Amite County, Mississippi

Amite County /ˈeɪ.mɛt/ is a county located in the state of Mississippi on its southern border with Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 13,131.[2] Its county seat is Liberty.[3] The county is named after the Amite River, which runs through the county.

Amite County
U.S. county
Amite County courthouse in Liberty
Location within the U.S. state of Mississippi
Mississippi's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 31°10′N 90°48′W
Country United States
State Mississippi
Founded1809
Named forAmite River
SeatLiberty
Largest townGloster
Area
 • Total732 sq mi (1,900 km2)
 • Land730 sq mi (1,900 km2)
 • Water1.5 sq mi (4 km2)  0.2%
Population
 (2010)
 • Total13,131
 • Estimate 
(2018)[1]
12,326
 • Density18/sq mi (6.9/km2)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
Congressional district3rd
Websitewww.amitecounty.ms

Amite County is part of the McComb, MS Micropolitan Statistical Area.

History

Amite County was established in February 1809 from the eastern portion of Wilkinson County. It was named after the Amite River. French explorers had named the latter for the friendly (amitié in French) indigenous Houma people they encountered in the region.[4]

The legislation that established the county authorized the appointment of five commissioners to find a site for the county seat, near the county's center and near a good spring; its name was to be Liberty. At this time, the total population of the county numbered about 4000 people, about 80% of whom were middle-class families of seventeenth-century Virginia stock who had gradually migrated through other frontier states. Primary religious groups were all Protestant, including Baptists, Presbyterians, and Methodists.

Completed in 1840, the courthouse in Liberty is the oldest courthouse in Mississippi in continuous use.[4] Liberty eventually became the county's justice and business center. The county economy was based on timber from longleaf pine and the cultivation of commodity crops of cotton, indigo, and tobacco, usually on plantations worked by enslaved African Americans. Given the reliance of planters on labor-intensive crops such as tobacco and cotton, the county soon had a majority population of enslaved African Americans. Even in the antebellum period, the county seat attracted entertainers and lecturers on tour. In the 1850s, Liberty hosted opera singer Jenny Lind, known as the "Swedish Nightingale," at the Walsh building.

In 1861, the state legislature called a convention to vote on secession from the United States. David Hurst, the delegate from Amite County, voted against secession, but the majority of the state's delegates voted for it.[4] Led by South Carolina, the largest slave-owning states were the first in the South to secede. Mississippi voted to join the Confederate States of America. During the Civil War, Captain George H. Tichenor married Margaret Anne Drane at the Liberty Baptist Church; Tichenor developed an antiseptic to treat wounds suffered by soldiers in the war.[4] By the end of the war, 279 men from Amite County had died for the Confederate cause. Amite County was not in a theater of war.

Amite Female Seminary, commonly known as the "Little Red Schoolhouse," established in 1853

A raiding party of Union cavalry, under the command of Colonel Benjamin Grierson, is known to have camped in the county nine miles east of Liberty on the evening of April 28, 1863, while conducting a deep penetration raid as part of the Vicksburg Campaign.[5] As part of that raid, Union forces pillages many homes and plantations. Most of the buildings of the Amite Female Seminary, with 13 pianos, were burnt; one building was spared, the small Mary Van Norman Ratcliff Building, commonly known as the "Little Red Schoolhouse."

At the end of the Civil War, Amite County's population was 60% African American. During Reconstruction, freedmen elected several African Americans to local office as county sheriff.[6] After Reconstruction, white Democrats regained power in the state legislature through a combination of violent voter repression and fraud. They disenfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites in the state by the new 1890 state constitution, which imposed a poll tax, literacy tests, and other requirements as barriers to voter registration. These were administered by whites in a discriminatory way. Most black voters and many poor whites were dropped from the voter rolls.

20th century to present

Racial violence, including lynchings, escalated during the Jim Crow years.[6] The county had 14 documented lynchings in the period from 1877 to 1950; most took place around the turn of the century when disenfranchisement and imposition of Jim Crow was underway.[7]

Blacks were excluded from the political process in the county and state until the late 1960s. African Americans were a majority in the state until the 1930s but excluded from voting, they were also excluded from juries and the entire political system.

The county continued to be based on agriculture, with cotton the basis of the economy into the 1930s. A boll weevil invasion damaged many cotton crops. Planters shifted to logging and dairy farming in the 1930s, during the Great Depression.

As agriculture was mechanized, reducing the need for farm labor, many blacks left Amite County during the first half of the 20th century in two waves of the Great Migration. In the first wave, before World War II, many moved north to Chicago and other industrial cities of the Midwest. In the second wave, they moved to the West Coast, where the burgeoning defense industry created jobs before, during, and after the war. From 1940 to 1960, the county population declined by 29%, as can be seen on the census tables below. Some rural whites also left the county for industrialized cities.

In the 1950s, local farmer E.W. Steptoe founded a chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in the county. Herbert Lee, a married farmer with nine children, was among its charter members. They were working to regain constitutional civil rights, including the ability to vote. In the summer of 1961, Bob Moses from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee worked in the county to organize African Americans for voter registration. He was beaten by Bill Caston, a cousin to the sheriff, near the county courthouse, and arrested. He was told to leave the county for his own safety.[8] In the 1960s, only one African American of the total of 5,500 in Amite County was a registered voter. Even after the Voting Rights Act was passed in 1965, extensive grassroots efforts were required to register eligible voters.[6]

Racial violence against blacks in the county escalated during the years of the Civil Rights Movement. On September 25, 1961, at the Westbrook Cotton Gin, about a dozen witnesses, both white and black, saw E.H. Hurst, a white state legislator, murder Herbert Lee in broad daylight. At the inquest that day, Hurst claimed self-defense and witnesses, intimidated by the armed white men in the courtroom, supported him. Learning that the federal government might hold a grand jury in the case, Louis Allen, an African-American veteran of World War II and witness to Lee's murder, talked to the FBI to try to gain protection if he were to testify truthfully to what he saw. They said they could not help him. Whites suspected he had talked with the FBI and began to harass him.[6]

Allen's business was boycotted by whites, and the veteran was beaten and arrested more than once by the county sheriff. He stayed in the area to help his aging parents, but planned to leave. On January 31, 1964, he was shot and killed on his land. No one was ever prosecuted for Allen's death. Investigations since 1994 suggest that Allen was killed by Daniel (Danny) Jones, the county sheriff and son of the Ku Klux Klan's leader in the county.[9] Danny Jones was featured as a likely perpetrator in the Allen case, in a 2011 episode of 60 Minutes focusing on civil rights cold cases, but he denied an interview. He died in 2012 or 2013.

Following the repression of the civil rights era and a continuing poor economy, younger African Americans continued to leave the county, seeking jobs in bigger cities. The population declined more than 11 percent from 1960 to 1970, and further declines occurred to 1980 (see census tables below.) Because of the murders of Lee and Allen, voter registration efforts had stopped in the early 1960s. African Americans did not register until after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which provided federal protection and oversight. Today the county is majority white in population.

Noted historic sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places include the Amite County Courthouse and the Westbrook Cotton Gin, the only one surviving of seven in the county. In addition, 19th-century plantation houses and the Liberty and Bethany Presbyterian churches are listed on the Register.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 732 square miles (1,900 km2), of which 730 square miles (1,900 km2) is land and 1.5 square miles (3.9 km2) (0.2%) is water.[10]

Major highways

Adjacent counties

National protected area

State protected area
  • Ethel Stratton Vance Natural Area[11]

Flora and fauna

The flora of Amite County includes about 1000 species of vascular plants.[12][13]

Demographics

As mechanization of agriculture decreased the need for farm labor, the population has dropped since its peak in 1910 as people left in search of work in other areas. Continuing urbanization and suburbanization in other areas has also drawn people to cities of more opportunity.

Historical population
CensusPop.%±
18104,750—
18206,85344.3%
18307,93415.8%
18409,51119.9%
18509,6941.9%
186012,33627.3%
187010,973−11.0%
188014,00427.6%
189018,19829.9%
190020,70813.8%
191022,95410.8%
192018,960−17.4%
193019,7124.0%
194021,89211.1%
195019,261−12.0%
196015,573−19.1%
197013,763−11.6%
198013,369−2.9%
199013,328−0.3%
200013,5992.0%
201013,131−3.4%
2018 (est.)12,326[1]−6.1%
U.S. Decennial Census[16]
1790–1960[17] 1900–1990[18]
1990–2000[19] 2010–2013[2]

From a peak of population in 1910, the county had declined through 1990. In the early part of the 20th century, particularly from 1910 to 1930, and from 1940 to 1970, it was affected by the Great Migration of blacks out of the segregated society for jobs and opportunities in Midwest and later, West Coast cities. From 1910 to 1920, the population declined more than 17%, as may be seen from the Census table at right. Particularly in the early 20th century, Blacks left to escape the oppression and violence associated with Jim Crow, lynchings, and their disenfranchisement after 1890.

From 1940 to 1960, the population declined by more than 29%. Rural whites also left in those years, but a much greater number of African Americans migrated to other areas. After 1930 they became a minority in the county. In 2000, they constituted nearly 43% of the population.

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 13,131 people living in the county. 57.7% were White, 41.3% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.2% of some other race and 0.6% of two or more races. 0.8% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).

As of the census[20] of 2000, there were 13,599 people, 5,271 households, and 3,879 families living in the county. The population density was 19 people per square mile (7/km2). There were 6,446 housing units at an average density of 9 per square mile (3/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 56.42% White, 42.65% Black or African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.21% from other races, and 0.49% from two or more races. 0.83% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 5,271 households, out of which 31.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.10% were married couples living together, 16.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.40% were non-families. 24.50% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.00% under the age of 18, 8.50% from 18 to 24, 25.60% from 25 to 44, 24.60% from 45 to 64, and 15.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.80 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $26,033, and the median income for a family was $31,256. Males had a median income of $28,306 versus $16,173 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,048. About 19.30% of families and 22.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.70% of those under age 18 and 22.20% of those age 65 or over.

Communities

Towns

Unincorporated communities

Ghost town

Politics

Political affiliation and voting patterns in federal elections generally follow those of other traditional southern states, where strong affiliation of conservative whites to the Democratic Party dominated during the period up to and just beyond the Civil Rights era of the 1960s and 1970s. With the rise of the Republican Party of Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan, the white population gradually began to support Republican national candidates, and ultimately shifted into the party. Given the support of the national Democratic Party leaders through the civil rights years, African-American voters affiliated with that party.

In several elections between World War II and the Civil Rights period, in a period of increasing social change, the white people of Amite County (who were the only ones able to vote in that period) voted for third party candidates, including Dixiecrat candidate Strom Thurmond in 1948 (after Democrat President Harry S. Truman had taken action that year to integrate the military), Harry F. Byrd in 1960, and segregationist George Wallace in 1968.

Presidential elections results
Presidential elections results[21]
Year Republican Democratic Third parties
2016 60.8% 4,289 38.3% 2,697 0.9% 64
2012 57.3% 4,414 42.1% 3,242 0.7% 50
2008 55.5% 4,245 43.8% 3,348 0.8% 57
2004 57.6% 4,147 41.9% 3,012 0.5% 38
2000 57.4% 3,677 41.7% 2,673 0.9% 58
1996 44.1% 2,521 49.4% 2,824 6.5% 371
1992 45.1% 2,561 45.9% 2,608 9.0% 512
1988 53.9% 3,333 45.8% 2,834 0.3% 19
1984 57.2% 3,463 42.5% 2,569 0.3% 18
1980 44.4% 2,653 54.1% 3,229 1.5% 89
1976 45.1% 2,256 51.5% 2,574 3.4% 169
1972 68.9% 2,846 28.7% 1,185 2.4% 97
1968 7.7% 393 29.9% 1,533 62.5% 3,206
1964 96.4% 2,742 3.6% 103
1960 12.4% 283 14.9% 338 72.7% 1,655
1956 14.9% 255 46.7% 802 38.4% 659
1952 40.9% 777 59.1% 1,121
1948 1.0% 17 3.4% 55 95.6% 1,559
1944 5.8% 87 94.3% 1,426
1940 4.3% 64 95.7% 1,435
1936 3.8% 56 95.2% 1,421 1.0% 15
1932 5.5% 73 93.9% 1,237 0.6% 8
1928 21.5% 325 78.5% 1,189
1924 8.5% 86 91.5% 926
1920 13.4% 90 85.9% 578 0.7% 5
1916 1.5% 16 97.9% 1,024 0.6% 6
1912 0.7% 5 97.1% 666 2.2% 15

Notable people

See also

References
  1. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  2. "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
  3. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  4. Huff, Robert Glen; Nunnery, Hattie Pearl (2009). Amite County & Liberty, Mississippi: Celebrating 200 Years. Virginia Beach, VA: Donning Co. ISBN 978-1-57864-547-3.
  5. Grabau, Warren (2000). Ninety-Eight Days: A Geographer's View of the Vicksburg Campaign. Knoxville: University of Tennessee. p. 116. ISBN 1-57233-068-6.
  6. "Amite County", Mississippi Civil Rights Project. Retrieved March 16, 2014
  7. Lynching in America, 2nd edition Archived June 27, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Supplement by County, p. 4
  8. "Murder of Herbert Lee and Louis Allen", Amite County, Mississippi Civil Rights Project. Retrieved March 16, 2014
  9. Cold case: "The murder of Louis Allen", 60 Minutes (CBS), April 10, 2011
  10. "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
  11. "Ethel Stratton Vance Natural Area". Amite County, Mississippi. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  12. Alford, Mac (2001). "The vascular flora of Amite County, Mississippi". Sida, Contributions to Botany. 19: 645–699. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  13. Havran, J. Christopher (2004). A Preliminary Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the Homochitto National Forest, Mississippi (M.S. Thesis). Monroe, Louisiana: University of Louisiana at Monroe.
  14. "Plants Profile for Illicium floridanum". USDA PLANTS database. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  15. "Plants Profile for Stewartia malacodendron". USDA PLANTS database. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  16. "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
  17. "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
  18. "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
  19. "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
  20. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  21. Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
  22. Obituary of Clyde V. Ratcliff, Sr., Tensas Gazette, October 8, 1952
  23. Lee, Ching (August 18, 2004). "Legendary Mid-Valley blues man dies at 82 – Appeal-Democrat: Home". Appeal-Democrat.com. Retrieved October 27, 2016.

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