Anisian

Anisian
	247.2 – ~242 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Chronology
	Key events in the Triassic -255 — – -250 — – -245 — – -240 — – -235 — – -230 — – -225 — – -220 — – -215 — – -210 — – -205 — – -200 — P; Z M; e; s; o; z; o; i; c P T; r; i; a; s; s; i; c J L; N E; a; r. M; i; d; d; l; e L; a; t; e E; J Changhsing. Olenekian Induan Anisian Ladinian Carnian Norian Rhaetian Hettangian ← Permian-Triassic extinction event ← Smithian-Spathian boundary extinction[1] ← Carnian Pluvial Event ← Full recovery of woody trees[2] ← Coals return[3] ← Scleractinian; corals & calcified sponges[4] ← Triassic–Jurassic extinction event An approximate timescale of key Triassic events.; Axis scale: millions of years ago.; (NOTE: The white links are for readability only. They are still clickable.);
Etymology
Name formality	Formal
Usage information
Celestial body	Earth
Regional usage	Global (ICS)
Time scale(s) used	ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit	Age
Stratigraphic unit	Stage
Time span formality	Formal
Lower boundary definition	Not formally defined
Lower boundary definition candidates	FAD of the Conodont Chiosella timorensis; Base of magnetic zone MT1n;
Lower boundary GSSP candidate section(s)	Desli Caira, Northern Dobruja, Romania; Guandao, Guizhou, China;
Upper boundary definition	FAD of the Ammonite Eoprotrachyceras curionii
Upper boundary GSSP	Bagolino, Lombardian pre-Alps, Italy; 45.8193°N 10.4710°E
GSSP ratified	2005[5]

In the geologic timescale, the Anisian is the lower stage or earliest age of the Middle Triassic series or epoch and lasted from 247.2 million years ago until 242 million years ago.[6] The Anisian age succeeds the Olenekian age (part of the Lower Triassic epoch) and precedes the Ladinian age.

The Muschelkalk in Europe is mainly Anisian aged

Stratigraphic definitions

The stage and its name were established by Austrian geologists Wilhelm Heinrich Waagen and Carl Diener in 1895. The name comes from Anisus, the Latin name of the river Enns. The original type locality is at Großreifling in the Austrian state of Styria.

The base of the Anisian stage (also the base of the Middle Triassic series) is sometimes laid at the first appearance of conodont species Chiosella timorensis in the stratigraphic record. Other stratigraphers prefer to use the base of magnetic chronozone MT1n. The global reference profile for the base (the GSSP or golden spike) is at a flank of the mountain Deşli Caira in the Romanian Dobruja.[7]

The top of the Anisian (the base of the Ladinian) is at the first appearance of ammonite species Eoprotrachyceras curionii and the ammonite family Trachyceratidae. The conodont species Neogondolella praehungarica appears at the same level.

Especially in Central Europe the Anisian stage is sometimes subdivided into four substages: Aegean, Bythinian, Pelsonian and Illyrian.

The Anisian contains six ammonite biozones:

zone of Nevadites
zone of Hungarites
zone of Paraceratites
zone of Balatonites balatonicus
zone of Kocaelia
zone of Acrochordiceras

Anisian life

Chondrichthyans

Chondrichthyes of the Anisian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Mooreodontus	Triassic	Australia	An xenacanth elasmobranch[8]

Actinopterygians

Actinopterygii of the Anisian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Birgeria	Triassic	China, Switzerland, Italy	A non-neopterygian	Birgeria Bobasatrania Saurichthys
Bobasatrania	Lopingian to Middle Triassic	Switzerland, Italy	A non-neopterygian
Dipteronotus	Anisian to Carnian	France, Germany	A perleidiform
Eosemionotus	Early Triassic to Early Jurassic	Netherlands, Germany	A neopterygian
Pteronisculus	Early Triassic to Middle Triassic	China	A non-neopterygian
Ptycholepis	Middle Triassic to Early Jurassic	Switzerland, Italy	A non-neopterygian
Saurichthys	Triassic	China, United States, Switzerland, Italy	A non-neopterygian

†Temnospondyls

Temnospondyli of the Anisian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Antarctosuchus A polyodon		Upper Fremouw Formation, Antarctica	A mastodonsaurid capitosaurian amphibian.	Batrachosuchus Cherninia Eocyclotosaurus wellesi Eryosuchus Kryostega Paracyclotosaurus davidi Paracyclotosaurus crookshanki Vigilius
Batrachosuchus B. browni B. concordi		Ntawere Formation, Zambia Burgersdorp Formation, South Africa Blina Shale, Australia	A genus of brachyopid trematosaurian amphibians.
Calmasuchus	Middle Triassic	Areniscas y Lutitas del Figaro Formation, Spain	A capitosaurian amphibian.
Cherninia		Denwa Formation, India	A giant mastodonsaurid capitosaurian amphibian.
Eocyclotosaurus		Grès à Voltzia Formation, France Röt Formation, Germany Otter Sandstone Formation, UK Moenkopi Formation, Arizona	A capitosaurian amphibian.
Eryosuchus		Yerrapalli Formation, India Donguz Formation, Russia	A very large mastodonsaurid capitosaurian amphibian that could reach up to 3.5 m in length.
Kryostega		Upper Fremouw Formation, Antarctica	A large stereospondyl amphibian.
Notobrachyops		Ashfield Shale, New South Wales, Australia.	A brachyopid trematosaurian amphibian.
Quasicyclotosaurus	Aegean-Bithynian	Arizona	A heylerosaurid capitosaurian amphibian.
Paracyclotosaurus P. davidi P. crookshanki P. morganorum	Middle Triassic	P. davidi: Australia P. crookshanki: India. P. morganorum: South Africa	A genus of mastodonsaurid capitosaurian amphibians.
Parotosuchus		Fremouw Formation, Antarctica	A mastodonsaurid capitosaurian amphibian.
Stanocephalosaurus	Middle Triassic	Africa; North America	A genus of mastodonsaurid capitosaurian amphibians.
Stenotosaurus	Middle Triassic	Germany, England	A capitosaurian amphibian.
Vanastega		Cynognathus Assemblage Zone, Burgersdorp, South Africa.	A brachyopid trematosaurian amphibian.
Vigilius	Aegean/Bithynian	Arizona	A brachyopid trematosaurian amphibian.
Wellesaurus	Middle Triassic	USA, South Africa	A capitosaurian amphibian.
Xenotosuchus	Middle Triassic	South Africa	A mastodonsaurid capitosaurian amphibian.
Yuanansuchus		China	A heylerosaurid capitosaurian amphibian.

†Ichthyopterygians

†Ichthyopterygia of the Anisian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Cymbospondylus	Middle Triassic	Switzerland, United States	An elongate ichthyosaur
Mixosaurus	Middle Triassic	Switzerland, Italy	An ichthyosaur
Omphalosaurus	Early to Middle Triassic	United States	An early ichthyosauriform with button-like teeth
Thalattoarchon	Middle Triassic	United States	One of the first marine macropredators after the Permian-Triassic extinction capable of eating prey that was similar in size to itself

†Thalattosaurians

Thalattosauria of the Anisian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Askeptosaurus	Middle Triassic	Besano Formation, Italy	An askeptosauroid thalattosaur	Askeptosaurus Thalattosaurus
Clarazia	Middle Triassic	Besano Formation, Switzerland	A thalattosauroid thalattosaur
Hescheleria	Middle Triassic	Besano Formation, Switzerland	A thalattosauroid thalattosaur
Thalattosaurus	Mid to Late Triassic	Canada	Thalattosaurus was a thalattosauroid thalattosaur in the family Thalattosauridae.

†Helveticosaurids

Helveticosaurids of the Anisian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Helveticosaurus	Anisian-Ladinian boundary	Switzerland		Helveticosaurus
Eusaurosphargis	Anisian-Ladinian boundary	Italy Netherlands

†Saurosphargids

Saurosphargids of the Anisian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Largocephalosaurus		Guanling Formation, China		Sinosaurosphargis
Saurosphargis		Poland Netherlands
Sinosaurosphargis		Guanling Formation, China

†Sauropterygians

Sauropterygia of the Anisian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Atopodentatus	Middle Triassic	China	A basal sauropterygian. It is the earliest known herbivorous marine reptile.	Atopodentatus Wumengosaurus
Diandongosaurus	Middle Triassic	China	A basal eosauropterygian
Wumengosaurus	Middle Triassic	China	A basal eosauropterygian

†Pistosaurs

Pistosauria of the Anisian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Augustasaurus	Middle Triassic	United States	A sauropterygian	Augustasaurus Pistosaurus
Cymatosaurus	latest Olenekian to Anisian	Germany; Netherlands	A sauropterygian
Pistosaurus	Anisian–Ladinian	France; Germany	A sauropterygian

†Pachypleurosaurs

Pachypleurosauria of the Anisian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Anarosaurus	Middle Triassic	Netherlands	A sauropterygian	Keichousaurus
Dactylosaurus	Middle Triassic	Central Europe	A sauropterygian
Dianopachysaurus	Middle Triassic	China	A sauropterygian
Keichousaurus	Middle Triassic	China	A sauropterygian
Odoiporosaurus	Middle Triassic	Italy	A sauropterygian
Serpianosaurus S. germanicus	upper Pelsonian	Germany	A sauropterygian

†Nothosaurs

Nothosaurs of the Anisian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Ceresiosaurus	Middle Triassic	Italy, Switzerland	Possibly a synonym of Lariosaurus	Ceresiosaurus
Germanosaurus	Middle Triassic	Germany	A sauropterygian
Lariosaurus †Lariosaurus vosseveldensis †Lariosaurus hongguoensis	Middle Triassic	China Netherlands	A sauropterygian
Sanchiaosaurus	Middle Triassic	China	A basal nothosauroid
Silvestrosaurus	Anisian-Ladinian boundary	Switzerland	Possibly a species of Lariosaurus

†Placodonts

Placodonts of the Anisian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Cyamodus			A derived cyamodontoid placodont	Cyamodus Paraplacodus Placodus
Palatodonta	early Anisian	Netherlands	A basal placodontiform sauropterygian
Paraplacodus		Northern Italy	A basal placodont
Pararcus	Middle Triassic	Netherlands	A basal placodont
Placodus	Middle Triassic	Europe	A basal placodont

†Rhynchosaurs

Rhynchosauria of the Anisian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Ammorhynchus		Moenkopi Formation, Arizona	A genus of hyperodapedontid rhynchosaur.
Bentonyx	late Anisian	Otter Sandstone Formation, England	A genus of hyperodapedontid rhynchosaur
Eohyosaurus	early Anisian	Burgersdorp Formation, South Africa	A basal rhynchosaur
Fodonyx	late Anisian	Otter Sandstone Formation, England	A genus of hyperodapedontid rhynchosaur
Howesia	early Anisian	Burgersdorp Formation, South Africa	One of the most basal rhynchosaurs
Langeronyx		Bromsgrove Sandstone Formation, Warwickshire, England	A rather basal rhynchosaur, possibly a close relative of Rhynchosaurus
Mesodapedon		Yerrapalli Formation, India	A genus of hyperodapedontid rhynchosaur.
Mesosuchus	early Anisian	Burgersdorp Formation, South Africa	One of the most basal rhynchosaurs. It was small, measuring at around 30 cm (12 in) of length.
Rhynchosaurus		Tarporley Siltstone Formation, England	The first rhynchosaur to be described. It had a rather basal position in Rhynchosauria.
Stenaulorhynchus	late Anisian	Tanganyika Territory, Tanzania.	A genus of hyperodapedontid rhynchosaur.

†Tanystropheids

Tanystropheids of the Anisian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Amotosaurus	early Anisian	Röt Formation, Black Forest, southwestern Germany Vossenveld Formation, Netherlands		Dinocephalosaurus Macrocnemus Tanystropheus
Dinocephalosaurus		Guanling Formation, China	A genus of long necked, aquatic archosauromorph. One particular specimen is notable for containing an embryo in its abdominal region strongly indicating viviparous reproduction.
Macrocnemus	late Anisian to Ladinian	Besano Formation, Italy & Switzerland Falang Formation, China Prosanto Formation, Switzerland
Pectodens		Guanling Formation, China
Protanystropheus P. antiquus		Poland; Germany; Austria; Netherlands	This species was first described under the name Tanystropheus antiquus, some authors still prefer to include this species within Tanystropheus.
Tanystropheus	Middle Triassic to Late Triassic	Falang Formation, China Muschelkalk Group, Germany Besano & Meride Formations, Switzerland Otter Sandstone Formation, UK Gevanim Formation, Israel

Archosauriforms

Archosauriforms of the Anisian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Dorosuchus		Donguz Formation, Russia	An archosauriform closely related to archosaurs, similar in biology to euparkeriids.	Euparkeria Shansisuchus Sarmatosuchus Uralosaurus
Euparkeria		South Africa	Euparkeria is an extinct genus of archosauriform. It was a small reptile that was close to the ancestry of Archosauria.
Fenhosuchus		Ermaying Formation, Shaanxi, China	A basal archosauriform, may be a chimera of fossils from the erythrosuchid Shansisuchus and an indeterminate archosaur.
Guchengosuchus		Ermaying Formation, Shaanxi, China	A basal archosauriform, a member of Erythrosuchidae.
Halazhaisuchus		Ermaying Formation, Shaanxi, China	A euparkeriid closely related to Euparkeria.
Shansisuchus		Ermaying Formation, Shaanxi, China	An erythrosuchid.
Sarmatosuchus		Donguz Formation, Russia	A basal archosauriform, previously thought to be a close relative of Proterosuchus, a more basal taxon.
Uralosaurus		Donguz Formation, Russia	An erythrosuchid archosauriform.
Vjushkovisaurus		Donguz Formation, Russia	A basal non-archosaurian archosauriform, possibly an erythrosuchid.
Wangisuchus		Ermaying Formation, Shaanxi, China	A dubious basal archosauriform. Might be an euparkeriid or even a suchian archosaur.

Archosaurs

Archosaurs of the Anisian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Arizonasaurus		Moenkopi Formation, Arizona	A ctenosauriscid poposauroid paracrocodylomorph.	Arizonasaurus Asilisaurus Qianosuchus Teleocrater Ticinosuchus
Asilisaurus		Manda Beds, Tanzania	A silesaurid dinosauriform.
Bromsgroveia		Bromsgrove Sandstone Formation, England	A ctenosauriscid suchian.
Dongusuchus	Anisian to early Ladinian	Donguz Formation, Orenburg Oblast, Russia	A member of Aphanosauria, basal relatives of dinosaurs and pterosaurs.
Hypselorhachis		Manda Formation, Tanzania	A ctenosauriscid suchian.
Lutungutali		Ntawere Formation, Zambia	A silesaurid dinosauriform.
Mandasuchus		Manda Formation, Tanzania	A genus of loricatan suchian more basal than Prestosuchus.
Nyasasaurus		Manda Beds, Tanzania	Possibly a dinosaur, the earliest known.
Qianosuchus		Guanling Formation, Pan County, China	A genus of aquatic poposauroid archosaur.
Stagonosuchus		Manda Formation, Tanzania	A genus of loricatan suchian or possibly a species of Prestosuchus.
Teleocrater		Manda Formation, Tanzania	An aphanosaurian archosaur.
Ticinosuchus		Grenzbitumenzone, Switzerland and Italy	A genus of suchian archosaurs. Ticinosuchus shares many similarities with Paracrocodylomorpha.
Turfanosuchus		Northwestern China	A genus of suchian archosaurs, possibly a gracilisuchid. The classification of Turfanosuchus has gone through much revision in the past due to its combination of features from both suchian archosaurs and earlier archosaur relatives such as Euparkeria.
"Waldhaus" ctenosauriscid		Röt Formation, Germany	A yet unnamed taxon of ctenosauriscid archosaur.
Yarasuchus		Yerrapalli Formation, India	An aphanosaurian archosaur.
Zanclodon		All across Europe	Zanclodon is the name formally used for fossil material that might actually belongs to at least two genera of dinosaur from the Late Triassic among other genera.

Parareptilia

Parareptiles of the Anisian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Eumetabolodon bathycephalus	Olenekian to earliest Anisian	Zhuengeerqi locality, upper Heshanggou Formation, Ordos Basin, China	A species of procolophonid parareptile in the subfamily Procolophoninae.	Sclerosaurus
Kapes bentoni	Middle Triassic	Otter Sandstone Formation, Devon, England,	A species of procolophonid parareptile in the subfamily Procolophoninae.
Neoprocolophon		Ermaying Formation, China	A genus of procolophonid parareptile in the subfamily Leptopleuroninae.
Sclerosaurus		Ermaying Formation, China	A genus of procolophonid parareptile in the subfamily Leptopleuroninae.
Theledectes		Beaufort Group, Karoo Basin, South Africa	A genus of procolophonid parareptile.

Therapsids

Therapsids of the Anisian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Angonisaurus		Karoo Supergroup, South Africa	A basal kannemeyeriiform dicynodont.	Kannemeyeria
Cromptodon		Cerro Bayo de Portrerillos, Cerro de las Cabras Formation, Argentina, South America	A genus of cynodonts in the family Galesauridae
Kannemeyeria		Africa, possibly also Eurasian distribution.	A genus of kannemeyeriiform dicynodont in the family Kannemeyeridae.
Ordosiodon		Ermaying Formation, China	A genus of baurioidean therocephalian therapsids.
Rhadiodromus		Russia	A kannemeyeriiform dicynodont.
Rhinodicynodon		Donguz Formation, European Russia	A genus of kannemeyeriiform dicynodont in the family Shansiodontidae.
Shaanbeikannemeyeria		Ermaying Formation, China	A genus of kannemeyeriiform dicynodont.
Shansiodon		China; South Africa	A genus of kannemeyeriiform dicynodont in the family Shansiodontidae.
Tetragonias		Tanzania	A genus of kannemeyeriiform dicynodont in the family Shansiodontidae.
Vinceria		Argentina	A genus of kannemeyeriiform dicynodont in the family Shansiodontidae.

†Ceratitida

Ananorites Arthaberites Beyrichites Bosnites Buddhaites Bukowskiites Caucasites Danubites Gangadharites Japonites Laboceras Longobarditoides Mesocladiscites Noetlingites Parapinacoceras Parasageceras Phyllocladiscites Proavites Pseudodanubites Psilocladiscites Salterites Tropigymnites Xiphogymnites Pararcestes Sageceras

Lower

Alloptychites Anagymnites Grambergia Groenlandites Gymnites Lenotropites Pearylandites Silberlingites Isculites Stenopopanoceras

Middle

Acrochordiceras Alanites Anagymnotoceras Arctohungarites Balatonites Bulogites Cuccoceras Czekanowskites Epacrochordiceras Hollandites Huishuites Inaigymnites Ismidites Kiparisovia Malletophychites Nicomedites Phillipites Platycuccoceras Pronoetlingites Reiflingites Discoptychites Intornites Nevadisculites Paraceratites Parapopanoceras Proarcestes Longobardites Ptychites

Upper

Amphipopanoceras Aplococeras Arctogymnites Eudiscoceras Eutomoceras Gymnotoceras Halilucites Judicarites Kellnerites Metadinarites Nevadites Parakellnerites Proteusites Repossia Semiornites Serpianites Stoppaniceras Ticinites Tozerites Tropigastrites Joannites Epigymnites Ceratites Flexoptychites Frechites Norites Gevanites Hungarites

†Phylloceratida

Spinoleiophyllites Ussurites Monophyllites

References

Notes

Widmann, Philipp; Bucher, Hugo; Leu, Marc; Vennemann, Torsten; Bagherpour, Borhan; Schneebeli-Hermann, Elke; Goudemand, Nicolas; Schaltegger, Urs (2020). "Dynamics of the Largest Carbon Isotope Excursion During the Early Triassic Biotic Recovery". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8 (196): 1–16. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00196.
McElwain, J. C.; Punyasena, S. W. (2007). "Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 22 (10): 548–557. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003. PMID 17919771.
|note5-nudge-down=1 Retallack, G. J.; Veevers, J.; Morante, R. (1996). "Global coal gap between Permian–Triassic extinctions and middle Triassic recovery of peat forming plants". GSA Bulletin. 108 (2): 195–207. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0195:GCGBPT>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
Payne, J. L.; Lehrmann, D. J.; Wei, J.; Orchard, M. J.; Schrag, D. P.; Knoll, A. H. (2004). "Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction". Science. 305 (5683): 506–9. doi:10.1126/science.1097023. PMID 15273391.
Brack, Peter; Rieber, Hans; Nicora, Alda; Mundil, Roland (December 2005). "The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino (Southern Alps, Northern Italy) and its implications for the Triassic time scale". Episodes. 28 (4). doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2005/v28i4/001. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
According to Gradstein et al. (2004); Brack et al. (2005) give 248 to 241 Ma
The GSSP was established by Grǎdinaru et al. (2007)
Ginter, M., Hampe, O., Duffin, C., 2010.Handbook of Paleoichthyology Volume 3D: Chondrichthyes: Paleozoic Elasmobranchii: Teeth. in Schultze, H. (ed.) Handbook of Paleoichthyology. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München

Literature

Brack, P.; Rieber, H.; Nicora, A. & Mundil, R.; 2005: The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino (Southern Alps, Northern Italy) and its implications for the Triassic time scale, Episodes 28(4), pp. 233–244.
Grǎdinaru, E.; Orchard, M.J.; Nicora, A.; Gallet, Y.; Besse, J.; Krystyn, L.; Sobolev, E.S.; Atudorei, N.-V. & Ivanova, D.; 2007: The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Anisian Stage: Deşli Caira Hill, North Dobrogea, Romania, Albertiana 36, pp. 54–71.
Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press.

External links

GeoWhen Database - Anisian
Lower Triassic timescale at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
Lower Triassic timescale at the website of Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] Widmann, Philipp; Bucher, Hugo; Leu, Marc; Vennemann, Torsten; Bagherpour, Borhan; Schneebeli-Hermann, Elke; Goudemand, Nicolas; Schaltegger, Urs (2020). "Dynamics of the Largest Carbon Isotope Excursion During the Early Triassic Biotic Recovery". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8 (196): 1–16. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00196.

[McElwain2007-2] McElwain, J. C.; Punyasena, S. W. (2007). "Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 22 (10): 548–557. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003. PMID 17919771.

[Retallack1996-3] |note5-nudge-down=1 Retallack, G. J.; Veevers, J.; Morante, R. (1996). "Global coal gap between Permian–Triassic extinctions and middle Triassic recovery of peat forming plants". GSA Bulletin. 108 (2): 195–207. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0195:GCGBPT>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 2007-09-29.

[Payne2004-4] Payne, J. L.; Lehrmann, D. J.; Wei, J.; Orchard, M. J.; Schrag, D. P.; Knoll, A. H. (2004). "Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction". Science. 305 (5683): 506–9. doi:10.1126/science.1097023. PMID 15273391.

[5] Brack, Peter; Rieber, Hans; Nicora, Alda; Mundil, Roland (December 2005). "The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino (Southern Alps, Northern Italy) and its implications for the Triassic time scale". Episodes. 28 (4). doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2005/v28i4/001. Retrieved 23 December 2020.

[6] According to Gradstein et al. (2004); Brack et al. (2005) give 248 to 241 Ma

[7] The GSSP was established by Grǎdinaru et al. (2007)

[handbook-8] Ginter, M., Hampe, O., Duffin, C., 2010.Handbook of Paleoichthyology Volume 3D: Chondrichthyes: Paleozoic Elasmobranchii: Teeth. in Schultze, H. (ed.) Handbook of Paleoichthyology. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München

Anisian

Stratigraphic definitions

Anisian life

Chondrichthyans

Actinopterygians

†Temnospondyls

†Ichthyopterygians

†Thalattosaurians

†Helveticosaurids

†Saurosphargids

†Sauropterygians

†Pistosaurs

†Pachypleurosaurs

†Nothosaurs

†Placodonts

†Rhynchosaurs

†Tanystropheids

Archosauriforms

Archosaurs

Parareptilia

Therapsids

†Ceratitida

Lower

Middle

Upper

†Phylloceratida

Nautilida

Lower

Middle

Upper

†Aulacocerida

Lower

Pterioida

References

Notes

Literature

External links