Betacellulin
Betacellulin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BTC gene located on chromosome 4 at locus 4q13-q21.[5] Betacellulin, is a part of an Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) family that has been spotted in the conditioned cell lines that was taken from mice pancreatic Beta cell tumor. When a sequence of the purified protein and a cloned cDNA was extracted, it supported the claim that in fact betacellulin is a new ligand formed from the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). As the role a EGFR, betacellulin is manifested by different form of muscles and tissues, it also has a great effect of nitrogen that is used for retinal pigment epithelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. While many studies attest a role for betacellulin in the differentiation of pancreatic β-cells, the last decade witnessed the association of betacellulin with many additional biological processes, ranging from reproduction to the control of neural stem cells. Betacellulin is a member of the EGF family of growth factors. It is synthesized primarily as a transmembrane precursor, which is then processed to mature molecule by proteolytic events. This protein is a ligand for the EGF receptor.[5]
As a typical EGFR ligand, betacellulin is expressed by a variety of cell types and tissues, and the soluble growth factor is proteolytically cleaved from a larger membrane-anchored precursor. Betacellulin stimulated the proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial and vascular smooth muscle cells at a concentration of [difference]30 pM (1 ng/ml) but did not stimulate the growth of several other cell types, such as endothelial cells and fetal lung fibroblasts.[6] Betacellulin chemically bonds and activates tyrosine residues phosphorylation of the epidemic growth factor. Osteoblasts, which are responsible for forming and mineralizing osteoid, express EGF receptors and alter rates of proliferation and differentiation in response to EGF receptor activation. Transgenic mice over-expressing the EGF-like ligand betacellulin (BTC) exhibit increased cortical bone deposition; however, because the transgene is ubiquitously expressed in these mice, the identity of cells affected by BTC and responsible for increased cortical bone thickness remains unknown. We have therefore examined the influence of BTC upon mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and pre-osteoblast differentiation and proliferation. BTC decreases the expression of osteogenic markers in both MSCs and pre-osteoblasts increases in proliferation require hypoxia-inducible factor-alpha (HIF-alpha), as an HIF antagonist prevents BTC-driven proliferation. Both MSCs and pre-osteoblasts express EGF receptors ErbB1, ErbB2, and ErbB3, with no change in expression under osteogenic differentiation. These are the first data that demonstrate an influence of BTC upon MSCs and the first to implicate HIF-alpha in BTC-mediated proliferation. as you can see the role of Betacellulinis a bit flexible enough to divert its response based on part where it binds.
Structure
BTC is a polymer of about 62-111 amino acid residues. Secondary Structure: 6% helical (1 helices; 3 residues) 36% beta sheet (5 strands; 18 residues)
- BTC was originally identified as a growth-promoting factor in mouse pancreatic β-cell carcinoma cell line and has since been identified in humans. Mouse BTC (mBTC) is expressed as a 178-amino acid precursor. The membrane-bound precursor is cleaved to yield mature secreted mBTC. BTC is synthesized in a wide range of adult tissues and in many cultured cells, including smooth muscle cells and epithelial cells. The amino acid sequence of mature mBTC is 82.5%, identical with that of human BTC (hBTC), and both exhibit significant overall similarity with other members of the EGF family.
About the image
- The structure for the small protein Betacellulin that is shown was determined by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The species that BTC was taken from was Homo sapiens. This particular molecule of BTC has a formula weight of 5916.9 and its sequence was determined to be RKGHFSRCPKQYKHYCIKGRCRFVVAEQTPSCVCDEGYIGARCERVDLFY (if you would like to see an image of what parts of the sequence code for the secondary structures observed in the image, click here). Also, a Ramachandran plot can be found here.
References
- GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000174808 - Ensembl, May 2017
- GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000082361 - Ensembl, May 2017
- "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- "Entrez Gene: betacellulin".
- Reid, Michael (2007-07-23). "Faculty Opinions recommendation of Epidermal growth factor (EGF) activates nuclear factor-kappaB through IkappaBalpha kinase-independent but EGF receptor-kinase dependent tyrosine 42 phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha". Cite journal requires
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Further reading
- Kim HS, Shin HS, Kwak HJ, Cho CH, Lee CO, Koh GY (February 2003). "Betacellulin induces angiogenesis through activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase in endothelial cell". FASEB Journal. 17 (2): 318–20. doi:10.1096/fj.02-0570fje. PMID 12475887. S2CID 25722265.
- Yamamoto T, Akisue T, Marui T, Nakatani T, Kawamoto T, Hitora T, Nagira K, Fujita I, Matsumoto K, Kurosaka M (2004). "Expression of betacellulin, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor and epiregulin in human malignant fibrous histiocytoma". Anticancer Research. 24 (3b): 2007–10. PMID 15274392.
- Nakagawa T, Furuta H, Sanke T, Sakagashira S, Shimomura H, Shimajiri Y, Hanabusa T, Nishi M, Sasaki H, Nanjo K (June 2005). "Molecular scanning of the betacellulin gene for mutations in type 2 diabetic patients". Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 68 (3): 188–92. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2004.09.019. PMID 15936459.
- Silver K, Tolea M, Wang J, Pollin TI, Yao F, Mitchell BD (April 2005). "The exon 1 Cys7Gly polymorphism within the betacellulin gene is associated with type 2 diabetes in African Americans". Diabetes. 54 (4): 1179–84. doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.4.1179. PMID 15793259.
- Tanimura K, Nakago S, Murakoshi H, Takekida S, Moriyama T, Matsuo H, Hashimoto K, Maruo T (July 2004). "Changes in the expression and cytological localization of betacellulin and its receptors (ErbB-1 and ErbB-4) in the trophoblasts in human placenta over the course of pregnancy". European Journal of Endocrinology. 151 (1): 93–101. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1510093. PMID 15248827.
- Saito T, Okada S, Ohshima K, Yamada E, Sato M, Uehara Y, Shimizu H, Pessin JE, Mori M (September 2004). "Differential activation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor downstream signaling pathways by betacellulin and EGF". Endocrinology. 145 (9): 4232–43. doi:10.1210/en.2004-0401. PMID 15192046.
- Elbein SC, Wang X, Karim MA, Chu WS, Silver KD (July 2006). "Analysis of coding variants in the betacellulin gene in type 2 diabetes and insulin secretion in African American subjects". BMC Medical Genetics. 7: 62. doi:10.1186/1471-2350-7-62. PMC 1544326. PMID 16869959.
- Genetos DC, Rao RR, Vidal MA (April 2010). "Betacellulin inhibits osteogenic differentiation and stimulates proliferation through HIF-1alpha". Cell and Tissue Research. 340 (1): 81–9. doi:10.1007/s00441-010-0929-0. PMC 2847694. PMID 20165885.
- Moss ML, Bomar M, Liu Q, Sage H, Dempsey P, Lenhart PM, Gillispie PA, Stoeck A, Wildeboer D, Bartsch JW, Palmisano R, Zhou P (December 2007). "The ADAM10 prodomain is a specific inhibitor of ADAM10 proteolytic activity and inhibits cellular shedding events". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (49): 35712–21. doi:10.1074/jbc.M703231200. PMID 17895248.
- Rittié L, Kansra S, Stoll SW, Li Y, Gudjonsson JE, Shao Y, Michael LE, Fisher GJ, Johnson TM, Elder JT (June 2007). "Differential ErbB1 signaling in squamous cell versus basal cell carcinoma of the skin". The American Journal of Pathology. 170 (6): 2089–99. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2007.060537. PMC 1899432. PMID 17525275.
- Révillion F, Lhotellier V, Hornez L, Bonneterre J, Peyrat JP (January 2008). "ErbB/HER ligands in human breast cancer, and relationships with their receptors, the bio-pathological features and prognosis". Annals of Oncology. 19 (1): 73–80. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdm431. PMID 17962208.
- Silver KD, Shi X, Mitchell BD (April 2007). "Betacellulin variants and type 2 diabetes in the Old Order Amish". Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes. 115 (4): 229–31. doi:10.1055/s-2007-970575. PMID 17479438.
- Mehrle A, Rosenfelder H, Schupp I, del Val C, Arlt D, Hahne F, Bechtel S, Simpson J, Hofmann O, Hide W, Glatting KH, Huber W, Pepperkok R, Poustka A, Wiemann S (January 2006). "The LIFEdb database in 2006". Nucleic Acids Research. 34 (Database issue): D415-8. doi:10.1093/nar/gkj139. PMC 1347501. PMID 16381901.
- Stoeck A, Shang L, Dempsey PJ (July 2010). "Sequential and gamma-secretase-dependent processing of the betacellulin precursor generates a palmitoylated intracellular-domain fragment that inhibits cell growth". Journal of Cell Science. 123 (Pt 13): 2319–31. doi:10.1242/jcs.060830. PMC 2886747. PMID 20530572.
- Nagaoka T, Fukuda T, Hashizume T, Nishiyama T, Tada H, Yamada H, Salomon DS, Yamada S, Kojima I, Seno M (June 2008). "A betacellulin mutant promotes differentiation of pancreatic acinar AR42J cells into insulin-producing cells with low affinity of binding to ErbB1". Journal of Molecular Biology. 380 (1): 83–94. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2008.03.054. PMID 18508082.
- Nakano Y, Furuta H, Doi A, Matsuno S, Nakagawa T, Shimomura H, Sakagashira S, Horikawa Y, Nishi M, Sasaki H, Sanke T, Nanjo K (December 2005). "A functional variant in the human betacellulin gene promoter is associated with type 2 diabetes". Diabetes. 54 (12): 3560–6. doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.12.3560. PMID 16306376.
- Sanderson MP, Erickson SN, Gough PJ, Garton KJ, Wille PT, Raines EW, Dunbar AJ, Dempsey PJ (January 2005). "ADAM10 mediates ectodomain shedding of the betacellulin precursor activated by p-aminophenylmercuric acetate and extracellular calcium influx". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (3): 1826–37. doi:10.1074/jbc.M408804200. PMID 15507448.
- Dunbar AJ, Goddard C (August 2000). "Structure-function and biological role of betacellulin". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 32 (8): 805–15. doi:10.1016/S1357-2725(00)00028-5. PMID 10940639.
- Wiemann S, Arlt D, Huber W, Wellenreuther R, Schleeger S, Mehrle A, Bechtel S, Sauermann M, Korf U, Pepperkok R, Sültmann H, Poustka A (October 2004). "From ORFeome to biology: a functional genomics pipeline". Genome Research. 14 (10B): 2136–44. doi:10.1101/gr.2576704. PMC 528930. PMID 15489336.
- Silver KD, Magnuson VL, Tolea M, Wang J, Hagopian WA, Mitchell BD (July 2006). "Association of a polymorphism in the betacellulin gene with type 1 diabetes mellitus in two populations". Journal of Molecular Medicine. 84 (7): 616–23. doi:10.1007/s00109-006-0052-6. PMID 16683131. S2CID 31302931.
External links
- Betacellulin at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.