Cork encoding
The Cork (also known as T1 or EC) encoding is a character encoding used for encoding glyphs in fonts.[1] It is named after the city of Cork in Ireland, where during a TeX Users Group (TUG) conference in 1990 a new encoding was introduced for LaTeX.[1] It contains 256 characters supporting most west and east-European languages with the Latin alphabet.[2]
Details
In 8-bit TeX engines the font encoding has to match the encoding of hyphenation patterns where this encoding is most commonly used.[3] In LaTeX one can switch to this encoding with \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
, while in ConTeXt MkII this is the default encoding already. In modern engines such as XeTeX and LuaTeX Unicode is fully supported and the 8-bit font encodings are obsolete.
Character set
_0 | _1 | _2 | _3 | _4 | _5 | _6 | _7 | _8 | _9 | _A | _B | _C | _D | _E | _F | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0_ 0 |
` 0060 |
´ 00B4 |
ˆ 02C6 |
˜ 02DC |
¨ 00A8 |
˝ 02DD |
˚ 02DA |
ˇ 02C7 |
˘ 02D8 |
¯ 00AF |
˙ 02D9 |
¸ 00B8 |
˛ 02DB |
‚ 201A |
‹ 2039 |
› 203A |
1_ 16 |
“ 201C |
” 201D |
„ 201E |
« 00AB |
» 00BB |
– 2013 |
— 2014 |
ZWSP 200B |
₀[lower-alpha 1] 2080 |
ı[lower-alpha 2] 0131 |
ȷ[lower-alpha 2] 0237 |
ff FB00 |
fi FB01 |
fl FB02 |
ffi FB03 |
ffl FB04 |
2_ 32 |
0020 |
! 0021 |
" 0022 |
# 0023 |
$ 0024 |
% 0025 |
& 0026 |
’ 2019 |
( 0028 |
) 0029 |
* 002A |
+ 002B |
, 002C |
- 002D |
. 002E |
/ 002F |
3_ 48 |
0 0030 |
1 0031 |
2 0032 |
3 0033 |
4 0034 |
5 0035 |
6 0036 |
7 0037 |
8 0038 |
9 0039 |
: 003A |
; 003B |
< 003C |
= 003D |
> 003E |
? 003F |
4_ 64 |
@ 0040 |
A 0041 |
B 0042 |
C 0043 |
D 0044 |
E 0045 |
F 0046 |
G 0047 |
H 0048 |
I 0049 |
J 004A |
K 004B |
L 004C |
M 004D |
N 004E |
O 004F |
5_ 80 |
P 0050 |
Q 0051 |
R 0052 |
S 0053 |
T 0054 |
U 0055 |
V 0056 |
W 0057 |
X 0058 |
Y 0059 |
Z 005A |
[ 005B |
\ 005C |
] 005D |
^ 005E |
_ 005F |
6_ 96 |
‘ 2018 |
a 0061 |
b 0062 |
c 0063 |
d 0064 |
e 0065 |
f 0066 |
g 0067 |
h 0068 |
i 0069 |
j 006A |
k 006B |
l 006C |
m 006D |
n 006E |
o 006F |
7_ 112 |
p 0070 |
q 0071 |
r 0072 |
s 0073 |
t 0074 |
u 0075 |
v 0076 |
w 0077 |
x 0078 |
y 0079 |
z 007A |
{ 007B |
| 007C |
} 007D |
~ 007E |
SHY[lower-alpha 3] 00AD |
8_ 128 |
Ă 0102 |
Ą 0104 |
Ć 0106 |
Č 010C |
Ď 010E |
Ě 011A |
Ę 0118 |
Ğ 011E |
Ĺ 0139 |
Ľ 013D |
Ł 0141 |
Ń 0143 |
Ň 0147 |
Ŋ 014A |
Ő 0150 |
Ŕ 0154 |
9_ 144 |
Ř 0158 |
Ś 015A |
Š 0160 |
Ş 015E |
Ť 0164 |
Ţ 0162 |
Ű 0170 |
Ů 016E |
Ÿ 0178 |
Ź 0179 |
Ž 017D |
Ż 017B |
IJ 0132 |
İ 0130 |
đ 0111 |
§ 00A7 |
A_ 160 |
ă 0103 |
ą 0105 |
ć 0107 |
č 010D |
ď 010F |
ě 011B |
ę 0119 |
ğ 011F |
ĺ 013A |
ľ 013E |
ł 0142 |
ń 0144 |
ň 0148 |
ŋ 014B |
ő 0151 |
ŕ 0155 |
B_ 176 |
ř 0159 |
ś 015B |
š 0161 |
ş 015F |
ť 0165 |
ţ 0163 |
ű 0171 |
ů 016F |
ÿ 00FF |
ź 017A |
ž 017E |
ż 017C |
ij 0133 |
¡ 00A1 |
¿ 00BF |
£ 00A3 |
C_ 192 |
À 00C0 |
Á 00C1 |
 00C2 |
à 00C3 |
Ä 00C4 |
Å 00C5 |
Æ 00C6 |
Ç 00C7 |
È 00C8 |
É 00C9 |
Ê 00CA |
Ë 00CB |
Ì 00CC |
Í 00CD |
Î 00CE |
Ï 00CF |
D_ 208 |
Ð/Đ[lower-alpha 4] 00D0 |
Ñ 00D1 |
Ò 00D2 |
Ó 00D3 |
Ô 00D4 |
Õ 00D5 |
Ö 00D6 |
Œ 0152 |
Ø 00D8 |
Ù 00D9 |
Ú 00DA |
Û 00DB |
Ü 00DC |
Ý 00DD |
Þ 00DE |
SS[lower-alpha 5] 1E9E |
E_ 224 |
à 00E0 |
á 00E1 |
â 00E2 |
ã 00E3 |
ä 00E4 |
å 00E5 |
æ 00E6 |
ç 00E7 |
è 00E8 |
é 00E9 |
ê 00EA |
ë 00EB |
ì 00EC |
í 00ED |
î 00EE |
ï 00EF |
F_ 240 |
ð 00F0 |
ñ 00F1 |
ò 00F2 |
ó 00F3 |
ô 00F4 |
õ 00F5 |
ö 00F6 |
œ 0153 |
ø 00F8 |
ù 00F9 |
ú 00FA |
û 00FB |
ü 00FC |
ý 00FD |
þ 00FE |
ß 00DF |
Letter Number Punctuation Symbol Other Undefined
Notes
- Hexadecimal values under the characters in the table are the Unicode character codes.
- The first 12 characters are often used as combining characters.
- 0x18 is just a "trailing zero", used to compose ‰ or ‱ (or arbitrary smaller quantities) out of percent sign (%).
- Dotless i and dotless j may be used to compose accented variants like i with macron (ī).
- 0x7F is the hyphenation character (not really a soft hyphen).
- 0xD0 is used both as Eth (Ð, U+00D0) and as D with stroke (Đ, U+0110) which might be a problem at some occasions (like copying text from PDF, hyphenation, ...)
- 0xDF contains SS (two letters S). It allows TeX to automatically convert the German lowercase ß into the uppercase form.
Supported languages
The encoding supports most European languages written in Latin alphabet. Notable exceptions are:
- Esperanto (using IL3)
- Latvian language and Lithuanian language (using L7X)
- Welsh language
Languages with slightly suboptimal support include:
- Galician language, Portuguese language and Spanish language – due to the lack of characters ª and º, which are not superscript versions of lower case “a” and “o” (superscripts are thinner) and they are often underlined
- Croatian language, Bosnian language, Serbian language – due to the shared use of the slot for Đ
- Turkish language – due to dotless i having different uppercase and lowercase combinations than in other languages
- Romanian language – due to lacking S and T with a comma below (i.e. not joined), however does have them with a cedilla (joined).
References
- Petrlik, Lukas (1996-06-19). "The Czech and Slovak Character Encoding Mess Explained". cs-encodings-faq. 1.10. Archived from the original on 2016-06-21. Retrieved 2016-06-21.
- Ferguson, Michael (1990), "Report on Multilingual Activities" (PDF), TUGboat, Volume 11 (Issue 4): 514–516
- TeX hyphenation patterns