CYP2S1

Cytochrome P450 2S1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP2S1 gene.[5][6] The gene is located in chromosome 19q13.2 within a cluster including other CYP2 family members such as CYP2A6, CYP2A13, CYP2B6, and CYP2F1.[7]

CYP2S1
Identifiers
AliasesCYP2S1, CYPIIS1, cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily S member 1
External IDsOMIM: 611529 MGI: 1921384 HomoloGene: 75274 GeneCards: CYP2S1
Gene location (Human)
Chr.Chromosome 19 (human)[1]
Band19q13.2Start41,193,210 bp[1]
End41,207,539 bp[1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

29785

74134

Ensembl

ENSG00000167600

ENSMUSG00000040703

UniProt

Q96SQ9

Q9DBX6

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_030622

NM_028775

RefSeq (protein)

NP_085125

NP_083051

Location (UCSC)Chr 19: 41.19 – 41.21 MbChr 7: 25.8 – 25.82 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Expression

CYP2S1 is highly expressed in epithelial tissues of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary tracts, and skin and in leukocytes of the monocyte/macrophage and lymphocyte series; it is also expressed throughout Embryogenesis and, as discussed below, certain types of cancers.[7]

Function

This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum. In rodents, the homologous protein has been shown to metabolize certain carcinogens although its specific function(s) in humans has not been clearly determined.[6] In in vitro studies, the human enzyme has been found to metabolize all-trans-retinoic acid to 4-hydroxy-retinoic acid and 5, 6-epoxy-retinoic acid and therefore may play a role in processing retinoic acid in tissues where it is highly expressed such as the skin.[7] CYP2S1 is significantly overexpressed and, perhaps directly related to this, its gene is significantly hypometylated (see gene methylation in the skin of Han Chinese patients with psoriasis suggesting that it plays a role in the development of this disease.[8]

CYP2S1 has been suggested to be involved in the growth and/or spread of certain tumors of epithelial cell origin: its higher expression in breast or colorectal cancer tissues appears associated respectively with shorter survival times or poor prognoses, and it is more highly expressed in metastasis compared to primary tumor tissues of ovarian cancer.[7][9][10][11]

CYP2S1 has recently been assigned epoxygenase activity. It metabolizes 1) arachidonic acid to its various epoxides, i.e., the epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (also termed EETs); 2) docosahexaenoic acid to its various epoxides, i.e. the epoxydocosapentaenoic acids (also termed EDPs); and 3) linoleic acid to its various epoxides, i.e. vernolic acid (also termed leukotoxin) and coronaric acid (also termed isoleukotoxin).[12] It seems likely, although not yet tested, that CYP231 will also prove able to metabolize other polyunsaturated fatty acids to their epoxides; for example, the enzyme may metabolize eicosapentaenoic acid to epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (also termed EEQs). Animal model studies implicate the EET, EDP, and EEQ epoxides in regulating blood pressure, tissue blood flow, new blood vessel formation (i.e. angiogenesis, pain perception, and the growth of various cancers; limited studies suggest but have not proven that these epoxides may function similarly in humans (see epoxyeicosatrienoic acid, epoxydocosapentaenoic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, and epoxygenase pages).[13] The CYP2S1-dependent production of EETs, which stimulate the growth of various types of cancer cells, including those of the colon (see epoxyeicosatrienoic acid#cancer), could contribute to the unfavorable effects of this CYP in the sited cancers.

Vernolic and coronaric acids are potentially toxic, causing multiple organ failure and acute respiratory distress when injected into animals and suggested to be involved in causing these syndromes in humans.[13]

CYP2S1 has also been found to metabolize Prostaglandin G2 and Prostaglandin H2 to the biologically active product, 12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (i.e. 12(S)-hydroxyheptadeca-5Z,8E,10E-trienoic acid, also termed 12-HHT).[12]

References

  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000167600 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000040703 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. Rylander T, Neve EP, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Oscarson M (February 2001). "Identification and tissue distribution of the novel human cytochrome P450 2S1 (CYP2S1)". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 281 (2): 529–35. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.4390. PMID 11181079.
  6. "Entrez Gene: CYP2S1 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily S, polypeptide 1".
  7. Saarikoski ST, Rivera SP, Hankinson O, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K (September 2005). "CYP2S1: a short review". Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 207 (2 Suppl): 62–9. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2004.12.027. PMID 16054184.
  8. Zhou F, Wang W, Shen C, Li H, Zuo X, Zheng X, Yue M, Zhang C, Yu L, Chen M, Zhu C, Yin X, Tang M, Li Y, Chen G, Wang Z, Liu S, Zhou Y, Zhang F, Zhang W, Li C, Yang S, Sun L, Zhang X (2016). "Epigenome-Wide Association Analysis Identified Nine Skin DNA Methylation Loci for Psoriasis". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 136 (4): 779–87. doi:10.1016/j.jid.2015.12.029. PMID 26743604.
  9. Murray GI, Patimalla S, Stewart KN, Miller ID, Heys SD (August 2010). "Profiling the expression of cytochrome P450 in breast cancer". Histopathology. 57 (2): 202–11. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03606.x. PMID 20716162. S2CID 3481077.
  10. Kumarakulasingham M, Rooney PH, Dundas SR, Telfer C, Melvin WT, Curran S, Murray GI (May 2005). "Cytochrome p450 profile of colorectal cancer: identification of markers of prognosis". Clinical Cancer Research. 11 (10): 3758–65. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-1848. PMID 15897573.
  11. Downie D, McFadyen MC, Rooney PH, Cruickshank ME, Parkin DE, Miller ID, Telfer C, Melvin WT, Murray GI (October 2005). "Profiling cytochrome P450 expression in ovarian cancer: identification of prognostic markers". Clinical Cancer Research. 11 (20): 7369–75. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0466. PMID 16243809.
  12. Frömel T, Kohlstedt K, Popp R, Yin X, Awwad K, Barbosa-Sicard E, Thomas AC, Lieberz R, Mayr M, Fleming I (January 2013). "Cytochrome P4502S1: a novel monocyte/macrophage fatty acid epoxygenase in human atherosclerotic plaques". Basic Research in Cardiology. 108 (1): 319. doi:10.1007/s00395-012-0319-8. PMID 23224081. S2CID 9158244.
  13. Spector AA, Kim HY (April 2015). "Cytochrome P450 epoxygenase pathway of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids. 1851 (4): 356–65. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.07.020. PMC 4314516. PMID 25093613.

Further reading

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