist William Kapell.[73]
- Flying a North American YF-100A Super Sabre, U.S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Frank K. "Speedy Pete" Everest sets a world speed record of 755.149 mph (1,216.021 km/hr).[74]
October 30 – The United States National Security Council document NSC 162/2 is adopted. It states that the United States military posture must remain strong, "with emphasis on the capability of inflicting massive retaliatory damage by offensive striking power," and that "the United States will consider nuclear weapons to be as available for use as other munitions." The document brings the term "massive retaliation" into general use and inaugurates the "New Look" defense policy of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, which reduces American military spending and force levels and places a great reliance on strategic power, particularly on long-range nuclear bombers, to defend the United States and to deter foreign militaries from aggressive activities abroad.[75]

November

The United Kingdom's first operational atomic bomb, "Blue Danube," is delivered to the Bomber Command stockpile at RAF Wittering in eastern England, concluding the High Explosive Research project to develop it.[76]
November 3 – A Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano Douglas DC-3-314 (registration CP-600) crashes on the top of the Rodeo Pampa mountain range south of Tarabuco, Bolivia, killing all 28 people on board.[77]
November 12 – The LADE Junkers Ju 52/3msai Rio Negro (registration T-159) collides in mid-air with an Argentine Air Force de Havilland DH.104 Dove near Villa Mugueta, Argentina. The Dove crashes, killing all seven people on board. The Ju 52 pilot attempts an emergency landing but loses control just before touchdown and the Ju 52 also crashes, killing all 13 people on board.[77]
November 15 - The first Airmail service begins into Death Valley National Monument, landing at Furnace Creek Airport (L06). This was part of airmail route AM-105.
November 17 – Two United States Air Force Kaiser-Frazer C-119F Flying Boxcars collide in mid-air due to an engine failure while flying as part of a 12-plane formation dropping paratroopers over the Holland Drop Zone at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. One C-119F makes a successful emergency landing, but the other descends over the drop zone, striking a number of paratroopers and killing 10 of them before crashing, killing all five people aboard the plane.[78]
November 20 – Scott Crossfield flies the Douglas Skyrocket to Mach 2.005 at an altitude of 62,000 feet (18,898 meters) in a dive over Antelope Valley in California. It is the first manned flight to exceed Mach 2, and it sets a new world airspeed record of 1,291 mph (2,078 km/h) for manned flight.[79]
November 30 – Former Governor of Michigan Kim Sigler and all four of his passengers die when the Beechcraft Bonanza he is piloting crashes into a television broadcast tower near Augusta, Michigan, on a foggy night.

December

December 2 – The Douglas X-3 Stiletto completes its 20th flight. The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) will turn it over to the United States Air Force for its next six flights, after which the Air Force will return it to NACA.[64]
December 4 – An Aviaco Bristol 170 Freighter 21 crashes into the side of a mountain peak obscured by rain near Guaderrama, Spain, 20 minutes prior to an anticipated landing at Barajas Airport in Madrid, killing 23 of the 33 people on board.[80]
December 11 – A Royal Air Force Avro Shackleton MR.2 crashes into the sea off Argyll, Scotland, during an antisubmarine warfare exercise, killing its entire crew of 10.[81]
December 12
- An Indian Airlines Douglas C-47A-DK Skytrain experiences engine trouble just after takeoff from Sonegaon Airport in Nagpur, India. When the pilot attempts to return to the airport, he banks too steeply, and the aircraft loses height rapidly, crashes in a field, and burns, killing 13 of the 14 people on board.[82]
- Flying the Bell X-1A, Chuck Yeager reaches an altitude of 22,280 meters (74,700 feet), where he sets a new world speed record of Mach 2.44, equal to 2,608 km/hr (1,620 mph) at that altitude, in level flight.
December 19 –A Sabena Convair CV-240 (registration OO-AWO) strikes the ground 2.5 km (1.6 miles) short of the runway while on final approach to Kloten Airport in low visibility conditions. One passenger is killed, but the other 39 passengers and all three crew members survive.[83]
December 20 – Searching for the nine-man crew of a United States Navy Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer that had disappeared while tracking Typhoon Doris, a U.S. Navy Douglas R4D-8 Skytrain crashes into a volcanic crater on Agrihan in the Mariana Islands, killing its entire 10-man crew. Its wreckage will not be discovered until December 26.[84]
December 29 – A French Air Force Nord 2501 Noratlas disappears over the Pyrénées Mountains with the loss of all 10 people on board during a flight from French Algeria to Mont-De-Marsan Airport in France. A search party will discover its wreckage on Pic de Costabonne on January 5, 1954.[85]

First flights

January

January 2 - Sud-Ouest Djinn[86]
January 3 - Cessna 310[86]
January 5 - Ambrosini Sagittario[86]
January 14 – Convair XF2Y-1, prototype of the Convair F2Y Sea Dart (inadvertent short flight during intended fast taxi run)
January 27 - Hurel-Dubois HD.31[86]
January 29 - Morane-Saulnier MS.755 Fleuret[86]

March

March 2 - Sud-Ouest SO 9000 Trident[86]
March 4 - Bell HSL[87]
March 7 – Ilyushin Il-40 (NATO reporting name "Brawny")

April

April 9 – Convair XF2Y-1, prototype of the Convair F2Y Sea Dart[88] (official first flight)
April 21 - Doman LZ-5[86]

October

October 13 - North American X-10
October 13 - Short Seamew
October 24 - Convair YF-102, prototype of the F-102 Delta Dagger[92]

December

December 10 – Beech Super 18[93]
December 14 – Miles M.77 Sparrowjet
December 23 – Lockheed XFV-1 (unplanned "jump" prior to first official flight)[94]

Entered service

Late 1953 – McDonnell F3H Demon with the United States Navy[95]

January

January 13 – Vickers Viscount with British European Airways

May

Westland Wyvern with 813 Naval Air Squadron, Fleet Air Arm, Royal Navy

November

November 29 - Douglas DC-7 with American Airlines

Retirements

Douglas Skyrocket by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.[96]
Henschel Hs 123 by the Spanish Air Force
Lockheed R6V Constitution by the United States Navy[97]
North American F-82 Twin Mustang by the United States Air Force[98]
Saunders-Roe SR.45 Princess

References

ICAO statement, 29 December 1953.
Scheina, Robert L., Latin America: A Naval History 1810-1987, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1987, ISBN 0-87021-295-8, p. 194.
Muir, Malcolm, Jr., Sea Power on Call: Fleet Operations June 1951-July 1953, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2005, ISBN 0-945274-53-X, p. 35.
Devlin, Gerald M. (1985). Silent Wings. W. H. Allen & Co. ISBN 0-491-03134-3.
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 280.
Sturtivant, Ray, British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917-1990, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990, ISBN 0-87021-026-2, p. 182.
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
"Woodsmen find 9 bodies near wreckage of bomber". Free Lance-Star. Fredericksburg, Virginia. Associated Press. March 19, 1953. p. 1.
"33 fliers dead or missing; two bombers crash". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Washington. Associated Press. March 19, 1953. p. 1.
"All aboard B-36 believed dead". The Times-News. Hendersonville, North Carolina. March 20, 1953. p. 1.
Barnes, Bart, "Daredevil pilot Mira Slovak, who escaped Iron Curtain during Cold War, dies at 84," washingtonpost.com, June 28, 2014.
"Mira Slovak Dies at 84". AOPA Pilot: 30. September 2014.
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Hallion, Richard P. (January 2014). "Skyrocketing Through Mach 2: How Scott Crossfield Scored Aviation's Double-Sonic Prize". Aviation History: 34.
Angelucci, Enzo (1987). The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present. New York: Orion Books. p. 400. ISBN 0-517-56588-9.
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Guttman, Jon (Winter 2013). "Aces High". MHQ – The Quarterly Journal of Military History: 16.
Daniel, Clifton, ed. (1987). Chronicle of the 20th Century. Mount Kisco, New York: Chronicle Publications. p. 734. ISBN 0-942191-01-3.
Isenberg, Michael T. 1945-1962. Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace. I. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 276. ISBN 0-312-09911-8.
Handleman, Philip (July 2017). "Discovering Purpose in the Sky". Aviation History: 13.
Ross, Steven T. (1996). American War Plans 1945-1950: Strategies For Defeating the Soviet Union. Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass. p. 147. ISBN 0-7146-4192-8.
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. "Society > The Monarchy > Canada's New Queen > Coronation of Queen Elizabeth > The Story". CBC. Retrieved 2009-12-17.
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. "Society > The Monarchy > Canada's New Queen > Coronation of Queen Elizabeth > Did You Know?". CBC. Retrieved 2009-12-17.
Bernstein, Adam (December 20, 2012). "Retired Air Force Colonel Ralph S. Parr, a Highly Decorated Pilot, Dies at 88". The Washington Post. p. B7.
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Sturtivant, Ray (1990). British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917-1990. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 174. ISBN 0-87021-026-2.
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
"Chronology of Significant Events in Naval Aviation: "Naval Air Transport" 1941 -- 1999". Archived from the original on 2016-03-31. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
Scheina, Robert L., Latin America: A Naval History 1810-1987, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1987, ISBN 0-87021-295-8, p. 200.
Mondey, David, ed., The Complete Illustrated History of the World's Aircraft, Secaucus, New Jersey: Chartwell Books, Inc., 1978, ISBN 0-89009-771-2, p. 71.
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Knott, Robert C., Attack From the Sky: Naval Air Operations in the Korean War, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2004, ISBN 0-945274-52-1, p. 61.
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Isenberg, Michael T., Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945-1962, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-09911-8, p. 278.
Knott, Robert C., Attack From the Sky: Naval Air Operations in the Korean War, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2004, ISBN 0-945274-52-1, p. 64.
Muir, Malcolm, Jr., Sea Power on Call: Fleet Operations June 1951-July 1953, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2005, ISBN 0-945274-53-X, p. 21.
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Fifield, Anna, "Why does North Korea hate the United States? Let’s go back to the Korean War.," washingtonpost.com, May 17, 2017.
Isenberg, Michael T., Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945-1962, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-09911-8, pp. 269, 279-280.
Isenberg, Michael T., Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945-1962, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-09911-8, p. 253.
Guttman, Jon, "Douglas X-3 Stiletto," Aviation History, November 2016, p. 15.
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
globalsecurity.org F4D (F-6A) Skyray
Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, ISBN 0-517-56588-9, p. 190.
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, ISBN 0-517-56588-9, p. 352.
Isenberg, Michael T., Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945-1962, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-09911-8, p. 592.
Crosby, Francis, The Complete Guide to Fighters & Bombers of the World: An Illustrated History of the World's Greatest Military Aircraft, From the Pioneering Days of Air Fighting in World War I Through the Jet Fighters and Stealth Bombers of the Present Day, London: Hermes House, 2006, ISBN 9781846810008, p. 264.
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Hallon, Richard P., "Skyrocketing Through Mach 2: How Scott Crossfield Scored Aviation's Double-Sonic Prize," Aviation History, January 2014, pp. 30, 35.
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
"December 1953 crash at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2014-07-23.
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
Bridgman 1953, p. 40.
Swanborough, Gordon, and Peter M. Bowers, United States Navy Aircraft Since 1911, London: Putnam, 1976, ISBN 0-370-10054-9, p. 413.
Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, ISBN 0-517-56588-9, p. 104.
Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, ISBN 0-517-56588-9, p. 350.
Bridgman 1958, p. 247.
Bridgman 1958, p. 45.
Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, ISBN 0-517-56588-9, p. 100.
Donald, David, ed., The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997, ISBN 978-0-7607-0592-6, p. 95.
Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 282.
Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 305.
Hallon, Richard P., "Skyrocketing Through Mach 2: How Scott Crossfield Scored Aviation's Double-Sonic Prize," Aviation History, January 2014, p. 36.
Polmar, Norman, "The Really Big One," Naval History, December 2013, p. 65.
Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 341.

Bridgman, Leonard. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1953–54. London: Jane's All The World's Aircraft Publishing Co. Ltd., 1953.
Bridgman, Leonard. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1958–59. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Ltd., 1958.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] ICAO statement, 29 December 1953.

[2] Scheina, Robert L., Latin America: A Naval History 1810-1987, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1987, ISBN 0-87021-295-8, p. 194.

[3] Muir, Malcolm, Jr., Sea Power on Call: Fleet Operations June 1951-July 1953, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2005, ISBN 0-945274-53-X, p. 35.

[4] Devlin, Gerald M. (1985). Silent Wings. W. H. Allen & Co. ISBN 0-491-03134-3.

[5] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[6] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[7] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[8] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[9] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[10] Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 280.

[11] Sturtivant, Ray, British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917-1990, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990, ISBN 0-87021-026-2, p. 182.

[12] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[13] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[14] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[15] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[16] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[17] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[18] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[aviation-safety.net-19] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[wdfnd-20] "Woodsmen find 9 bodies near wreckage of bomber". Free Lance-Star. Fredericksburg, Virginia. Associated Press. March 19, 1953. p. 1.

[ttfldom-21] "33 fliers dead or missing; two bombers crash". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Washington. Associated Press. March 19, 1953. p. 1.

[allabd-22] "All aboard B-36 believed dead". The Times-News. Hendersonville, North Carolina. March 20, 1953. p. 1.

[23] Barnes, Bart, "Daredevil pilot Mira Slovak, who escaped Iron Curtain during Cold War, dies at 84," washingtonpost.com, June 28, 2014.

[24] "Mira Slovak Dies at 84". AOPA Pilot: 30. September 2014.

[25] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[26] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[27] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[28] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[29] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[30] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[31] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[32] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[Hallion34-33] Hallion, Richard P. (January 2014). "Skyrocketing Through Mach 2: How Scott Crossfield Scored Aviation's Double-Sonic Prize". Aviation History: 34.

[Angelucci-34] Angelucci, Enzo (1987). The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present. New York: Orion Books. p. 400. ISBN 0-517-56588-9.

[35] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[36] Guttman, Jon (Winter 2013). "Aces High". MHQ – The Quarterly Journal of Military History: 16.

[37] Daniel, Clifton, ed. (1987). Chronicle of the 20th Century. Mount Kisco, New York: Chronicle Publications. p. 734. ISBN 0-942191-01-3.

[Isenberg,_Michael_T._p._276-38] Isenberg, Michael T. 1945-1962. Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace. I. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 276. ISBN 0-312-09911-8.

[39] Handleman, Philip (July 2017). "Discovering Purpose in the Sky". Aviation History: 13.

[40] Ross, Steven T. (1996). American War Plans 1945-1950: Strategies For Defeating the Soviet Union. Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass. p. 147. ISBN 0-7146-4192-8.

[41] Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. "Society > The Monarchy > Canada's New Queen > Coronation of Queen Elizabeth > The Story". CBC. Retrieved 2009-12-17.

[42] Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. "Society > The Monarchy > Canada's New Queen > Coronation of Queen Elizabeth > Did You Know?". CBC. Retrieved 2009-12-17.

[washingtonpost.com-43] Bernstein, Adam (December 20, 2012). "Retired Air Force Colonel Ralph S. Parr, a Highly Decorated Pilot, Dies at 88". The Washington Post. p. B7.

[44] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[45] Sturtivant, Ray (1990). British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917-1990. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 174. ISBN 0-87021-026-2.

[46] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[47] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[48] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[49] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[50] "Chronology of Significant Events in Naval Aviation: "Naval Air Transport" 1941 -- 1999". Archived from the original on 2016-03-31. Retrieved 2012-12-29.

[51] Scheina, Robert L., Latin America: A Naval History 1810-1987, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1987, ISBN 0-87021-295-8, p. 200.

[52] Mondey, David, ed., The Complete Illustrated History of the World's Aircraft, Secaucus, New Jersey: Chartwell Books, Inc., 1978, ISBN 0-89009-771-2, p. 71.

[53] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[54] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[55] Knott, Robert C., Attack From the Sky: Naval Air Operations in the Korean War, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2004, ISBN 0-945274-52-1, p. 61.

[56] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[Isenberg,_Michael_T._p._278-57] Isenberg, Michael T., Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945-1962, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-09911-8, p. 278.

[58] Knott, Robert C., Attack From the Sky: Naval Air Operations in the Korean War, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2004, ISBN 0-945274-52-1, p. 64.

[59] Muir, Malcolm, Jr., Sea Power on Call: Fleet Operations June 1951-July 1953, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2005, ISBN 0-945274-53-X, p. 21.

[60] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[61] Fifield, Anna, "Why does North Korea hate the United States? Let’s go back to the Korean War.," washingtonpost.com, May 17, 2017.

[62] Isenberg, Michael T., Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945-1962, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-09911-8, pp. 269, 279-280.

[63] Isenberg, Michael T., Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945-1962, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-09911-8, p. 253.

[GuttmanNov2016-64] Guttman, Jon, "Douglas X-3 Stiletto," Aviation History, November 2016, p. 15.

[65] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[66] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[67] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[68] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[69] security.org F4D (F-6A) Skyray

[Angelucci,_Enzo_1987,_p._190-70] Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, ISBN 0-517-56588-9, p. 190.

[71] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[72] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[73] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[Angelucci,_Enzo_1987,_p._352-74] Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, ISBN 0-517-56588-9, p. 352.

[75] Isenberg, Michael T., Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945-1962, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-09911-8, p. 592.

[76] Crosby, Francis, The Complete Guide to Fighters & Bombers of the World: An Illustrated History of the World's Greatest Military Aircraft, From the Pioneering Days of Air Fighting in World War I Through the Jet Fighters and Stealth Bombers of the Present Day, London: Hermes House, 2006, ISBN 9781846810008, p. 264.

[ReferenceA-77] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[78] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[79] Hallon, Richard P., "Skyrocketing Through Mach 2: How Scott Crossfield Scored Aviation's Double-Sonic Prize," Aviation History, January 2014, pp. 30, 35.

[80] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[81] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[82] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[83] "December 1953 crash at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2014-07-23.

[84] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[85] Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description

[jawa53_p40-86] Bridgman 1953, p. 40.

[87] Swanborough, Gordon, and Peter M. Bowers, United States Navy Aircraft Since 1911, London: Putnam, 1976, ISBN 0-370-10054-9, p. 413.

[88] Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, ISBN 0-517-56588-9, p. 104.

[89] Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, ISBN 0-517-56588-9, p. 350.

[90] Bridgman 1958, p. 247.

[91] Bridgman 1958, p. 45.

[92] Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, ISBN 0-517-56588-9, p. 100.

[93] Donald, David, ed., The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997, ISBN 978-0-7607-0592-6, p. 95.

[94] Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 282.

[95] Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 305.

[96] Hallon, Richard P., "Skyrocketing Through Mach 2: How Scott Crossfield Scored Aviation's Double-Sonic Prize," Aviation History, January 2014, p. 36.

[97] Polmar, Norman, "The Really Big One," Naval History, December 2013, p. 65.

[98] Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 341.

Years in aviation:	1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956
Centuries:	19th century · 20th century · 21st century
Decades:	1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s
Years:	1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956