Caribbean Community

The Caribbean Community (CARICOM or CC) is an organisation of fifteen states and dependencies throughout the Caribbean having primary objectives to promote economic integration and cooperation among its members, to ensure that the benefits of integration are equitably shared, and to coordinate foreign policy.[10] The organisation was established in 1973. Its major activities involve coordinating economic policies and development planning; devising and instituting special projects for the less-developed countries within its jurisdiction; operating as a regional single market for many of its members (Caricom Single Market); and handling regional trade disputes. The secretariat headquarters is in Georgetown, Guyana. CARICOM is an official United Nations Observer.[11]

Flag
Anthem: "Celebrating CARICOM"[1]
  Full members
  Associate members
  Observers
Seat of SecretariatGeorgetown, Guyana
Largest cities
Official languagesDutch, English, French, Spanish[2][3]
Working languageEnglish[3]
Other languages
Ethnic groups
TypePolitical and economic union
Member states
GovernmentSupranational organisation
• Chairman
Keith Rowley[6]
Irwin LaRocque
Establishment
4 July 1973
• Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas
2001
Area
• Total
458,480 km2 (177,020 sq mi)
Population
• 2019 estimate
18,482,141 (in full member states)[7]
239,251,864[7] (in all states)
• Density
40.3/km2 (104.4/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2020 estimate
• Total
$145.3 billion[8]
• Per capita
$18,289
GDP (nominal)2019 estimate
• Total
$81.987 billion
• Per capita
$12,608
HDI (2018) 0.730[9]
high
Currency

CARICOM was established by the English-speaking parts of the Caribbean, and currently includes all the independent anglophone island countries plus Belize, Guyana and Montserrat, as well as all other British Caribbean territories and Bermuda as associate members. English was its sole working language into the 1990s. The organization has become multilingual with the addition of Dutch-speaking Suriname in 1995 and the French-speaking Haiti in 2002. Furthermore, it has added Spanish as the fourth official language in 2003.[2] In July 2012, CARICOM announced that they were considering making French and Dutch official languages.[12] In 2001, the heads of government signed a revised Treaty of Chaguaramas that cleared the way to transform the idea of a common market CARICOM into a Caribbean (CARICOM) Single Market and Economy. Part of the revised treaty establishes and implements the Caribbean Court of Justice.

Membership
See also: Member states of the Caribbean Community

Currently CARICOM has 15 full members, 5 associate members and 8 observers. All of the associate members are British Overseas Territories, and it is currently not established what the role of the associate members will be. The observers are states which engage in at least one of CARICOM's technical committees. Although the group has close ties with Cuba, that nation was excluded due to lack of full democratic internal political arrangement. In 2017 the Republic of Cuba and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) bloc signed the "CARICOM-Cuba Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement"[13] to facilitate closer ties.

CARICOM members[14]
Status Name Join date Notes
Full member  Antigua and Barbuda 4 July 1974
 Bahamas 4 July 1983 Not a part of the customs union
 Barbados 1 August 1973 One of the four founding members
 Belize 1 May 1974
 Dominica 1 May 1974
 Grenada 1 May 1974
 Guyana 1 August 1973 One of the four founding members
 Haiti 2 July 2002 Provisional membership on 4 July 1998
 Jamaica 1 August 1973 One of the four founding members
 Montserrat 1 May 1974 British overseas territory
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 26 July 1974 Joined as Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
 Saint Lucia 1 May 1974
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1 May 1974
 Suriname 4 July 1995
 Trinidad and Tobago 1 August 1973 One of the four founding members
Associate  Anguilla July 1999 British overseas territory
 Bermuda 2 July 2003 British overseas territory
 British Virgin Islands July 1991 British overseas territory
 Cayman Islands 16 May 2002 British overseas territory
 Turks and Caicos Islands July 1991 British overseas territory
Observer  Aruba Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
 Colombia
 Curaçao Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
 Dominican Republic
 Mexico
 Puerto Rico Unincorporated territory of the United States
 Sint Maarten Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
 Venezuela

Organisational structure

Structures comprised by the overall Caribbean Community (CARICOM).[15]

Under Article 4 CARICOM breaks its 15 member states into two groups: Less Developed Countries (LDCs) and More Developed Countries (MDCs).[16]

The countries of CARICOM which are designated as Less Developed Countries (LDCs) are:[16]

  • Antigua and Barbuda
  • Belize
  • Commonwealth of Dominica
  • Grenada
  • Republic of Haiti
  • Montserrat
  • Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis
  • St Lucia
  • St Vincent and the Grenadines

The countries of CARICOM which are designated as More Developed Countries (MDCs) are:[16]

  • Commonwealth of the Bahamas
  • Barbados
  • Co-operative Republic of Guyana
  • Jamaica
  • Republic of Suriname
  • Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

Chairmanship

The post of Chairman (Head of CARICOM) is held in rotation by the regional Heads of State (for the republics) and Heads of Government (for the realms) of CARICOM's 15 member states. These include: Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Haiti, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Bahamas, Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago.

Heads of government

CARICOM contains a quasi-Cabinet of the individual Heads of Government. These heads are given specific specialised portfolios of responsibility for overall regional development and integration.[17]

Secretariat
  • Secretariat of the Caribbean Community, The term of office of the Secretary-General is five years, which may be renewed. (Chief Administrative Organ)
  • Secretary-General of the Caribbean Community, the CARICOM Secretary General (Chief Executive) handles foreign and community relations.
  • Deputy Secretary-General of the Caribbean Community, handles human and social Development.
  • General Counsel of the Caribbean Community, handles trade and economic integration.

The goal statement of the CARICOM Secretariat is:

To provide dynamic leadership and service, in partnership with Community institutions and Groups, toward the attainment of a viable, internationally competitive and sustainable Community, with improved quality of life for all.

Organs and bodies
Principal organs
Organ Description
CARICOM Heads of Government Consisting of the various heads of Government from each member state
Standing Committee of Ministers Ministerial responsibilities for specific areas, for example the Standing Committee of Ministers responsible for Health will consist of Ministers of Health from each member state

Community Council

The Community Council consists of ministers responsible for community affairs and any other Minister designated by the member states in their absolute discretion. It is one of the community's principal organs; the other is the Conference of the Heads of Government. It is supported by four other organs and three bodies.

Secondary organs
Secondary organ Abbreviation
Council for Finance and Planning COFAP
Council for Foreign and Community Relations COFCOR
Council for Human and Social Development COHSOD
Council for Trade and Economic Development COTED
Bodies
Body Description
Legal Affairs Committee provides legal advice
Budget Committee examines the draft budget and work programme of the Secretariat and submits recommendations to the Community Council.
Committee of the Central Bank Governors provides recommendations to the COFAP on monetary and financial matters.

Institutions

The 25 designated institutions of CARICOM are as follows:

Institutions
Institution Abbreviation
Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency CDEMA
Caribbean Meteorological Institute CMI
Caribbean Meteorological Organisation CMO
Caribbean Food Corporation CFC
Caribbean Environment Health Institute CEHI
Caribbean Agriculture Research and Development Institute CARDI
Caribbean Regional Centre for the Education and training of Animal Health and Veterinary Public Health Assistants REPAHA
Assembly of Caribbean Community Parliamentarians ACCP
Caribbean Centre for Development Administration CARICAD
Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute CFNI
Caribbean Agricultural Health and Food Safety Agency CAHFSA
CARICOM Implementation Agency for Crime and Security IMPACS
Caribbean Examinations Council CXC
CARICOM Single Market and Economy CSME
Caribbean Court of Justice CCJ
Caribbean Community Administrative Tribunal CCAT
CARICOM Competition Commission CCC
Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism CRFM
Caribbean Regional Organisation for Standards and Quality CROSQ
Caribbean Telecommunications Union CTU
Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre CCCCC
Caribbean Organisation of Tax Administrators COTA
Council of Legal Education CLE
Caribbean Aviation Safety and Securing Oversight System CASSOS
Caribbean Regional Information and Translation Institute CRITI

The Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) is based in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago and was chiefly developed to act as a settlement unit for disputes on the functioning of the Caribbean (CARICOM) Single Market and Economy (CSME) (known as "original jurisdiction"). In addition, some of the region's Commonwealth Caribbean member states of CARICOM have opted to supplement original jurisdiction with "appellate jurisdiction" which by practice replaces the Privy Council (in London, United Kingdom) with the CCJ.

The Caribbean Public Health Agency (CARPHA) is a regional public health agency headquartered in Trinidad and Tobago[18] which was established by CARICOM leaders in July 2011[19] and began operation in 2013.[18]

As of 2018, the majority of member states continue to utilize the Privy Council as their final appellate court and three member states do not use the CCJ for either its original jurisdiction or its appellate jurisdiction because they have either not signed the Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas (the Bahamas and Haiti) or are a current United Kingdom Overseas Territory (Montserrat). A handful of various public propositions have been held in several countries of CARICOM polling on public support for transitioning of appellate jurisdiction to the CCJ, and to date the majority of these measures held have failed.

Associate institutions

The seven designated associate institutions of CARICOM are as follows:

Associate institutions
Associate institution Abbreviation
Caribbean Development Bank CDB
University of Guyana UG
University of the West Indies UWI
Caribbean Law Institute / Caribbean Law Institute Centre CLI / CLIC
Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States OECS
West Indies Cricket Board WICB
CARICOM Private Sector Organisation[20] CPSO

Symbols

Standard

The flag of the Caribbean Community was chosen and approved in November 1983 at the Conference of Heads of Government Meeting in Port of Spain, Trinidad. The original design by the firm of WINART Studies in Georgetown, Guyana was substantially modified at the July 1983 Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government.[21] The flag was first flown on 4 July 1984 in Nassau, Bahamas at the fifth Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government.[22]

The flag features a blue background, but the upper part is a light blue representing sky and the lower, a darker blue representing the Caribbean Sea. The yellow circle in the centre represents the sun on which is printed in black the logo of the Caribbean Community, two interlocking Cs. The two Cs are in the form of broken links in a chain, symbolising both unity and a break with the colonial past. The narrow ring of green around the sun represents the vegetation of the region.[21]

Song

For CARICOM's 40th anniversary, a competition to compose an official song or anthem for CARICOM was launched in April 2013[23] to promote choosing a song that promoted unity and inspired CARICOM identity and pride. A regional panel of judges comprising independent experts in music was nominated by member states and the CARICOM Secretariat. Three rounds of competition condensed 63 entries to a final three, from which judges chose Celebrating CARICOM by Michele Henderson of Dominica[23] in March 2014.[24] Henderson won a US$10,000 prize.[25] Her song was produced by her husband, Roland Delsol Jr., and arranged by Earlson Matthew. It also featured Michael Ferrol on drums and choral input from the St. Alphonsus Choir. It was re-produced for CARICOM by Carl Beaver Henderson of Trinidad and Tobago.[24]

A second-place entry titled My CARICOM came from Jamaican Adiel Thomas[23] who won US$5,000,[25] and a third-place song titled One CARICOM by Carmella Lawrence of St. Kitts and Nevis,[23] won US$2,500.[25] The other songs from the top-ten finalists (in no particular order) were:

  • One Region one Caribbean from Anguilla,
  • One Caribbean Family from Jamaica,
  • CARICOM’s Light from St. Vincent & the Grenadines,
  • We Are CARICOM from Dominica,
  • Together As one from Dominica,
  • Blessed CARICOM from Jamaica,
  • Together We Rise from Jamaica.[24]

The first official performance of Celebrating CARICOM by Henderson took place on Tuesday 1 July 2014 at the opening ceremony for the Thirty-Fifth Regional Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government in Antigua and Barbuda.[23]

Celebration

CARICOM DAY

The celebration of CARICOM Day is the selected day some Caribbean Community (CARICOM) countries officially recognise the commemorative date of signing of the Treaty of Chaguaramas, the agreement that established CARICOM on July 4, 1973. The Treaty was signed in Chaguaramas, Trinidad & Tobago by then leaders of: Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago. CARICOM Day is recognised as an official public holiday in Guyana where the secretariat is based, and is observed on the first Monday of July. The government of Antigua and Barbuda has also implemented CARICOM Day as a holiday.

The day features activities that are organised by government entities such as parades, pageants, and campaigns to educate people about CARICOM.

CARICOM-Cuba Day

The Republic of Cuba commemorates with the bloc the initial date of official political relations between CARICOM and Cuba as the second week of December.[26]

History

CARICOM, originally the Caribbean Community and Common Market, was established by the Treaty of Chaguaramas[27] which took effect on 1 August 1973. The first four signatories were Barbados, Jamaica, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago.

CARICOM superseded the 1965–1972 Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA) organised to provide a continued economic linkage between the English-speaking countries of the Caribbean after the dissolution of the West Indies Federation, which lasted from 3 January 1958 to 31 May 1962.

A revised Treaty of Chaguaramas established the Caribbean Community including the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME) and was signed by the CARICOM Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community on 5 July 2001 at their Twenty-Second Meeting of the Conference in Nassau, The Bahamas.[16] The revised treaty cleared the way to transform the idea of a common market CARICOM into the Caribbean (CARICOM) Single Market and Economy.

Haiti's membership in CARICOM remained effectively suspended from 29 February 2004 through early June 2006 following the 2004 Haitian coup d'état and the removal of Jean-Bertrand Aristide from the presidency.[28][29] CARICOM announced that no democratically elected government in CARICOM should have its leader deposed. The fourteen other heads of government sought to have Aristide fly from Africa to Jamaica and share his account of events with them, which infuriated the interim Haitian prime minister, Gérard Latortue, who announced he would take steps to take Haiti out of CARICOM. CARICOM thus voted on suspending the participation of Haitian officials from the councils of CARICOM.[30] Following the presidential election of René Préval, Haitian officials were readmitted and Préval himself gave the opening address at the CARICOM Council of Ministers meeting in July.

Since 2013 the CARICOM-bloc and with the Dominican Republic have been tied to the European Union via an Economic Partnership Agreements signed in 2008 known as CARIFORUM.[31] The treaty grants all members of the European Union and CARIFORUM equal rights in terms of trade and investment. Under Article 234 of the agreement, the European Court of Justice handles dispute resolution between CARIFORUM and European Union states.[32]

Statistics
See also: Trade bloc
Population and economic statistics of full and associate members
Member Membership Land area (km2)[33] Population (2019) GDP (PPP) Millions USD (2017)[34] GDP Per Capita (PPP) USD (2017) Human Development Index (2018) [35]
 Anguilla associate 91 15,174 175.4 12,200 -
 Antigua and Barbuda full member 442.6 104,084 2,390 26,300 0.776
 Bahamas full member 10,010 385,340 9,339 25,100 0.805
 Barbados full member 430 287,010 4,919 17,500 0.813
 Belize full member 22,806 398,050 3,230 8,300 0.720
 Bermuda associate 54 63,779 5,198 85,700 -
 British Virgin Islands associate 151 32,206 500 42,300 -
 Cayman Islands associate 264 64,420 2,507 43,800 -
 Dominica full member 751 74,679 851 12,000 0.724
 Grenada full member 344 108,825 1,590 14,700 0.763
 Guyana full member 214,970 786,508 6,367 8,300 0.670
 Haiti full member 27,560 11,242,856 19,880 1,800 0.503
 Jamaica full member 10,831 2,728,864 26,200 9,200 0.726
 Montserrat full member 102 5,220 43.8 8,500 -
 Saint Kitts and Nevis full member 261 56,345 1,528 26,800 0.777
 Saint Lucia full member 606 180,454 2,384 13,500 0.745
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines full member 389 109,803 1,281 11,600 0.728
 Suriname full member 156,000 573,085 7,928 13,900 0.724
 Trinidad and Tobago full member 5,128 1,359,193 42,780 31,200 0.799
 Turks and Caicos Islands associate 948 37,910 632 29,100 -
Full members members only 432,510 18,400,316 130,711 15,247 0.730

Thousands of Caricom nationals live within other member states of the Community.

An estimated 30,000 Jamaicans legally reside in other CARICOM member states,[36] mainly in the Bahamas (5,600),[37] Antigua & Barbuda (estimated 12,000),[38] Barbados and Trinidad & Tobago).[36] Also, an estimated 150 Jamaicans live and work in Montserrat.[38] A November 21, 2013 estimated put 16,958 Jamaicans residing illegally in Trinidad & Tobago, as according to the records of the Office of the Chief Immigration Officer, their entry certificates would have since expired.[39] By October 2014, the estimated Jamaicans residing illegally in Trinidad and Tobago was 19,000 along with an estimated 7,169 Barbadians and 25,884 Guyanese residing illegally.[40] An estimated 8,000 Trinidadians and Tobagonians live in Jamaica.[41]

Exclusive Economic Zones of the member states of the CARICOM. Considering them, the total area reaches the 2 300 297 km².

Barbados hosts a large diaspora population of Guyanese, of whom (in 2005) 5,032 lived there permanently as citizens, permanent residents, immigrants (with immigrant status) and Caricom skilled nationals; 3,200 were residing in Barbados temporarily under work permits, as students, or with "reside and work" status. A further 2,000-3,000 Guyanese were estimated to be living illegally in Barbados at the time.[42] Migration between Barbados and Guyana has deep roots, going back over 150 years, with the most intense period of Barbadian migration to then-British Guiana occurring between 1863 and 1886, although as late as the 1920s and 1930s Barbadians were still leaving Barbados for British Guiana.[43]

Migration between Guyana and Suriname also goes back a number of years. An estimated 50,000 Guyanese had migrated to Suriname by 1986[44][45] In 1987 an estimated 30-40,000 Guyanese were in Suriname.[46] Many Guyanese left Suriname in the 1970s and 1980s, either voluntarily by expulsion. Over 5,000 were expelled in January 1985 alone.[47] in the instability Suriname experienced following independence, both coups and civil war.[45] In 2013 an estimated 11,530 Guyanese had emigrated to Suriname and 4,662 Surinamese to Guyana.[48]

Relationship to other supranational Caribbean organisations
A clickable Euler diagram showing the relationships between various Supranational Caribbean Organisations and agreements.

Association of Caribbean States

CARICOM was instrumental in the formation of the Association of Caribbean States (ACS) on 24 July 1994. The original idea for the Association came from a recommendation of the West Indian Commission, established in 1989 by the CARICOM heads of state and government. The Commission advocated both deepening the integration process (through the CARICOM Single Market and Economy) and widening it through a separate regional organisation encompassing all states in the Caribbean.[49]

CARICOM accepted the commission's recommendations and opened dialogue with other Caribbean states, the Central American states and the Latin American nations of Colombia, Venezuela and Mexico which border the Caribbean, for consultation on the proposals of the West Indian Commission.[49]

At an October 1993 summit, the heads of state and government of CARICOM and the presidents of the then-Group of Three (Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela) formally decided to create an association grouping all states of the Caribbean basin. A work schedule for its formation was adopted. The aim was to create the association in less than a year, an objective which was achieved with the formal creation of the ACS.[49]

Community of Latin American and Caribbean States

CARICOM was also involved in the formation of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) on 3 December 2010. The idea for CELAC originated at the Rio Group–Caribbean Community Unity Summit on 23 February 2010 in Mexico.[50][51][52][53][54]

European Union: Economic Partnership Agreements

Since 2013, the CARICOM-bloc and the Dominican Republic have been tied to the European Union via an Economic Partnership Agreements known as CARIFORUM signed in 2008.[31] The treaty grants all members of the European Union and CARIFORUM equal rights in terms of trade and investment. Within the agreement under Article 234, the European Court of Justice also carries dispute resolution mechanisms between CARIFORUM and the states of the European Union.[32]

OHADAC Project

In May 2016, Caricom's court of original jurisdiction, the CCJ, signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the ACP Legal Association based in Guadeloupe recognising and supporting the goals of implementing a harmonised business law framework in the Caribbean through ACP Legal Association's OHADAC Project.[55]

OHADAC is the acronym for the French "Organisation pour l'Harmonisation du Droit des Affaires en les Caraïbes", which translates into English as "Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Law in the Caribbean". The OHADAC Project takes inspiration from a similar organisation in Africa and aims to enhance economic integration across the entire Caribbean and facilitate increased trade and international investment through unified laws and alternative dispute resolution methods.[55]

Free Trade Agreements

See also

References
  1. https://caricom.org/about-caricom/who-we-are/our-symbols/
  2. "Spanish agreed as CARICOM second language". www.landofsixpeoples.com.
  3. "Who we are".
  4. "Our Culture".
  5. "The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
  6. "2021 must be the year of CARICOM". Jamaica Gleaner. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  7. "CARICOM - Caribbean Community 2021". countryeconomy.com.
  8. https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD
  9. List of countries by HDI
  10. Ramjeet, Oscar (2009-04-16). "CARICOM countries will speak with one voice in meetings with US and Canadian leaders". Caribbean Net News. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
  11. "Page has moved". www.un.org.
  12. "Communiqué Issued at the Conclusion of the Thirty-Third Regular Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community, 4-6 July 2012, Gros Islet, Saint Lucia" Archived 16 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine, "Heads of Government recognized that, although English was the official language of the Community, the facility to communicate in their languages could enhance the participation of Haiti and Suriname in the integration process. They therefore requested the conduct of a study to examine the possibilities and implications, including costs, of introducing French and Dutch."
  13. "CARICOM-Cuba Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement".
  14. CIA World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2017. p. 971. ISBN 9781510712898.
  15. "Wayback Machine" (PDF). web.archive.org. January 28, 2010. Cite uses generic title (help)
  16. "Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 10, 2011.
  17. "Regional Portfolios of CARICOM Heads of Government". web.archive.org. May 2, 2008.
  18. "Remarks by Ambassador Irwin LaRocque, Secretary-General of the Caribbean Community, (CARICOM) At The Launch of the Caribbean Public Health Agency (CARPHA)". CARICOM. 3 July 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  19. "CARICOM to Establish Health Agency". Caribbean Journal.
  20. "Jamaica Observer Limited". Jamaica Observer.
  21. "CARICOM: Our Symbols".
  22. "Caribbean Community and Common Market". www.crwflags.com.
  23. "History created as new CARICOM song is launched".
  24. "WORD Version of CARICOM song competition Fact Sheet". July 3, 2014.
  25. "CARICOM Song Competition: Terms of Reference" (PDF).
  26. SLCHSA STATEMENT ON CUBA – CARICOM DAY, December 8, 2015, CubaSí
  27. "Original Treaty of Chaguaramas". Archived from the original on October 11, 2007.
  28. "Aristide accuses U.S. of forcing him out". Canadian Broadcast Corporation. 2004-03-02. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
  29. "Aristide launches kidnap lawsuit". BBC News. 2004-03-31. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
  30. "Haiti suspends ties with CARICOM". Trinidadandtobagonews.com. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
  31. Caribbean moves afoot to restructure CARIFORUM, Peter Richards, Tuesday April 12th 2011
  32. "Letter: Privy Council and EPA" Archived 2014-08-21 at the Wayback Machine, October 8, 2009, Jamaica Gleaner
  33. "Land area rankings". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  34. "Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) valuation of country GDP" (2013). World Economic Outlook Database 2014. International Monetary Fund. .
  35. "Human Development Report 2019" (PDF). United Nations. United Nations. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  36. "30,000 Jamaicans residing in other CARICOM member states". Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2015-04-20.
  37. "People Groups | Joshua Project". www.joshuaproject.net.
  38. "PM Golding Calls on Jamaicans in Antigua & Barbuda to Co-Operate with Government & People There". Jamaica Information Service. July 7, 2008.
  39. "Jamaica Observer Limited". Jamaica Observer.
  40. "7 000 illegal Bajans in T&T". www.nationnews.com. October 16, 2014.
  41. "Bissessar celebrates new Trinidad &Tobago high commission". jamaica-gleaner.com. April 17, 2015.
  42. "Guyanese, British and Americans among illegal immigrants living in Barbados". cnewsnow.tripod.com.
  43. "Mudheads in Barbados: A Lived Experience". August 1, 2011.
  44. "Ethnologue Languages of Suriname".
  45. "Guyanese Creole Survey Report" (PDF).
  46. "Guyanese vital in Suriname".
  47. "Nervous neighbours: Guyana and Suriname". November 5, 2008.
  48. "Guyana Migration Profiles" (PDF).
  49. "Evolution of the Association of Caribbean States" (PDF).
  50. "Mexidata (English) March 1, 2010". Mexidata.info. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
  51. "Acuerdan crear Comunidad de Estados Latinoamericanos y Caribeños". Associated Press. February 23, 2010.
  52. "América Latina crea una OEA sin Estados Unidos". El País. February 23, 2010.
  53. "Mexico's Latin American Summit (22-23 Feb) -- Pushing Rio Group Mechanism to Take Over Calc". February 23, 2010 – via WikiLeaks PlusD.
  54. "Rio Group approves its expansion at Unity Summit".
  55. "CCJ signs MOU on harmonising business law in Caribbean". May 20, 2016.
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