Antares (rocket)

Antares (/ænˈtɑːriːz/), known during early development as Taurus II, is an expendable launch system developed by Orbital Sciences Corporation (now part of Northrop Grumman) and the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau to launch the Cygnus spacecraft to the International Space Station as part of NASA's COTS and CRS programs. Able to launch payloads heavier than 8,000 kg (18,000 lb) into low-Earth orbit, Antares is currently the largest rocket operated by Northrop Grumman. Antares launches from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport and made its inaugural flight on April 21, 2013.[12]

Antares
Launch of an Antares 230
FunctionMedium expendable launch system
ManufacturerNorthrop Grumman (main)
Yuzhmash (sub)[1]
Country of originUnited States
Project costUS$472 million until 2012[2]
Cost per launchUS$80−85 million[3]
Size
Height
  • 110/120: 40.5 m (133 ft)[4][5]
  • 130: 41.9 m (137 ft)
  • 230/230+: 42.5 m (139 ft)[6]
Diameter3.9 m (13 ft)[7][6]
Mass
  • 110/120/130: 282,000–296,000 kg (622,000–653,000 lb)[5]
  • 230/230+: 298,000 kg (657,000 lb)[6]
Stages2 to 3[7]
Capacity
Payload to LEO
Mass8,000 kg (18,000 lb)[8]
Associated rockets
ComparableDelta II, Atlas III
Launch history
Status
  • 110: retired
  • 120: retired
  • 130: retired
  • 230: retired
  • 230+: operational
Launch sitesMARS, LP-0A
Total launches12 (110: 2, 120: 2, 130: 1, 230: 5, 230+: 2)
Success(es)11 (110: 2, 120: 2, 130: 0, 230: 5, 230+: 2)
Failure(s)1 (130: 1)
First flight
  • 110: April 21, 2013
  • 120: January 9, 2014
  • 130: October 28, 2014
  • 230: October 17, 2016
  • 230+: November 2, 2019
Last flight
  • 110: September 18, 2013
  • 120: July 13, 2014
  • 130: October 28, 2014
  • 230: April 17, 2019
  • 230+: Active
Notable payloadsCygnus
First stage (Antares 100-series)
Empty mass18,700 kg (41,200 lb)[5]
Gross mass260,700 kg (574,700 lb)[5]
Engines2 × NK-33[9]
Thrust3,265 kN (734,000 lbf)[9]
Specific impulseSea level: 297 s
Vacuum: 331 s[5]
Burn time235 seconds[5]
FuelRP-1/LOX[9]
First stage (Antares 200-series)
Empty mass20,600 kg (45,400 lb)[6]
Gross mass262,600 kg (578,900 lb)[6]
Engines2 × RD-181
Thrust3,844 kN (864,000 lbf)[6]
Specific impulseSea level: 311.9 s
Vacuum: 339.2 s[6]
Burn time215 seconds[6]
FuelRP-1/LOX
Second stage – Castor 30A/B/XL
Gross mass
  • 30A: 14,035 kg (30,942 lb)
  • 30B: 13,970 kg (30,800 lb)
  • 30XL: 26,300 kg (58,000 lb)[5]
Propellant mass
  • 30A: 12,815 kg (28,252 lb)
  • 30B: 12,887 kg (28,411 lb)[5]
  • 30XL: 24,200 kg (53,400 lb)[6]
Thrust
  • 30A: 259 kN (58,200 lbf)
  • 30B: 293.4 kN (65,960 lbf)[9][5]
  • 30XL: 474 kN (107,000 lbf)[10]
Burn time
  • 30A: 136 seconds
  • 30B: 127 seconds
  • 30XL: 156 seconds[5][6]
FuelTP-H8299/aluminium[11]
Part of a series on
Private spaceflight
Active companies
Active vehicles
Contracts and programs
  •  Spaceflight portal

NASA awarded Orbital a Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) Space Act Agreement (SAA) in 2008 to demonstrate delivery of cargo to the International Space Station. For these COTS missions Orbital intends to use Antares to launch its Cygnus spacecraft. In addition, Antares will compete for small-to-medium missions.[13] Originally designated the Taurus II, Orbital Sciences renamed the vehicle Antares, after the star of the same name,[14] on December 12, 2011.

The first four Antares launch attempts were successful. During the fifth launch on October 28, 2014, the rocket failed catastrophically, and the vehicle and payload were destroyed.[15] The failure was traced to a fault in the first stage engines. After completion of a redesign program, the rocket had a successful return to flight on October 17, 2016.

Development

The NASA COTS award was for US$171 million and Orbital Sciences expected to invest an additional $150 million, split between $130 million for the booster and $20 million for the spacecraft.[16] A Commercial Resupply Service contract of $1.9 billion for 8 flights was awarded in 2008.[17] As of April 2012, development costs were estimated at $472 million.[2]

On June 10, 2008, it was announced that the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport, formerly part of the Wallops Flight Facility, in Virginia, would be the primary launch site for the rocket.[18] Launch pad 0A (LP-0A), previously used for the failed Conestoga rocket, would be modified to handle Antares.[19] Wallops allows launches which reach the International Space Station's orbit as effectively as those from Cape Canaveral, Florida, while being less crowded.[16][20] The first Antares flight launched a Cygnus mass simulator.[21]

On December 10, 2009, Alliant Techsystems Inc. (ATK) test-fired their Castor 30 motor for use on the second stage of the Antares rocket.[22] In March 2010, Orbital Sciences and Aerojet completed test firings of the NK-33 engines.[23] On February 22, 2013, a hot fire test was successfully performed, the entire first stage being erected on the pad and held down while the engines fired for 29 seconds.[21]

Design
An assembled Antares rocket in the Horizontal Integration Facility.

First stage

The first stage of Antares burns RP-1 (kerosene) and liquid oxygen (LOX). As Orbital had little experience with large liquid stages and LOX propellant, the first stage core was designed and is manufactured in Ukraine by Yuzhnoye SDO and Yuzhmash[16] and includes propellant tanks, pressurization tanks, valves, sensors, feed lines, tubing, wiring and other associated hardware.[24] Like the Zenit—also manufactured by Yuzhmash—the Antares vehicle has a diameter of 3.9 m (150 in) with a matching 3.9 m payload fairing.[7]

Antares 100 series

The Antares 100-series first stage was powered by two Aerojet AJ26 engines. These began as Kuznetsov NK-33 engines built in the Soviet Union in the late 1960s and early 1970s, 43 of which were purchased by Aerojet in the 1990s. Twenty of these were refurbished into AJ26 engines for Antares.[25] Modifications included equipping the engines for gimballing, adding US electronics, and qualifying the engines to fire for twice as long as designed and to operate at 108% of their original thrust.[4][23] Together they produced 3,265 kilonewtons (734,000 lbf) of thrust at sea level and 3,630 kN (816,100 lbf) in vacuum.[9]

Following the catastrophic failure of an AJ26 during testing at Stennis Space Center in May 2014 and the Orb-3 launch failure in October 2014, likely caused by an engine turbopump,[26] the Antares 100-series was retired.

Antares 200 series

Due to concerns over corrosion, aging, and the limited supply of AJ26 engines, Orbital had selected new first stage engines[23][27] to bid on a second major long-term contract for cargo resupply of the ISS. After the loss of the Antares rocket in October 2014, Orbital Sciences announced that the Russian RD-181—a modified version of the RD-191—would replace the AJ26 on the Antares 200-series.[28][29] The first flight of the re-engined Antares 230 configuration was October 17, 2016, carrying the Cygnus CRS OA-5 cargo to the ISS.

The Antares 200 and 200+ first stages are powered by two RD-181 engines, which provide 440 kilonewtons (100,000 lbf) more thrust than the dual AJ26 engines used on the Antares 100. Orbital adapted the existing core stage to accommodate the increased performance in the 200 Series, allowing Antares to deliver up to 6,500 kg (14,300 lb) to low Earth orbit.[8] The surplus performance of the Antares 200-series will allow Orbital to fulfill its ISS resupply contract in only four additional flights, rather than the five that would have been required with the Antares 100-series.[30][31][32]

While the 200 series adapted the originally ordered 100 Series stages (Yuzhnoye SDO / Yuzhmash, Zenit derived),[33] it requires under-throttling the RD-181 engines, which reduces performance.[31]

The Antares was upgraded to the Antares 230+ for the NASA Commercial Resupply Services 2 contract. NG-12, launched November 2, 2019, was the first NASA CRS-2 mission to ISS using the 230+ upgrades. The most significant upgrades were structural changes to the intertank bay (between the LO
2 and RP-1 tanks) and the forward bay (forward of the LO
2). Additionally, the company is working on trajectory improvements via a "load-release autopilot" that will provide greater mass to orbit capability.[34]

Second stage

The second stage is an Orbital ATK Castor 30-series solid-fuel rocket, developed as a derivative of the Castor 120 solid motor used as Minotaur-C's first stage.[35] The first two flights of Antares used a Castor 30A, which was replaced by the enhanced Castor 30B for subsequent flights. The Castor 30B produces 293.4 kN (65,960 lbf) average and 395.7 kN (88,960 lbf) maximum thrust, and uses electromechanical thrust vector control.[9] For increased performance, the larger Castor 30XL is available[33] and will be used on ISS resupply flights to allow Antares to carry the Enhanced Cygnus.[9][36][37]

The Castor 30XL upper stage for Antares 230+ is being optimized for the CRS-2 contract. The initial design of the Castor 30XL was conservatively built, and after gaining flight experience it was determined that the structural component of the motor case could be lightened.[34]

Third stage

Antares offers three optional third stages: the Bi-Propellant Third Stage (BTS), a Star 48-based third stage and an Orion 38 motor. BTS is derived from Orbital Sciences' GEOStar spacecraft bus and uses nitrogen tetroxide and hydrazine for propellant; it is intended to precisely place payloads into their final orbits.[7] The Star 48-based stage uses a Star 48BV solid rocket motor and would be used for higher energy orbits.[7] The Orion 38 is used on the Minotaur and Pegasus rockets as an upper stage.[38]

Fairing

The 3.9-meter (13 ft) diameter, 9.9-meter (32 ft) high fairing is manufactured by Northrop Grumman of Iuka, Mississippi, which also builds other composite structures for the vehicle, including the combined fairing adapter, dodecagon, motor cone, and interstage.[39]

Rear exhaust section of the rocket

NASA Commercial Resupply Services-2 : Enhancements

On January 14, 2016, NASA awarded three cargo contracts via CRS-2. Orbital ATK's Cygnus was one of these contracts.[40]

According to Mark Pieczynski, Orbital ATK Vice President, Flight Systems Group, "A further improved version [of Antares for CRS-2 contract] is in development which will include: Stage 1 core updates including structural reinforcements and optimization to accommodate increased loads. (Also) certain refinements to the RD-181 engines and CASTOR 30XL motor; and Payload accommodations improvements including a 'pop-top' feature incorporated in the fairing to allow late Cygnus cargo load and optimized fairing adapter structure".

Previously, it was understood that these planned upgrades from the Antares 230 series would create a vehicle known as the Antares 300 series. However, when asked specifically about Antares 300 series development, Mr. Pieczynski stated that Orbital ATK has "not determined to call the upgrades, we are working on, a 300 series. This is still TBD".[41]

In May 2018, Antares program manager Kurt Eberly indicated that the upgrades will be referred to as Antares 230+.[34]

Configurations and numbering
A test firing of the Castor 30 second stage.

The first two test flights used a Castor 30A second stage. All subsequent flights will use either a Castor 30B or Castor 30XL. The rocket's configuration is indicated by a three-digit number and a possible "+" suffix, the first number representing the first stage, the second the type of second stage, and the third the type of third stage.[36] A + sign added as suffix (fourth position) signifies performance upgrades to the Antares 230 variant.

Number First digit Second digit Third digit Fourth place
(First stage) (Second stage) (Third stage) (Enhancements)
0 N/A N/A No third stage N/A
1 Block 1 first stage
(2 × AJ26-62)		 Castor 30A
N/A after Block 1[33]		 BTS
(3 × IHI BT-4)		 N/A
2 Block 1 first stage (Adapted to RD-181)
(2 × RD-181)[33]		 Castor 30B Star 48BV N/A
3 N/A Castor 30XL Orion 38 N/A
+ N/A N/A N/A Block 2 first stage and Castor XL upgrades[34]

Notable missions

Antares A-ONE
Main article: Antares A-ONE

Originally scheduled for 2012, the first Antares launch, designated A-ONE[42] was conducted on April 21, 2013,[43] carrying the Cygnus Mass Simulator (a boilerplate Cygnus spacecraft) and four CubeSats contracted by Spaceflight Incorporated: Dove 1 for Cosmogia Incorporated (now Planet Labs) and three PhoneSat satellites – Alexander,[44] Graham and Bell for NASA.[45]

Prior to the launch, a 27-second test firing of the rocket's AJ26 engines was conducted successfully on February 22, 2013, following an attempt on February 13 which was abandoned before ignition.[21]

A-ONE used the Antares 110 configuration, with a Castor 30A second stage and no third stage. The launch took place from Pad 0A of the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport on Wallops Island, Virginia. LP-0A was a former Conestoga launch complex which had only been used once before, in 1995, for the Conestoga's only orbital launch attempt.[11] Antares became the largest — and first — liquid-fuelled rocket to fly from Wallops Island, as well as the largest rocket launched by Orbital Sciences.[42]

The first attempt to launch the rocket, on April 17, 2013, was scrubbed after an umbilical detached from the rocket's second stage, and a second attempt on April 20 was scrubbed due to high altitude winds.[46] At the third attempt on April 21, the rocket lifted off at the beginning of its launch window. The launch window for all three attempts was three hours beginning at 21:00 UTC (17:00 EDT), shortening to two hours at the start of the terminal count, and ten minutes later in the count.[11][47]

Cygnus CRS Orb-3
Main article: Cygnus CRS Orb-3
The Pad 0A after the incident.

On October 28, 2014, the attempted launch of an Antares carrying a Cygnus cargo spacecraft on the Orb-3 resupply mission failed catastrophically six seconds after liftoff from Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport at Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia.[48] An explosion occurred in the thrust section just as the vehicle cleared the tower, and it fell back down onto the launch pad. The range safety officer sent the destruct command just before impact.[15][49] There were no injuries.[50] Orbital Sciences reported that Launch Pad 0A "escaped significant damage",[49] though initial estimates for repairs were in the $20 million range.[51] Orbital Sciences formed an anomaly investigation board to investigate the cause of the incident. They traced it to a failure of the first stage LOX turbopump, but could not find a specific cause. However, the refurbished NK-33 engines, originally manufactured over 40 years earlier and stored for decades, were suspected as having leaks, corrosion, or manufacturing defects that had not been detected.[52] The NASA Accident Investigation Report was more direct in its failure assessment.[53] On October 6, 2015, almost one year after the accident, Pad 0A was restored to use. Total repair costs were about $15 million.[54]

Following the failure, Orbital sought to purchase launch services for its Cygnus spacecraft in order to satisfy its cargo contract with NASA,[27] and on December 9, 2014, Orbital announced that at least one, and possibly two, Cygnus flights would be launched on Atlas V rockets from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.[55] As it happened, Cygnus OA-4 and Cygnus OA-6 were launched with an Atlas V and the Antares 230 performed its maiden flight with Cygnus OA-5 in October 2016. One further mission was launched aboard an Atlas in April 2017 (Cygnus OA-7), fulfilling Orbital's contractual obligations towards NASA. It was followed by the Antares 230 in regular service with Cygnus OA-8E in November 2017, with three further missions scheduled on their extended contract.

Launch statistics

Rocket configurations

  •   Antares 110
  •   Antares 120
  •   Antares 130
  •   Antares 230
  •   Antares 230+

Launch outcomes

1
2
3
2013
'14
'15
'16
'17
'18
'19
'20
'21
  •   Failure
  •   Partial failure
  •   Success
  •   Scheduled

Launch history
Flight No. Date / time (UTC) Rocket variant Launch site Payload,
Spacecraft name		 Payload mass Orbit User Launch
outcome
1 April 21, 2013
21:00		 Antares 110 MARS pad 0A
Low Earth NASA Success
Antares A-ONE, Antares test flight, using a Castor 30A second stage and no third stage.[12][56]
2 September 18, 2013
14:58		 Antares 110 MARS pad 0A Cygnus (standard) Orb-D1
G. David Low[57]		 700 kg
(1,543 lb)[58]		 Low Earth (ISS) NASA Success
Orbital Sciences COTS demonstration flight. First Antares mission with a real Cygnus capsule, first mission to rendezvous and berth with the International Space Station, second launch of Antares. The rendezvous maneuver was delayed due to a computer data link problem,[59] but the issue was resolved and berthing followed shortly thereafter.[60][61]
3 January 9, 2014
18:07		 Antares 120 MARS pad 0A Cygnus (standard) CRS Orb-1
C. Gordon Fullerton[57]		 1,260 kg
(2,780 lb)[62]		 Low Earth (ISS) NASA Success
First Commercial Resupply Service (CRS) mission for Cygnus, and first Antares launch using the Castor 30B upper stage.[36][63]
4 July 13, 2014
16:52		 Antares 120 MARS pad 0A Cygnus (standard) CRS Orb-2
Janice Voss[64]		 1,494 kg
(3,293 lb)[65]		 Low Earth (ISS) NASA Success
Spacecraft carried supplies for the ISS, including research equipment, crew provisions, hardware, and science experiments.[66]
5 October 28, 2014
22:22		 Antares 130 MARS pad 0A Cygnus (standard) CRS Orb-3
Deke Slayton[67]		 2,215 kg
(4,883 lb)[68]		 Low Earth (ISS) NASA Failure
LOX turbopump failure T+6 seconds. Rocket fell back onto the pad and exploded.[53][48][50] First Antares launch to use Castor 30XL upper stage. In addition to ISS supplies, payload included a Planetary Resources Arkyd-3 satellite[69] and a NASA JPL/UT Austin CubeSat mission named RACE.[70]
6 October 17, 2016
23:45		 Antares 230 MARS pad 0A Cygnus (enhanced) CRS OA-5
Alan G. Poindexter[71]		 2,425 kg
(5,346 lb)[72]		 Low Earth (ISS) NASA Success
First launch of Enhanced Cygnus on Orbital's new Antares 230.[32][73][74][75]
7 November 12, 2017
12:19		 Antares 230 MARS pad 0A Cygnus (enhanced) CRS OA-8E
Gene Cernan[76]		 3,338 kg
(7,359 lb)[77]		 Low Earth (ISS) NASA Success
8 May 21, 2018
08:44		 Antares 230 MARS pad 0A Cygnus (enhanced) CRS OA-9E
J.R. Thompson[78]		 3,350 kg
(7,386 lb)[79]		 Low Earth (ISS) NASA Success
Spacecraft carried ISS hardware, crew supplies, and scientific payloads, including the Cold Atom Lab and the Biomolecule Extraction and Sequencing Technology experiment.[79] The Cygnus also demonstrated boosting the station's orbital velocity for the first time, by 0.06 meter per second.[80]
9 November 17, 2018
09:01		 Antares 230 MARS pad 0A Cygnus (enhanced) CRS NG-10
John Young		 3,416 kg
(7,531 lb)		 Low Earth (ISS) NASA Success
Largest amount of satellites launched on a single rocket (108). Cygnus NG-10, CHEFsat 2, Kicksat 2, 104 Sprite Chipsats (deployed from Kicksat 2), MYSAT 1.
10 April 17, 2019
20:46		 Antares 230 MARS pad 0A Cygnus (enhanced) CRS NG-11
Roger Chaffee[81]		 3,447 kg (7,600 lbs) Low Earth (ISS) NASA Success
Launched the last mission under the Commercial Resupply Services-1 for Cygnus.[81]
11 November 2, 2019
13:59		 Antares 230+ MARS pad 0A Cygnus (enhanced) CRS NG-12
Alan Bean[82]		 3,728 kg (8,221 lbs) Low Earth (ISS) NASA Success
Cygnus NG-12 is the first mission under the NASA Commercial Resupply Services-2 contract. NG-12 is also the first to use upgraded launcher, Antares 230+.
12 February 15, 2020
20:21		 Antares 230+ MARS pad 0A Cygnus (enhanced) CRS NG-13
Robert Lawrence, Jr.		 3,377 kg (7,445 lbs) Low Earth (ISS) NASA Success
13 October 3, 2020
01:16		 Antares 230+ MARS pad 0A Cygnus (enhanced) CRS NG-14
Kalpana Chawla		 3,458 kg (7,624 lbs)[83] Low Earth (ISS) NASA Success
Spacecraft carried ISS hardware, crew supplies, and scientific payloads, including a new toilet (Universal Waste Management System, UWMS), Ammonia Electrooxidation, radishes for Plant Habitat-02, drugs for targeted cancer treatments with Onco-Selectors, and a customized 360-degree camera to capture future spacewalks.[84][83]

Note: Cygnus CRS OA-4, the first Enhanced Cygnus mission, and Cygnus OA-6 were propelled by Atlas V 401 launch vehicles while the new Antares 230 was in its final stages of development. Cygnus CRS OA-7 was also switched to an Atlas V 401 and launched on April 18, 2017.

Future launches
Date / time (UTC) Rocket variant Launch site Payload Orbit User
20 February 2021[85] Antares 230+ MARS pad 0A Cygnus (enhanced) CRS NG-15 Low Earth (ISS) NASA
July 2021[86] Antares 230+ MARS pad 0A Cygnus (enhanced) CRS NG-16 Low Earth (ISS) NASA

Launch sequence

The following table shows a typical launch sequence of Antares-100 series rockets, such as for launching a Cygnus spacecraft on a cargo resupply mission to the International Space Station.[65]

Mission timeEventAltitude
T− 03:50:00Launch management call to stations
T− 03:05:00Poll to initiate liquid oxygen loading system chilldown
T− 01:30:00Poll for readiness to initiate propellant loading
T− 00:15:00Cygnus/payload switched to internal power
T− 00:12:00Poll for final countdown and MES medium flow chilldown
T− 00:11:00Transporter-Erector-Launcher (TEL) armed for rapid retract
T− 00:05:00Antares avionics switched to internal power
T− 00:03:00Auto-sequence start (terminal count)
T− 00:02:00Pressurize propellant tanks
T− 00:00:00Main engine ignition
T+ 00:00:02.1Liftoff0
T+ 00:03:55Main engine cut-off (MECO)102 km (63 mi)
T+ 00:04:01Stage one separation108 km (67 mi)
T+ 00:05:31Fairing separation168 km (104 mi)
T+ 00:05:36Interstage separation170 km (106 mi)
T+ 00:05:40Stage two ignition171 km (106 mi)
T+ 00:07:57Stage two burnout202 km (126 mi)
T+ 00:09:57Payload separation201 km (125 mi)

See also

References
  1. Launches of Ukrainian LV
  2. Rosenberg, Zach (April 30, 2012). "Orbital Sciences development costs increase". Flight International from Flightglobal.com.
  3. "Surplus Missile Motors: Sale Price Drives Potential Effects on DOD and Commercial Launch Providers" (PDF). U.S. Government Accountability Office. August 2017: 30. GAO-17-609. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. Kyle, Ed (May 14, 2011). "Taurus 2". Space Launch Report.
  5. "Antares (100 Series)". SpaceFlight101. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
  6. "Antares 200 Series – Rockets". spaceflight101.com. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
  7. "Antares Medium-class Launch Vehicle: Fact Sheet" (PDF). Orbital Sciences Corporation. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
  8. "Antares - Fact Sheet" (PDF). Orbital ATK. 2017. FS007_06_OA_3695_021317. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
  9. "Antares Medium-Class Launch Vehicle: Brochure" (PDF). Orbital Sciences Corporation. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 9, 2014. Retrieved April 25, 2012.
  10. "Antares". Yuzhnoye Design Bureau. Archived from the original on November 25, 2017. Retrieved November 19, 2017. Alt URL
  11. Graham, William (April 21, 2013). "Antares conducts a flawless maiden launch". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  12. Perrotto, Trent J. (April 21, 2013). "NASA Partner Orbital Sciences Test Launches Antares Rocket" (Press release). NASA. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
  13. "Orbital Building New Rocket for COTS". Aviation Week & Space Technology. 168 (8): 22–23. February 25, 2008.
  14. Beneski, Barron (December 12, 2011). "Orbital Selects "Antares" as Permanent Name for New Rocket Created by the Taurus II R&D Program" (Press release). Orbital Sciences Corporation.
  15. Queally, James; Hennigan, W. J.; Raab, Lauren (October 28, 2014). "Rocket bound for space station blows up just after liftoff". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 8, 2014.
  16. Bergin, Chris (February 25, 2008). "none". Space News. p. 12.
  17. Chris Bergin (December 23, 2008). "SpaceX and Orbital win huge CRS contract from NASA". nasaspaceflight.com. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
  18. Hickey, Gordon (June 9, 2008). "Governor Kaine announces 125 new jobs for Virginia" (Press release). Commonwealth of Virginia from YesVirginia.org.
  19. Kennedy, Jack (June 13, 2008). "Taurus-2 Launch Pad to be Ready in 18-Months at Wallops Island Spaceport". Spaceports. Blogspot.com.
  20. Glass, Jon W. (February 20, 2008). "Wallops up for big role with firm's NASA contract". The Virginian-Pilot from HamptonRoads.com.
  21. Bergin, Chris (February 22, 2013). "Hot fire success for Orbital's Antares". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved February 23, 2013.
  22. Beneski, Barron (December 10, 2009). "Second Stage Rocket Motor Of Orbital's Taurus II Launcher Successfully Ground Tested" (Press release). Orbital Sciences Corporation.
  23. Clark, Stephen (March 15, 2010). "Aerojet confirms Russian engine is ready for duty". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on March 22, 2010. Retrieved March 18, 2010.
  24. "Antares User's Guide, Rev. 1.2" (PDF). Orbital Sciences Corporation. December 2009.
  25. "Antares First-stage Engines Available Long Term, Aerojet Rocketdyne Chief Says". SpaceNews.com.
  26. "SpaceflightNow". Engine turbopump eyed in Antares launch failure. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
  27. "Orbital's Cygnus – on a SpaceX Falcon 9?". spaceflightinsider.com. November 24, 2014. Retrieved November 28, 2014. Orbital has announced that it is planning to use another engine on Antares and that it will likely not use any more of the 40-year-old AJ-26 engines on the rocket's next flight – which Orbital hopes to conduct in 2016.
  28. "Orbital Sciences likely to choose Russian engine for new Antares rocket". TASS. October 31, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
  29. "Orbital Sciences signs contract for new Antares engines". Spaceflight Now. January 22, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
  30. Morring, Frank, Jr. (December 16, 2014). "Antares Upgrade Will Use RD-181s In Direct Buy From Energomash". Aviation Week. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
  31. Bergin, Chris (August 7, 2015). "Cygnus set for December Atlas V ride ahead of Antares return". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved August 12, 2015. LSP Vehicle Systems Engineering, Propulsion Engineering, Stress, Avionics and SMA (Safety and Mission Assurance) participated in the Antares Stage 1 CDR for the modifications necessary to integrate the RD-181 engine at both the 230 and 330 thrust levels.
  32. "Orbital ATK Team on Track for Fall 2015 Cygnus Mission and Antares Return to Flight in 2016". Orbital ATK. August 12, 2015. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
  33. "Antares Medium-class Space Launch Vehicle factsheet" (PDF). Orbital Sciences. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 14, 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
  34. Gebhardt, Chris (June 1, 2018). "Orbital ATK looks ahead to CRS2 Cygnus flights, Antares on the commercial market". NASASpaceFlight.com.
  35. "CASTOR 30-A Multi-use Motor". Alliant Techsystems. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  36. Bergin, Chris (February 22, 2012). "Space industry giants Orbital upbeat ahead of Antares debut". NASA Spaceflight. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
  37. Bergin, Chris (March 5, 2013). "CASTOR 30XL prepares for static fire ahead of providing Antares boost". NASA Spaceflight. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
  38. "Antares User's Guide" (PDF). 3.0. Northrop Grumman. August 2018. TM-24022.
  39. "Antares Launch Vehicle". Applied Aerospace Structures Corporation. Archived from the original on October 24, 2014. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
  40. Warner, Cheryl; Schierholz, Stephanie (January 14, 2016). "NASA Awards International Space Station Cargo Transport Contracts". NASA. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  41. Gebhardt, Chris (February 3, 2017). "Orbital ATK preps Cygnus flights; Antares enhancements on track for 2019". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  42. Bergin, Chris (March 17, 2013). "Stars align for Orbital's Antares – A-One debut set for mid-April". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  43. Clark, Stephen (April 21, 2013). "Antares test launch paves new highway to space station". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  44. Krebs, Gunter. "PhoneSat v2". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  45. Krebs, Gunter. "PhoneSat v1". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  46. Weil, Martin (April 21, 2013). "Wind postpones rocket launch at Wallops Flight Facility". The Washington Post.
  47. Amos, Jonathan (April 21, 2013). "Orbital's Antares rocket makes test flight". BBC News. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  48. "Antares explodes moments after launch". Spaceflight Now. October 28, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
  49. "ISS Commercial Resupply Services Mission (Orb-3)". Orbital Sciences Corporation. October 30, 2014. Archived from the original on October 13, 2014. no evidence of significant damage
  50. Wall, Mike (October 28, 2014). "Private Orbital Sciences Rocket Explodes During Launch, NASA Cargo Lost". Space.com. Purch. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
  51. Foust, Jeff (November 21, 2014). "Virginia May Seek Federal Funds for Wallops Spaceport Repairs". SpaceNews. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
  52. Petersen, Melody (January 3, 2015). "Before explosion, NASA knew aging Soviet engines posed risks". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 4, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
  53. National Aeronautics and Space Administration - NASA Independent Review Team Orb–3 Accident Investigation Report Executive Summary nasa.gov
  54. Clark, Stephen (October 6, 2015). "Workers complete $15 million in repairs to Antares launch pad". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
  55. Kramer, Miriam (December 9, 2014). "Private Cargo Spacecraft Gets New Rocket Ride After Accident". Space.com. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
  56. "Antares Cold Flow Testing Begins and Antares A-ONE Gets All Dressed Up". Orbital Sciences Corporation. December 2012. Archived from the original on March 6, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
  57. Pearlman, Robert Z. (December 9, 2013). "Orbital names next space station freighter for late pilot-astronaut". CollectSpace.com. Retrieved December 9, 2013.
  58. "Cygnus launch cargo". Spaceflight Now. September 14, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  59. Dunn, Marcia (September 22, 2013). "Computer mishap delays space station supply ship Cygnus". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 22, 2013.
  60. Bergin, Chris (September 28, 2013). "Orbital's Cygnus successfully berthed on the ISS". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  61. Clark, Stephen (May 6, 2013). "First flight of Cygnus cargo craft delayed to September". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
  62. "New Science, NASA Cargo Launches to Space Station Aboard Orbital-1 Mission" (Press release). NASA. January 9, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2018.
  63. "ISS Commercial Resupply Services Mission (Orb-1)". Orbital Sciences Corporation. January 12, 2014. Archived from the original on February 8, 2014.
  64. Rawcliffe, Britt (July 11, 2014). "After delays, Orbital Sciences Corporation's Antares rocket set to launch". Spaceflight Insider. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  65. "Orbital-2 Mission to the International Space Station: Media Press Kit" (PDF) (Press release). NASA. July 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2018.
  66. "ISS Commercial Resupply Services Mission (Orb-2)". Orbital Sciences Corporation. 2014. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  67. "ISS Commercial Resupply Services Mission (Orb-3): Mission Update – October 22, 2014". Orbital Sciences Corporation. October 22, 2014. Archived from the original on October 25, 2014. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
  68. "Orbital CRS-3 Mission to the International Space Station: Media Press Kit" (PDF) (Press release). NASA. October 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2018.
  69. Wilhelm, Steve (October 16, 2014). "First step toward asteroid mining: Planetary Resources set to launch test satellite". Puget Sound Business Journal. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
  70. "RACE Mission". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on October 19, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
  71. "S.S. Alan Poindexter: Orbital ATK freighter named for late shuttle astronaut". collectSPACE. June 7, 2015.
  72. "OA-5 Fact Sheet" (PDF). Orbital ATK. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 20, 2016. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
  73. "Launch Manifest". Orbital Sciences Corporation. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
  74. "Orbital Announces Go-Forward Plan for NASA's Commercial Resupply Services Program and the Company's Antares Launch Vehicle". orbital.com. Orbital Sciences Corporation. November 5, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
  75. Clark, Stephen (October 17, 2016). "Spaceflight Now — Live coverage: Antares rocket returns to flight Monday". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  76. "Cygnus "S.S. Gene Cernan" En-Route to Space Station after Sunday Morning Commute to Orbit". Spaceflight101.com. November 12, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
  77. "Overview – Orbital ATK CRS-8 Mission" (PDF) (Press release). NASA. 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2018.
  78. Clark, Stephen (May 18, 2018). "Antares rocket rolls to Virginia launch pad, liftoff delayed to Monday". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  79. "Overview: Orbital ATK CRS-9 Mission" (PDF). NASA. 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  80. Foust, Jeff (May 21, 2018). "Antares launches Cygnus cargo spacecraft to ISS". spacenews.com. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  81. "Antares, Cygnus launch on final CRS1 contract flight; debuting critical new capabilities". NASASpaceFlight.com. April 17, 2019. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  82. "Upgraded Antares ready to launch first CRS2 NASA flight of Cygnus". NASASpaceFlight.com. November 1, 2019. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
  83. Gohd, Chelsea (October 2, 2020). "Antares rocket launches new astronaut toilet and more to space station for NASA". Space.com. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
  84. "NASA Science, Cargo Heads to Space Station on Northrop Grumman Resupply Mission". nasa.gov. October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
  85. "CRS2 NG-15 (Cygnus)". RocketLaunch.live. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  86. SEOPS [@SEOPSLLC] (October 26, 2020). "NG-16 is looking pretty good :) Scheduled for July 2021, our #Slingshot Deployer will be going up on NG-16 for an ABOVE station deployment! Click the link for our deployment process: ow.ly/MaEu50C3e63" (Tweet). Retrieved January 11, 2021 – via Twitter.


This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.