GB 2312

GB 2312
MIME / IANA	GB_2312-80 (GB2312 for usual EUC form)
Alias(es)	iso-ir-58, chinese, csISO58GB231280
Language(s)	Simplified Chinese, English; Partial support:; Russian, Greek, Japanese
Standard	GB/T 2312-1980
Classification	ISO-2022-compatible DBCS, CJK encoding
Extensions	ISO-IR-165
Encoding formats	EUC-CN (GB2312),; HZ-GB-2312
Preceded by	Chinese telegraph code
Succeeded by	GBK, GB 18030
Other related encoding(s)	JIS X 0208, KS X 1001

GB/T 2312-1980 is a key official character set of the People's Republic of China, used for Simplified Chinese characters. GB2312 is the registered internet name for EUC-CN, which is its usual encoded form. GB refers to the Guobiao standards (国家标准), whereas the T suffix (推荐; tuījiàn; 'recommendation') denotes a non-mandatory standard.[1]

GB/T 2312-1980 was originally a mandatory national standard designated GB 2312-1980. However, following a National Standard Bulletin of the People's Republic of China in 2017, GB 2312 is no longer mandatory, and its standard code is modified to GB/T 2312-1980.[2] GB/T 2312-1980 has been superseded by GBK and GB18030, which include additional characters, but GB/T 2312 remains in widespread use as a subset of those encodings.

As of January 2021, GB2312 is the most popular declared Chinese-specific encoding on the web, with 11.5% of web pages served from China and territories declaring it,[3] or 0.3% of all web pages globally, a drop from 3.5% in January 2010.[4] However, note that all major web browsers decode documents marked as e.g. "GB2312" or "GB 2312" (while not all for "GB_2312") as if it were marked "gbk",[5] which is a superset encoding, and GB 2312 and GBK have a combined 14.8% share (or 0.4% globally).

There is an analogous character set known as GB/T 12345, closely related to GB/T 2312, but with traditional character forms replacing simplified forms, and some extra 62 supplemental characters.[6][7] GB-encoded fonts often come in pairs, one with the GB/T 2312 (simplified) character set and the other with the GB/T 12345 (traditional) character set.

Characters

While GB/T 2312 covers over 99.99% contemporary Chinese text usage,[8] historical texts and many names remain out of scope. Old GB 2312 standard includes 6,763 Chinese characters (on two levels: the first is arranged by reading, the second by radical then number of strokes), along with symbols and punctuation, Japanese kana, the Greek and Cyrillic alphabets, Zhuyin, and a double-byte set of Pinyin letters with tone marks. In later version GB/T 2312-1980, there are 7,445 letters.

Characters in GB/T 2312 are arranged in a 94x94 grid (as in ISO 2022), and the two-byte code point of each character is expressed in the kuten (or quwei) form, which specifies a row (ku or qu) and the position of the character within the row (cell, ten or wei).

The rows (numbered from 1 to 94) contain characters as follows:

01–09, comprising punctuation and other special characters; also Hiragana, Katakana, Greek, Cyrillic, Pinyin, Bopomofo
16–55, the first level of Chinese characters, arranged according to Pinyin. (3755 characters).
56–87, the second level of Chinese characters, arranged according to radical and strokes. (3008 characters).
88–89, further Chinese characters. (103 characters). Defined only for GB/T 12345, not GB/T 2312.

The rows 10–15 and 90–94 are unassigned.

For GB/T 2312-1980, it contains 682 signs and 6763 Chinese Characters.

Encodings of GB/T 2312

EUC-CN

EUC-CN is often used as the character encoding (i.e. for external storage) in programs that deal with GB/T 2312, thus maintaining compatibility with ASCII. Two bytes are used to represent every character not found in ASCII. The value of the first byte is from 0xA1–0xF7 (161–247), while the value of the second byte is from 0xA1–0xFE (161–254). Since all of these ranges are beyond ASCII, like UTF-8, it is possible to check if a byte is part of a multi-byte construct when using EUC-CN, but not if a byte is first or last.

Compared to UTF-8, GB2312 (whether native or encoded in EUC-CN) is more storage efficient: while UTF-8 uses three bytes[lower-alpha 1] per CJK ideograph, GB2312 only uses two. However, GB2312 does not cover as many ideographs as Unicode does.

To map the kuten code points to bytes, add 160 (0xA0) to the row number (ku, the 1000s and 100s place) of the code point to form the high byte, and add 160 to the column number (ten, the 10s and 1s place) of the code point to form the low byte.

For example, if you have the GB/T 2312 code point 4566 ("外",[9] which means foreign), the high byte will use the row number 45: 45+160=205=0xCD, and the low byte will come from the column, 66: 66+160=212=0xE2. So, the full encoding is 0xCDE2.[10]

HZ

HZ is another encoding of GB 2312 that is used mostly for Usenet postings.

Code charts

In the tables below, where a pair of hexadecimal numbers is given for a prefix byte or a coding byte, the smaller (with the eighth bit unset or unavailable) is used when encoded over GL (0x21-0x7E), as in ISO-2022-CN or HZ-GB-2312, and the larger (with the eighth bit set) is used in the more typical case of it being encoded over GR (0xA1-0xFE), as in EUC-CN, GBK or GB 18030. Qūwèi numbers are given in decimal.

When GB/T 2312 is encoded over GR, both bytes have the eighth bit set (i.e. are greater than 0x7F). GBK and GB 18030 also make use of two-byte codes in which only the first byte has the eighth bit set for extension purposes: such codes are outside of the GB/T 2312 plane, and are not tabulated here.

Lead byte

This chart details the overall layout of the main plane of the GB/T 2312 character set by lead byte. For lead bytes used for characters other than hanzi, links are provided to charts on this page listing the characters encoded under that lead byte. For lead bytes used for hanzi, links are provided to the appropriate section of Wiktionary's hanzi index.

GB 2312 (lead bytes)
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
2_/A_	SP[lower-alpha 2] 0020	Punct. LEAD 1-_	List LEAD 2-_	Alnum. LEAD 3-_	Hiragana LEAD 4-_	Katakana LEAD 5-_	Greek LEAD 6-_	Cyrillic LEAD 7-_	Phonet. LEAD 8-_	Box LEAD 9-_	10-_	11-_	12-_	13-_	14-_	15-_
3_/B_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 16-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 17-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 18-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 19-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 20-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 21-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 22-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 23-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 24-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 25-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 26-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 27-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 28-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 29-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 30-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 31-_
4_/C_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 32-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 33-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 34-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 35-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 36-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 37-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 38-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 39-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 40-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 41-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 42-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 43-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 44-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 45-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 46-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 47-_
5_/D_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 48-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 49-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 50-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 51-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 52-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 53-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 54-_	Hanzi L1 LEAD 55-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 56-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 57-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 58-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 59-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 60-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 61-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 62-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 63-_
6_/E_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 64-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 65-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 66-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 67-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 68-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 69-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 70-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 71-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 72-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 73-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 74-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 75-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 76-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 77-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 78-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 79-_
7_/F_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 80-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 81-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 82-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 83-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 84-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 85-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 86-_	Hanzi L2 LEAD 87-_	88-_	89-_	90-_	91-_	92-_	93-_	94-_	DEL 007F }}

Letter Number Punctuation Symbol Other Undefined

Non-Hanzi rows

The following charts list the non-hanzi characters available in GB/T 2312, in GB/T 12345, and in double-byte region 1 of GB 18030 (which roughly corresponds to the non-hanzi region of GB/T 2312). Notes are made where these differ, and where GB 6345.1 and ISO-IR-165 differ from these. Cross-references are made to articles on other CJK national character sets for comparison.

Two implementations of GB2312

EUC-CN	GBK/GB18030 subset	GB2312.TXT	Character name[11]^:3
A1A4	U+00B7 · MIDDLE DOT	U+30FB ・ KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT	间隔点; 'separator dot'
A1AA	U+2014 — EM DASH	U+2015 ― HORIZONTAL BAR	破折号; 'em dash'

Unicode mappings of the interpunct (Chinese: 间隔点; lit. 'separator dot') and em dash (Chinese: 破折号) in the subset of GBK and GB 18030 corresponding to GB/T 2312 (U+00B7 · MIDDLE DOT and U+2014 — EM DASH) differ from the those which are listed in GB2312.TXT (U+30FB ・ KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT and U+2015 ― HORIZONTAL BAR), which is a data file which was previously provided by the Unicode Consortium,[12] although it has been designated as obsolete since August 2011[13] and is no longer hosted as of September 2016.

As of 2015, Microsoft .Net Framework follows GB 18030 mappings when mapping those two characters in data labelled gb2312, whereas ICU,[14] iconv-1.14,[15] php-5.6, ActivePerl-5.20, Java 1.7 and Python 3.4[16] follow GB2312.TXT in response to the gb2312 label. Ruby 2.2 is compatible with both implementations; it internally converts the conflictive characters to the GB 18030 subset. The W3C/WHATWG technical recommendation for use with HTML5 specifies a GBK encoding to be inferred for streams labelled gb2312, which in turn uses a GB18030 decoder.[17]

Other differing mappings have been defined and used by individual vendors,[12] including one from Apple.[18]

Character set 0x21/0xA1 (row 1: punctuation and symbols)

This row contains punctuation, mathematical operators, and other symbols. The following table shows the GB 18030 mappings[19] for these GB/T 2312 characters first, followed by any other documented mappings.

GB 2312 (prefixed with 0x21/0xA1)
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
2_/A_		IDSP 3000 1-1	、 3001 1-2	。 3002 1-3	·/・ 00B7/30FB 1-4	ˉ 02C9 1-5	ˇ 02C7 1-6	¨ 00A8 1-7	〃 3003 1-8	々 3005 1-9	—/― 2014/2015 1-10	～/〜 FF5E/301C 1-11	‖/∥ 2016/2225 1-12	…/⋯ 2026/22EF 1-13	‘ 2018 1-14	’ 2019 1-15
3_/B_	“ 201C 1-16	” 201D 1-17	〔 3014 1-18	〕 3015 1-19	〈 3008 1-20	〉 3009 1-21	《 300A 1-22	》 300B 1-23	「 300C 1-24	」 300D 1-25	『 300E 1-26	』 300F 1-27	〖 3016 1-28	〗 3017 1-29	【 3010 1-30	】 3011 1-31
4_/C_	± 00B1 1-32	× 00D7 1-33	÷ 00F7 1-34	∶ 2236 1-35	∧ 2227 1-36	∨ 2228 1-37	∑ 2211 1-38	∏ 220F 1-39	∪ 222A 1-40	∩ 2229 1-41	∈ 2208 1-42	∷ 2237 1-43	√ 221A 1-44	⊥ 22A5 1-45	∥ 2225 1-46	∠ 2220 1-47
5_/D_	⌒ 2312 1-48	⊙ 2299 1-49	∫ 222B 1-50	∮ 222E 1-51	≡ 2261 1-52	≌ 224C 1-53	≈ 2248 1-54	∽ 223D 1-55	∝ 221D 1-56	≠ 2260 1-57	≮ 226E 1-58	≯ 226F 1-59	≤ 2264 1-60	≥ 2265 1-61	∞ 221E 1-62	∵ 2235 1-63
6_/E_	∴ 2234 1-64	♂ 2642 1-65	♀ 2640 1-66	° 00B0 1-67	′ 2032 1-68	″ 2033 1-69	℃ 2103 1-70	＄ FF04 1-71	¤ 00A4 1-72	￠/¢ FFE0/00A2 1-73	￡/£ FFE1/00A3 1-74	‰ 2030 1-75	§ 00A7 1-76	№ 2116 1-77	☆ 2606 1-78	★ 2605 1-79
7_/F_	○ 25CB 1-80	● 25CF 1-81	◎ 25CE 1-82	◇ 25C7 1-83	◆ 25C6 1-84	□ 25A1 1-85	■ 25A0 1-86	△ 25B3 1-87	▲ 25B2 1-88	※ 203B 1-89	→ 2192 1-90	← 2190 1-91	↑ 2191 1-92	↓ 2193 1-93	〓 3013 1-94

Letter Number Punctuation Symbol Other Undefined

Character set 0x22/0xA2 (row 2: list markers)

This row contains various types of list marker. A euro sign is also included by GB 18030.

GB 2312 (prefixed with 0x22/0xA2)
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
2_/A_		ⅰ 2170 2-1	ⅱ 2171 2-2	ⅲ 2172 2-3	ⅳ 2173 2-4	ⅴ 2174 2-5	ⅵ 2175 2-6	ⅶ 2176 2-7	ⅷ 2177 2-8	ⅸ 2178 2-9	ⅹ 2179 2-10	2-11	2-12	2-13	2-14	2-15
3_/B_	2-16	⒈ 2488 2-17	⒉ 2489 2-18	⒊ 248A 2-19	⒋ 248B 2-20	⒌ 248C 2-21	⒍ 248D 2-22	⒎ 248E 2-23	⒏ 248F 2-24	⒐ 2490 2-25	⒑ 2491 2-26	⒒ 2492 2-27	⒓ 2493 2-28	⒔ 2494 2-29	⒕ 2495 2-30	⒖ 2496 2-31
4_/C_	⒗ 2497 2-32	⒘ 2498 2-33	⒙ 2499 2-34	⒚ 249A 2-35	⒛ 249B 2-36	⑴ 2474 2-37	⑵ 2475 2-38	⑶ 2476 2-39	⑷ 2477 2-40	⑸ 2478 2-41	⑹ 2479 2-42	⑺ 247A 2-43	⑻ 247B 2-44	⑼ 247C 2-45	⑽ 247D 2-46	⑾ 247E 2-47
5_/D_	⑿ 247F 2-48	⒀ 2480 2-49	⒁ 2481 2-50	⒂ 2482 2-51	⒃ 2483 2-52	⒄ 2484 2-53	⒅ 2485 2-54	⒆ 2486 2-55	⒇ 2487 2-56	① 2460 2-57	② 2461 2-58	③ 2462 2-59	④ 2463 2-60	⑤ 2464 2-61	⑥ 2465 2-62	⑦ 2466 2-63
6_/E_	⑧ 2467 2-64	⑨ 2468 2-65	⑩ 2469 2-66	€ 20AC 2-67	2-68	㈠ 3220 2-69	㈡ 3221 2-70	㈢ 3222 2-71	㈣ 3223 2-72	㈤ 3224 2-73	㈥ 3225 2-74	㈦ 3226 2-75	㈧ 3227 2-76	㈨ 3228 2-77	㈩ 3229 2-78	2-79
7_/F_	2-80	Ⅰ 2160 2-81	Ⅱ 2161 2-82	Ⅲ 2162 2-83	Ⅳ 2163 2-84	Ⅴ 2164 2-85	Ⅵ 2165 2-86	Ⅶ 2166 2-87	Ⅷ 2167 2-88	Ⅸ 2168 2-89	Ⅹ 2169 2-90	Ⅺ 216A 2-91	Ⅻ 216B 2-92	2-93	2-94

Letter Number Punctuation Symbol Other Undefined

Character set 0x23/0xA3 (row 3: ISO 646-CN)

This row contains ISO 646-CN (GB/T 1988-80), a national counterpart to ASCII. Compare row 3 of KS X 1001, which does the same with South Korea's ISO 646 version, and row 3 of JIS X 0208 and of KPS 9566, which include only the alphanumeric subset, but in the same layout. The following chart lists ISO 646-CN.

ISO 646-CN; non-fullwidth mappings
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
2_/A_		! 0021 3-1	" 0022 3-2	# 0023 3-3	¥ 00A5 3-4	% 0025 3-5	& 0026 3-6	' 0027 3-7	( 0028 3-8	) 0029 3-9	* 002A 3-10	+ 002B 3-11	, 002C 3-12	- 002D 3-13	. 002E 3-14	/ 002F 3-15
3_/B_	0 0030 3-16	1 0031 3-17	2 0032 3-18	3 0033 3-19	4 0034 3-20	5 0035 3-21	6 0036 3-22	7 0037 3-23	8 0038 3-24	9 0039 3-25	: 003A 3-26	; 003B 3-27	< 003C 3-28	= 003D 3-29	> 003E 3-30	? 003F 3-31
4_/C_	@ 0040 3-32	A 0041 3-33	B 0042 3-34	C 0043 3-35	D 0044 3-36	E 0045 3-37	F 0046 3-38	G 0047 3-39	H 0048 3-40	I 0049 3-41	J 004A 3-42	K 004B 3-43	L 004C 3-44	M 004D 3-45	N 004E 3-46	O 004F 3-47
5_/D_	P 0050 3-48	Q 0051 3-49	R 0052 3-50	S 0053 3-51	T 0054 3-52	U 0055 3-53	V 0056 3-54	W 0057 3-55	X 0058 3-56	Y 0059 3-57	Z 005A 3-58	[ 005B 3-59	\ 005C 3-60	] 005D 3-61	^ 005E 3-62	_ 005F 3-63
6_/E_	` 0060 3-64	a 0061 3-65	b 0062 3-66	c 0063 3-67	d 0064 3-68	e 0065 3-69	f 0066 3-70	g 0067 3-71	h 0068 3-72	i 0069 3-73	j 006A 3-74	k 006B 3-75	l 006C 3-76	m 006D 3-77	n 006E 3-78	o 006F 3-79
7_/F_	p 0070 3-80	q 0071 3-81	r 0072 3-82	s 0073 3-83	t 0074 3-84	u 0075 3-85	v 0076 3-86	w 0077 3-87	x 0078 3-88	y 0079 3-89	z 007A 3-90	{ 007B 3-91	\| 007C 3-92	} 007D 3-93	‾ 203E 3-94

Letter Number Punctuation Symbol Other Undefined

When used in an encoding allowing combination with ASCII such as EUC-CN (and its superset GB 18030), these characters are usually implemented as fullwidth characters, hence mappings to the Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms block are used as shown below. GB 6345.1 also handles this row as fullwidth, and adds the halfwidth forms (as above) as row 10.[1] Apple mostly maps this row to fullwidth code points as below, but uses non-fullwidth mappings for the overline and yuan sign as above.[18]

GB 2312 (prefixed with 0x23/0xA3); fullwidth mappings
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
2_/A_		！ FF01 3-1	＂ FF02 3-2	＃ FF03 3-3	￥ FFE5 3-4	％ FF05 3-5	＆ FF06 3-6	＇ FF07 3-7	（ FF08 3-8	） FF09 3-9	＊ FF0A 3-10	＋ FF0B 3-11	， FF0C 3-12	－ FF0D 3-13	． FF0E 3-14	／ FF0F 3-15
3_/B_	０ FF10 3-16	１ FF11 3-17	２ FF12 3-18	３ FF13 3-19	４ FF14 3-20	５ FF15 3-21	６ FF16 3-22	７ FF17 3-23	８ FF18 3-24	９ FF19 3-25	： FF1A 3-26	； FF1B 3-27	＜ FF1C 3-28	＝ FF1D 3-29	＞ FF1E 3-30	？ FF1F 3-31
4_/C_	＠ FF20 3-32	Ａ FF21 3-33	Ｂ FF22 3-34	Ｃ FF23 3-35	Ｄ FF24 3-36	Ｅ FF25 3-37	Ｆ FF26 3-38	Ｇ FF27 3-39	Ｈ FF28 3-40	Ｉ FF29 3-41	Ｊ FF2A 3-42	Ｋ FF2B 3-43	Ｌ FF2C 3-44	Ｍ FF2D 3-45	Ｎ FF2E 3-46	Ｏ FF2F 3-47
5_/D_	Ｐ FF30 3-48	Ｑ FF31 3-49	Ｒ FF32 3-50	Ｓ FF33 3-51	Ｔ FF34 3-52	Ｕ FF35 3-53	Ｖ FF36 3-54	Ｗ FF37 3-55	Ｘ FF38 3-56	Ｙ FF39 3-57	Ｚ FF3A 3-58	［ FF3B 3-59	＼ FF3C 3-60	］ FF3D 3-61	＾ FF3E 3-62	＿ FF3F 3-63
6_/E_	｀ FF40 3-64	ａ FF41 3-65	ｂ FF42 3-66	ｃ FF43 3-67	ｄ FF44 3-68	ｅ FF45 3-69	ｆ FF46 3-70	ｇ/ɡ[lower-alpha 3] FF47/0261 3-71	ｈ FF48 3-72	ｉ FF49 3-73	ｊ FF4A 3-74	ｋ FF4B 3-75	ｌ FF4C 3-76	ｍ FF4D 3-77	ｎ FF4E 3-78	ｏ FF4F 3-79
7_/F_	ｐ FF50 3-80	ｑ FF51 3-81	ｒ FF52 3-82	ｓ FF53 3-83	ｔ FF54 3-84	ｕ FF55 3-85	ｖ FF56 3-86	ｗ FF57 3-87	ｘ FF58 3-88	ｙ FF59 3-89	ｚ FF5A 3-90	｛ FF5B 3-91	｜ FF5C 3-92	｝ FF5D 3-93	￣ FFE3 3-94

Letter Number Punctuation Symbol Other Undefined

Character set 0x24/0xA4 (row 4: Hiragana)

This set contains Hiragana for writing the Japanese language.

Compare with row 4 of JIS X 0208, which this row matches, and with row 10 of KS X 1001 and of KPS 9566, which use the same layout, but in a different row.

GB 2312 (prefixed with 0x24/0xA4)
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
2_/A_		ぁ 3041 4-1	あ 3042 4-2	ぃ 3043 4-3	い 3044 4-4	ぅ 3045 4-5	う 3046 4-6	ぇ 3047 4-7	え 3048 4-8	ぉ 3049 4-9	お 304A 4-10	か 304B 4-11	が 304C 4-12	き 304D 4-13	ぎ 304E 4-14	く 304F 4-15
3_/B_	ぐ 3050 4-16	け 3051 4-17	げ 3052 4-18	こ 3053 4-19	ご 3054 4-20	さ 3055 4-21	ざ 3056 4-22	し 3057 4-23	じ 3058 4-24	す 3059 4-25	ず 305A 4-26	せ 305B 4-27	ぜ 305C 4-28	そ 305D 4-29	ぞ 305E 4-30	た 305F 4-31
4_/C_	だ 3060 4-32	ち 3061 4-33	ぢ 3062 4-34	っ 3063 4-35	つ 3064 4-36	づ 3065 4-37	て 3066 4-38	で 3067 4-39	と 3068 4-40	ど 3069 4-41	な 306A 4-42	に 306B 4-43	ぬ 306C 4-44	ね 306D 4-45	の 306E 4-46	は 306F 4-47
5_/D_	ば 3070 4-48	ぱ 3071 4-49	ひ 3072 4-50	び 3073 4-51	ぴ 3074 4-52	ふ 3075 4-53	ぶ 3076 4-54	ぷ 3077 4-55	へ 3078 4-56	べ 3079 4-57	ぺ 307A 4-58	ほ 307B 4-59	ぼ 307C 4-60	ぽ 307D 4-61	ま 307E 4-62	み 307F 4-63
6_/E_	む 3080 4-64	め 3081 4-65	も 3082 4-66	ゃ 3083 4-67	や 3084 4-68	ゅ 3085 4-69	ゆ 3086 4-70	ょ 3087 4-71	よ 3088 4-72	ら 3089 4-73	り 308A 4-74	る 308B 4-75	れ 308C 4-76	ろ 308D 4-77	ゎ 308E 4-78	わ 308F 4-79
7_/F_	ゐ 3090 4-80	ゑ 3091 4-81	を 3092 4-82	ん 3093 4-83	4-84	4-85	4-86	4-87	4-88	4-89	4-90	4-91	4-92	4-93	4-94

Letter Number Punctuation Symbol Other Undefined

Character set 0x25/0xA5 (row 5: Katakana)

This set contains Katakana for writing the Japanese language. However, the Japanese long vowel mark, which is used in katakana text and included in row 1 of JIS X 0208, is not included in GB/T 2312, although it is added in GBK and GB 18030 outside of the main GB/T 2312 plane,[21] at 0xA960.[19]

Compare with row 5 of JIS X 0208, which this row matches, and with row 11 of KS X 1001 and of KPS 9566, which use the same layout, but in a different row.

GB 2312 (prefixed with 0x25/0xA5)
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
2_/A_		ァ 30A1 5-1	ア 30A2 5-2	ィ 30A3 5-3	イ 30A4 5-4	ゥ 30A5 5-5	ウ 30A6 5-6	ェ 30A7 5-7	エ 30A8 5-8	ォ 30A9 5-9	オ 30AA 5-10	カ 30AB 5-11	ガ 30AC 5-12	キ 30AD 5-13	ギ 30AE 5-14	ク 30AF 5-15
3_/B_	グ 30B0 5-16	ケ 30B1 5-17	ゲ 30B2 5-18	コ 30B3 5-19	ゴ 30B4 5-20	サ 30B5 5-21	ザ 30B6 5-22	シ 30B7 5-23	ジ 30B8 5-24	ス 30B9 5-25	ズ 30BA 5-26	セ 30BB 5-27	ゼ 30BC 5-28	ソ 30BD 5-29	ゾ 30BE 5-30	タ 30BF 5-31
4_/C_	ダ 30C0 5-32	チ 30C1 5-33	ヂ 30C2 5-34	ッ 30C3 5-35	ツ 30C4 5-36	ヅ 30C5 5-37	テ 30C6 5-38	デ 30C7 5-39	ト 30C8 5-40	ド 30C9 5-41	ナ 30CA 5-42	ニ 30CB 5-43	ヌ 30CC 5-44	ネ 30CD 5-45	ノ 30CE 5-46	ハ 30CF 5-47
5_/D_	バ 30D0 5-48	パ 30D1 5-49	ヒ 30D2 5-50	ビ 30D3 5-51	ピ 30D4 5-52	フ 30D5 5-53	ブ 30D6 5-54	プ 30D7 5-55	ヘ 30D8 5-56	ベ 30D9 5-57	ペ 30DA 5-58	ホ 30DB 5-59	ボ 30DC 5-60	ポ 30DD 5-61	マ 30DE 5-62	ミ 30DF 5-63
6_/E_	ム 30E0 5-64	メ 30E1 5-65	モ 30E2 5-66	ャ 30E3 5-67	ヤ 30E4 5-68	ュ 30E5 5-69	ユ 30E6 5-70	ョ 30E7 5-71	ヨ 30E8 5-72	ラ 30E9 5-73	リ 30EA 5-74	ル 30EB 5-75	レ 30EC 5-76	ロ 30ED 5-77	ヮ 30EE 5-78	ワ 30EF 5-79
7_/F_	ヰ 30F0 5-80	ヱ 30F1 5-81	ヲ 30F2 5-82	ン 30F3 5-83	ヴ 30F4 5-84	ヵ 30F5 5-85	ヶ 30F6 5-86	5-87	5-88	5-89	5-90	5-91	5-92	5-93	5-94

Letter Number Punctuation Symbol Other Undefined

Character set 0x26/0xA6 (row 6: Greek and vertical extensions)

This row contains basic support for the modern Greek alphabet, without diacritics or the final sigma.

The boxed characters are presentation forms of punctuation marks for vertical writing, and are not included in GB/T 2312 proper, but are included in this row by GB/T 12345,[1][6] Mac OS Simplified Chinese,[18] and GB 18030.[19] They are seen as "standard extensions to GB 2312".[18] Conversely, ISO-IR-165 includes patterned semigraphic characters in this row (mostly without exact counterparts in Unicode), colliding with the code positions used for the vertical extensions.[22]

Compare with row 6 of JIS X 0208, which this row matches when the vertical forms are not included, and with row 6 of KPS 9566, which includes the same Greek letters in the same layout, but adds Roman numerals rather than vertical forms. Contrast row 5 of KS X 1001, which offsets the Greek letters to include the Roman numerals first.

GB 2312 (prefixed with 0x26/0xA6)
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
2_/A_		Α 0391 6-1	Β 0392 6-2	Γ 0393 6-3	Δ 0394 6-4	Ε 0395 6-5	Ζ 0396 6-6	Η 0397 6-7	Θ 0398 6-8	Ι 0399 6-9	Κ 039A 6-10	Λ 039B 6-11	Μ 039C 6-12	Ν 039D 6-13	Ξ 039E 6-14	Ο 039F 6-15
3_/B_	Π 03A0 6-16	Ρ 03A1 6-17	Σ 03A3 6-18	Τ 03A4 6-19	Υ 03A5 6-20	Φ 03A6 6-21	Χ 03A7 6-22	Ψ 03A8 6-23	Ω 03A9 6-24	6-25	6-26	6-27	6-28	6-29	6-30	6-31
4_/C_	6-32	α 03B1 6-33	β 03B2 6-34	γ 03B3 6-35	δ 03B4 6-36	ε 03B5 6-37	ζ 03B6 6-38	η 03B7 6-39	θ 03B8 6-40	ι 03B9 6-41	κ 03BA 6-42	λ 03BB 6-43	μ 03BC 6-44	ν 03BD 6-45	ξ 03BE 6-46	ο 03BF 6-47
5_/D_	π 03C0 6-48	ρ 03C1 6-49	σ 03C3 6-50	τ 03C4 6-51	υ 03C5 6-52	φ 03C6 6-53	χ 03C7 6-54	ψ 03C8 6-55	ω 03C9 6-56	︐[lower-alpha 4] FE10 6-57	︒[lower-alpha 4] FE12 6-58	︑[lower-alpha 4] FE11 6-59	︓[lower-alpha 4] FE13 6-60	︔[lower-alpha 4] FE14 6-61	︕[lower-alpha 4] FE15 6-62	︖[lower-alpha 4] FE16 6-63
6_/E_	︵ FE35 6-64	︶ FE36 6-65	︹ FE39 6-66	︺ FE3A 6-67	︿ FE3F 6-68	﹀ FE40 6-69	︽ FE3D 6-70	︾ FE3E 6-71	﹁ FE41 6-72	﹂ FE42 6-73	﹃ FE43 6-74	﹄ FE44 6-75	︗[lower-alpha 4] FE17 6-76	︘[lower-alpha 4] FE18 6-77	︻ FE3B 6-78	︼ FE3C 6-79
7_/F_	︷ FE37 6-80	︸ FE38 6-81	︱ FE31 6-82	︙[lower-alpha 4] FE19 6-83	︳ FE33 6-84	︴ FE34 6-85	6-86	6-87	6-88	6-89	6-90	6-91	6-92	6-93	6-94

Letter Number Punctuation Symbol Other Undefined

Character set 0x27/0xA7 (row 7: Cyrillic)

This set includes both cases of 33 letters from the Cyrillic script, sufficient to write the modern Russian alphabet and Bulgarian alphabet, although other forms of Cyrillic require additional letters.[23]

Compare with row 7 of JIS X 0208, which this row matches, and with row 12 of KS X 1001 and row 5 of KPS 9566, which use the same layout but in a different rows.

GB 2312 (prefixed with 0x27/0xA7)
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
2_/A_		А 0410 7-1	Б 0411 7-2	В 0412 7-3	Г 0413 7-4	Д 0414 7-5	Е 0415 7-6	Ё 0401 7-7	Ж 0416 7-8	З 0417 7-9	И 0418 7-10	Й 0419 7-11	К 041A 7-12	Л 041B 7-13	М 041C 7-14	Н 041D 7-15
3_/B_	О 041E 7-16	П 041F 7-17	Р 0420 7-18	С 0421 7-19	Т 0422 7-20	У 0423 7-21	Ф 0424 7-22	Х 0425 7-23	Ц 0426 7-24	Ч 0427 7-25	Ш 0428 7-26	Щ 0429 7-27	Ъ 042A 7-28	Ы 042B 7-29	Ь 042C 7-30	Э 042D 7-31
4_/C_	Ю 042E 7-32	Я 042F 7-33	7-34	7-35	7-36	7-37	7-38	7-39	7-40	7-41	7-42	7-43	7-44	7-45	7-46	7-47
5_/D_	7-48	а 0430 7-49	б 0431 7-50	в 0432 7-51	г 0433 7-52	д 0434 7-53	е 0435 7-54	ё 0451 7-55	ж 0436 7-56	з 0437 7-57	и 0438 7-58	й 0439 7-59	к 043A 7-60	л 043B 7-61	м 043C 7-62	н 043D 7-63
6_/E_	о 043E 7-64	п 043F 7-65	р 0440 7-66	с 0441 7-67	т 0442 7-68	у 0443 7-69	ф 0444 7-70	х 0445 7-71	ц 0446 7-72	ч 0447 7-73	ш 0448 7-74	щ 0449 7-75	ъ 044A 7-76	ы 044B 7-77	ь 044C 7-78	э 044D 7-79
7_/F_	ю 044E 7-80	я 044F 7-81	7-82	7-83	7-84	7-85	7-86	7-87	7-88	7-89	7-90	7-91	7-92	7-93	7-94

Letter Number Punctuation Symbol Other Undefined

Character set 0x28/0xA8 (row 8: zhuyin and non-ASCII pinyin)

This row contains bopomofo and pinyin characters, excluding ASCII letters (which are in row 3). Boxed characters are not in the base GB 2312 set but are added by GB 6345.1,[18] and also included in GB/T 12345,[1][6] Mac OS Simplified Chinese[18] and GB 18030.[19] They are seen as "standard extensions to GB 2312".[18]

GB 6345.1 treats the pinyin in this row as fullwidth, and includes halfwidth counterparts as row 11;[1] GB 18030 does not do this.

GB 2312 (prefixed with 0x28/0xA8)
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
2_/A_		ā 0101 8-1	á 00E1 8-2	ǎ 01CE 8-3	à 00E0 8-4	ē 0113 8-5	é 00E9 8-6	ě 011B 8-7	è 00E8 8-8	ī 012B 8-9	í 00ED 8-10	ǐ 01D0 8-11	ì 00EC 8-12	ō 014D 8-13	ó 00F3 8-14	ǒ 01D2 8-15
3_/B_	ò 00F2 8-16	ū 016B 8-17	ú 00FA 8-18	ǔ 01D4 8-19	ù 00F9 8-20	ǖ 01D6 8-21	ǘ 01D8 8-22	ǚ 01DA 8-23	ǜ 01DC 8-24	ü 00FC 8-25	ê 00EA 8-26	ɑ 0251 8-27	ḿ[lower-alpha 5] 1E3F 8-28	ń 0144 8-29	ň 0148 8-30	ǹ[lower-alpha 6] 01F9 8-31
4_/C_	ɡ/ｇ[lower-alpha 7] 0261/FF47 8-32	8-33	8-34	8-35	8-36	ㄅ 3105 8-37	ㄆ 3106 8-38	ㄇ 3107 8-39	ㄈ 3108 8-40	ㄉ 3109 8-41	ㄊ 310A 8-42	ㄋ 310B 8-43	ㄌ 310C 8-44	ㄍ 310D 8-45	ㄎ 310E 8-46	ㄏ 310F 8-47
5_/D_	ㄐ 3110 8-48	ㄑ 3111 8-49	ㄒ 3112 8-50	ㄓ 3113 8-51	ㄔ 3114 8-52	ㄕ 3115 8-53	ㄖ 3116 8-54	ㄗ 3117 8-55	ㄘ 3118 8-56	ㄙ 3119 8-57	ㄚ 311A 8-58	ㄛ 311B 8-59	ㄜ 311C 8-60	ㄝ 311D 8-61	ㄞ 311E 8-62	ㄟ 311F 8-63
6_/E_	ㄠ 3120 8-64	ㄡ 3121 8-65	ㄢ 3122 8-66	ㄣ 3123 8-67	ㄤ 3124 8-68	ㄥ 3125 8-69	ㄦ 3126 8-70	ㄧ 3127 8-71	ㄨ 3128 8-72	ㄩ 3129 8-73	8-74	8-75	8-76	8-77	8-78	8-79
7_/F_	8-80	8-81	8-82	8-83	8-84	8-85	8-86	8-87	8-88	8-89	8-90	8-91	8-92	8-93	8-94

Letter Number Punctuation Symbol Other Undefined

Character set 0x29/0xA9 (row 9: box drawing)

GB 2312 (prefixed with 0x29/0xA9)
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
2_/A_		9-1	9-2	9-3	─ 2500 9-4	━ 2501 9-5	│ 2502 9-6	┃ 2503 9-7	┄ 2504 9-8	┅ 2505 9-9	┆ 2506 9-10	┇ 2507 9-11	┈ 2508 9-12	┉ 2509 9-13	┊ 250A 9-14	┋ 250B 9-15
3_/B_	┌ 250C 9-16	┍ 250D 9-17	┎ 250E 9-18	┏ 250F 9-19	┐ 2510 9-20	┑ 2511 9-21	┒ 2512 9-22	┓ 2513 9-23	└ 2514 9-24	┕ 2515 9-25	┖ 2516 9-26	┗ 2517 9-27	┘ 2518 9-28	┙ 2519 9-29	┚ 251A 9-30	┛ 251B 9-31
4_/C_	├ 251C 9-32	┝ 251D 9-33	┞ 251E 9-34	┟ 251F 9-35	┠ 2520 9-36	┡ 2521 9-37	┢ 2522 9-38	┣ 2523 9-39	┤ 2524 9-40	┥ 2525 9-41	┦ 2526 9-42	┧ 2527 9-43	┨ 2528 9-44	┩ 2529 9-45	┪ 252A 9-46	┫ 252B 9-47
5_/D_	┬ 252C 9-48	┭ 252D 9-49	┮ 252E 9-50	┯ 252F 9-51	┰ 2530 9-52	┱ 2531 9-53	┲ 2532 9-54	┳ 2533 9-55	┴ 2534 9-56	┵ 2535 9-57	┶ 2536 9-58	┷ 2537 9-59	┸ 2538 9-60	┹ 2539 9-61	┺ 253A 9-62	┻ 253B 9-63
6_/E_	┼ 253C 9-64	┽ 253D 9-65	┾ 253E 9-66	┿ 253F 9-67	╀ 2540 9-68	╁ 2541 9-69	╂ 2542 9-70	╃ 2543 9-71	╄ 2544 9-72	╅ 2545 9-73	╆ 2546 9-74	╇ 2547 9-75	╈ 2548 9-76	╉ 2549 9-77	╊ 254A 9-78	╋ 254B 9-79
7_/F_	9-80	9-81	9-82	9-83	9-84	9-85	9-86	9-87	9-88	9-89	9-90	9-91	9-92	9-93	9-94

Letter Number Punctuation Symbol Other Undefined

Hanzi rows

Inclusion of non-standard Simplified Chinese characters and Traditional Chinese characters

GB/T 2312 included 2 non-standard Simplified Chinese characters:

渖 (68–41): Simplified from “审[審]”, but the Complete List of Simplified Characters (Chinese: 简化字总表; pinyin: Jiǎnhuà Zì Zǒng Biǎo) has merged “瀋” with “沈”. Old versions of Xinhua Zidian (Chinese: 新华字典; pinyin: Xīnhuá Zìdiǎn) had included this word and noted as juice (Chinese: 汁; pinyin: zhì), new versions has cancelled this and merged “渖” with “沈”.[25]
镟 (79–64): Simplified from “钅[釒]”, but the Complete List of Simplified Characters has merged “鏇” with “旋”.

GB/T 2312 also included 3 Traditional Chinese characters:

鍾 (79–81): The original document used the character “鍾” with traditional part, but the Complete List of Simplified Characters has merged “鍾” with “鐘” and simplified to “钟”, later templates changed the word to “锺”.[note 1]
後 (65–65): The character as been merged with “后” (26-83) in the Complete List of Simplified Characters, and did not have any notes about unclear usage, but GB/T 2312 had included this character.[26]
麴 (84–80): The original document used the character “麴” with traditional part, but the Complete List of Simplified Characters has stated that “麥” should be simplified to “麦”; the corresponding Simplified Chinese character “麹” was submitted to Unicode by Japan as Shinjitai “麹”. Complete List of Simplified Characters included “麹” on 2013:7748.

Corrections

GB 5007.1-85 24x24 Bitmap Font Set of Chinese Characters for Information Exchange (Chinese: 信息交换用汉字 24x24 点阵字模集) which is a font template based on GB/T 2312 has included a few corrections including:

changing the glyph shape of Latin alphabet "g"
adding 6 Hanyu Pinyin characters: ɑ, ḿ, ń, ň, ǹ, ɡ[note 2]
changed “鍾” to “锺”, changed “麴” to “麹”
included 94 half-width glyphs in row 10 (half-width form of row 3, equivalent to GB 1988–80
included half-width form of 32 Hanyu Pinyin characters from row 8 in row 11.

GB/T 2312 did not have corrections, but these corrections are included in font templates that are based on GB/T 2312 including GB/T 12345; its supersets GBK and GB 18030 also included these corrections. GB/T 2312 is also used in ISO-IR-165.

References

Lunde, Ken (2009). CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. pp. 94–111. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1.
"2017年第7号中国国家标准公告 (China National Standard Bulletin 2017 No.7)". Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
"Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use China and territories". w3techs.com. Retrieved 2021-01-02.
"Historical trends in the usage of character encodings, June 2020". w3techs.com. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
"Encoding: Summarized test results". www.w3.org. Retrieved 2019-11-15.
Lunde, Ken (1998). Appendix F: GB/T 12345 (PDF). CJKV Information Processing. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 9781565922242.
GB12345-80 to Unicode table. Unicode Consortium. 1993-12-06. Archived from the original on 2004-06-17.
Hannas, William C. (1997). Asia's Orthographic Dilemma. University of Hawai‘i Press. p. 264. the set provides for better than 99.99 percent of all usage. Nevertheless, the designers found it necessary to add 14,276 "special usage" characters to cover contingencies!
https://archive.org/details/GB2312-1980/page/n17
https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230643/http://cs.nyu.edu/~yusuke/tools/unicode_to_gb2312_or_gbk_table.html
"GB 2312-1980: Information technology—Chinese ideogram coded character set for information interchange (basic set)". Retrieved 2 October 2016.
Haible, Bruno. "GB2312 (Conversion Tables)". Retrieved 29 September 2016.
"Readme – MAPPINGS/OBSOLETE/EASTASIA". 9 August 2001. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
"java-EUC_CN-1.3_P.ucm". Retrieved 29 September 2016.
"libiconv:lib/gb2312.h". GNU Savannah. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
"Issue 24036". Python Bug Tracker.
"Encoding § Names and labels". W3C. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
"Map (external version) from Mac OS Chinese Simplified encoding to Unicode 3.0 and later". Apple, Inc.
Standardization Administration of China (SAC) (2005-11-18). GB 18030-2005: Information Technology—Chinese coded character set.
Viswanadha, Raghuram (2000-08-30). "Unicode to ISO-IR-165 table". International Components for Unicode. IBM.
Lunde, Ken (2009). "Seemingly Missing Characters". CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1.
CCITT (1992-07-13). Codes of the Chinese graphic character set for communication (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-165.
Czyborra, Roman (1998-11-30) [1998-05-25]. "The Cyrillic Charset Soup". Archived from the original on 2016-12-03. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
"Unicode Character Encoding Stability Policies". Unicode Consortium. 2017-06-23.
"「瀋」的類推簡化「渖」用於甚麼場合？ - 知乎". www.zhihu.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 22 December 2020.
"GB2312 字符集为何有「後」字？ - 知乎". www.zhihu.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 22 December 2020.

Notes

Only for ideographs covered by GB/T 2312, all of which fall into Unicode BMP
As an ISO 2022 compatible 94ⁿ-character set, the plain space and delete character are available as single-byte codes at 0x20 and 0x7F (not 0xA0 and 0xFF) respectively.
Used for U+FF47 by GB 6345.1 and GB 18030 (which use 8-32 for U+0261),[19] but for U+0261 by ISO-IR-165.[20] The original GB 2312-80 reference glyph resembled U+0261, but this was amended by GB 6345.1.[1]
These characters are from the Vertical Forms block. Some mappings in use were designed when the only vertical presentation forms which existed in Unicode were those in the CJK Compatibility Forms block. Specifically, they are mapped by GB 18030 to the Private Use Area, but with a defined glyph,[19] and by Apple to the regular fullwidth character with an appended private use character U+F87E as a variation marker.[18]
Mapped to the Private Use Area U+E7C7 by the first (2000) edition of GB 18030; this was amended by the 2005 edition.[19]
This composed character was added in Unicode 3.0. Prior to this, this character was mapped to its composition sequence (i.e. U+006E+0300) by Apple.[18] This change predates the stabilisation of Unicode normalisation forms, which was introduced in Unicode 3.1.[24]
Used for U+0261 in GB 6345.1[18] and GB 18030[19] (which use 3-71 for U+FF47), but for U+FF47 in ISO-IR-165.[20][22]

List of character forms of Common Chinese characters for Publishing (Chinese: 印刷通用汉字字形表; pinyin: Yìnshuà Tōngyòng Hànzì Zìxíngbiǎo) in 1964 noted that 锺 can be used in names and citing Classical Chinese texts, Table of General Standard Chinese Characters (Chinese: 通用規範漢字表; pinyin: Tōngyòng Guīfàn Hànzì Biǎo) in 2013 has accepted 锺 (2013:7679) to be used in names.
ɑ (U+0251)
ḿ (U+1E3F；Submitted in Unicode 3.0, thus CP936 did not include this character )
ń (U+0144)
ň（U+0148）
ǹ (U+01F9；Submitted in Unicode 3.0, thus CP936 did not include this character )
ɡ (U+0261)

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[lunde2009-1] Lunde, Ken (2009). CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. pp. 94–111. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1.

[SAC2017-7-2] "2017年第7号中国国家标准公告 (China National Standard Bulletin 2017 No.7)". Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 3 July 2018.

[3] "Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use China and territories". w3techs.com. Retrieved 2021-01-02.

[4] "Historical trends in the usage of character encodings, June 2020". w3techs.com. Retrieved 2020-06-01.

[5] "Encoding: Summarized test results". www.w3.org. Retrieved 2019-11-15.

[cjkv-12345-6] Lunde, Ken (1998). Appendix F: GB/T 12345 (PDF). CJKV Information Processing. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 9781565922242.

[7] GB12345-80 to Unicode table. Unicode Consortium. 1993-12-06. Archived from the original on 2004-06-17.

[8] Hannas, William C. (1997). Asia's Orthographic Dilemma. University of Hawai‘i Press. p. 264. the set provides for better than 99.99 percent of all usage. Nevertheless, the designers found it necessary to add 14,276 "special usage" characters to cover contingencies!

[10] ttps://archive.org/details/GB2312-1980/page/n17

[11] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20160303230643/http://cs.nyu.edu/~yusuke/tools/unicode_to_gb2312_or_gbk_table.html

[gb2312-80-13] "GB 2312-1980: Information technology—Chinese ideogram coded character set for information interchange (basic set)". Retrieved 2 October 2016.

[many-mappings-14] Haible, Bruno. "GB2312 (Conversion Tables)". Retrieved 29 September 2016.

[15] "Readme – MAPPINGS/OBSOLETE/EASTASIA". 9 August 2001. Retrieved 29 September 2016.

[16] "java-EUC_CN-1.3_P.ucm". Retrieved 29 September 2016.

[17] "libiconv:lib/gb2312.h". GNU Savannah. Retrieved 29 September 2016.

[18] "Issue 24036". Python Bug Tracker.

[19] "Encoding § Names and labels". W3C. Retrieved 29 September 2016.

[macsimpchinese-20] "Map (external version) from Mac OS Chinese Simplified encoding to Unicode 3.0 and later". Apple, Inc.

[gb18030-21] Standardization Administration of China (SAC) (2005-11-18). GB 18030-2005: Information Technology—Chinese coded character set.

[ir165map-22] Viswanadha, Raghuram (2000-08-30). "Unicode to ISO-IR-165 table". International Components for Unicode. IBM.

[lunde2009chouon-24] Lunde, Ken (2009). "Seemingly Missing Characters". CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1.

[iso-ir-165-25] CCITT (1992-07-13). Codes of the Chinese graphic character set for communication (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-165.

[Czyborra_1998_Cyrillic-27] Czyborra, Roman (1998-11-30) [1998-05-25]. "The Cyrillic Charset Soup". Archived from the original on 2016-12-03. Retrieved 2016-12-03.

[29] "Unicode Character Encoding Stability Policies". Unicode Consortium. 2017-06-23.

[32] "「瀋」的類推簡化「渖」用於甚麼場合？ - 知乎". www.zhihu.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 22 December 2020.

[34] "GB2312 字符集为何有「後」字？ - 知乎". www.zhihu.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 22 December 2020.

[9] Only for ideographs covered by GB/T 2312, all of which fall into Unicode BMP

[iso2022fixed-12] As an ISO 2022 compatible 94ⁿ-character set, the plain space and delete character are available as single-byte codes at 0x20 and 0x7F (not 0xA0 and 0xFF) respectively.

[23] Used for U+FF47 by GB 6345.1 and GB 18030 (which use 8-32 for U+0261),[19] but for U+0261 by ISO-IR-165.[20] The original GB 2312-80 reference glyph resembled U+0261, but this was amended by GB 6345.1.[1]

[vertforms-26] These characters are from the Vertical Forms block. Some mappings in use were designed when the only vertical presentation forms which existed in Unicode were those in the CJK Compatibility Forms block. Specifically, they are mapped by GB 18030 to the Private Use Area, but with a defined glyph,[19] and by Apple to the regular fullwidth character with an appended private use character U+F87E as a variation marker.[18]

[28] Mapped to the Private Use Area U+E7C7 by the first (2000) edition of GB 18030; this was amended by the 2005 edition.[19]

[30] This composed character was added in Unicode 3.0. Prior to this, this character was mapped to its composition sequence (i.e. U+006E+0300) by Apple.[18] This change predates the stabilisation of Unicode normalisation forms, which was introduced in Unicode 3.1.[24]

[31] Used for U+0261 in GB 6345.1[18] and GB 18030[19] (which use 3-71 for U+FF47), but for U+FF47 in ISO-IR-165.[20][22]

[33] List of character forms of Common Chinese characters for Publishing (Chinese: 印刷通用汉字字形表; pinyin: Yìnshuà Tōngyòng Hànzì Zìxíngbiǎo) in 1964 noted that 锺 can be used in names and citing Classical Chinese texts, Table of General Standard Chinese Characters (Chinese: 通用規範漢字表; pinyin: Tōngyòng Guīfàn Hànzì Biǎo) in 2013 has accepted 锺 (2013:7679) to be used in names.

[35] ɑ (U+0251)
ḿ (U+1E3F；Submitted in Unicode 3.0, thus CP936 did not include this character )
ń (U+0144)
ň（U+0148）
ǹ (U+01F9；Submitted in Unicode 3.0, thus CP936 did not include this character )
ɡ (U+0261)

Character encodings
Early telecommunications	Telegraph code Needle Morse Non-Latin Wabun/Kana Chinese Cyrillic Korean Baudot and Murray FIELDATA ASCII ISO/IEC 646 BCDIC 353 355 357 358 359 360 EBCDIC Teletex and Videotex/Teletext ISO/IEC 6937 / ITU T.51 ITU T.61 ITU T.101 World System Teletext background sets
ISO/IEC 8859	Approved -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -13 -14 -15 -16 Abandoned -12 Adaptations ISO-IR-182 ISO-IR-200 ISO-IR-201 Proposed but not approved ISO-IR-111 ISO-IR-197 French/Dutch/Turkish draft
Bibliographic use	MARC-8 ANSEL CCCII/EACC ISO 5426 / 5426-2 / 5427 / 5428 / 6438 / 6861 / 6862 / 10585 / 10586 / 10754 / 11822
National standards	ArmSCII BraSCII CNS 11643 ELOT 927 GOST 10859 GB 2312 GB 12052 GB 18030 HKSCS I.S. 434 ISCII JIS X 0201 JIS X 0208 JIS X 0212 JIS X 0213 KOI-7 KPS 9566 KS X 1001 KS X 1002 LST 1284 LST 1564 LST 1590-1 LST 1590-2 LST 1590-3 LST 1590-4 PASCII RUSCII SI 960 TIS-620 TSCII VISCII VSCII YUSCII
ISO/IEC 2022	7-bit CN CN-EXT JP JP-EXT JP-1 JP-2 JP-3 KR ISO/IEC 4873 ISO/IEC 8859 ISO/IEC 10367 Extended Unix Code / EUC CN KR JP TW
Mac OS code pages ("scripts")	Armenian Arabic Barents Cyrillic Celtic CentEuro ChineseSimp / EUC-CN ChineseTrad / Big5 Croatian Cyrillic Devanagari / ISCII Dingbats Farsi (Persian) Gaelic Georgian Greek Gujarati / ISCII Gurmukhi / ISCII Hebrew Iceland Inuit Japanese / Shift JIS Keyboard Korean / EUC-KR Latin (Kermit) Maltese/Esperanto Ogham / I.S. 434 Roman Romanian Sámi Symbol Thai / TIS-620 Turkish Turkic Cyrillic Ukrainian VT100
DOS code pages	100 111 112 113 151 152 161 162 163 164 165 166 210 220 301 437 449 489 620 667 668 707 708 709 710 711 714 715 720 721 737 768 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 790 850 851 852 853 854 855/872 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866/808 867 868 869 874/1161/1162 876 877 878 881 882 883 884 885 891 895 896 897 898 899 900 903 904 906 907 909 910 911 926 927 928 929 932 934 936 938 941 942 943 944 946 947 948 949 950/1370 951 966 991 1034 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1046 1086 1088 1092 1093 1098 1108 1109 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1125/848 1126 1127 1131/849 1139 1167 1168 1300 1351 1361 1362 1363 1372 1373 1374 1375 1380 1381 1385 1386 1391 1392 1393 1394 3012 3021 3843 3844 3845 3846 3847 3848 30000 30001 30002 30003 30004 30005 30006 30007 30008 30009 30010 30011 30012 30013 30014 30015 30016 30017 30018 30019 30020 30021 30022 30023 30024 30025 30026 30027 30028 30029 30030 30031 30032 30033 30034 30039 30040 58152 58210 58335 59234 59829 60258 60853 61282 62306 CS Indic CSX Indic CSX+ Indic CWI-2 Iran System Kamenický KOI8 Mazovia MIK
IBM AIX code pages	367 371 806 813 819 895 896 912 913 914 915 916 919 920 921/901 922/902 923 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 963 964 965 970 971 1004 1006 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1029 1036 1089 1111 1124 1129/1163 1133 1350 1382 1383
IBM code pages for other vendors' encodings	Apple Macintosh 1275 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 Adobe 1038 1276 1277 DEC 1020 1021 1023 1090 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1287 1288 HP 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058
Windows code pages	CER-GS 874/1162 (TIS-620) 932/943 (Shift JIS) 936/1386 (GBK) 950/1370 (Big5) 949/1363 (EUC-KR) 1169 1174 Extended Latin-8 1200 (UTF-16LE) 1201 (UTF-16BE) 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1261 1270 54936 (GB18030) Armenian Cyrillic + Finnish Cyrillic + French Cyrillic + German Polytonic Greek 65001 (UTF-8)
Microsoft code pages for other vendors' encodings	Apple Macintosh 10000 10001 10002 10003 10004 10005 10006 10007 10008 10010 10017 10021 10029 10079 10081 10082
EBCDIC code pages	37 390 391 392 393 394 395 435 829 834 835 837 839 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 931 933/1364 935/1388 937/1371 939/1399 1001 1003 1005 1007 1024 1027 1028 1030 1031 1032 1033 1037 1068 1071 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1080 1082 1083 1085 1087 1091 1136 1150 1151 1152 1278 1279 1303 1364 1376 1377
DEC terminals (VTx)	Multinational (MCS) National Replacement (NRCS) French Canadian Swiss Spanish United Kingdom Dutch Finnish French Norwegian and Danish Swedish Norwegian and Danish (alternative) 8-bit Greek 8-bit Turkish 7-bit Hebrew 8-bit Hebrew Special Graphics Technical (TCS)
Platform specific	Acorn Adobe Standard Adobe Latin 1 Amstrad CPC Apple I Apple II Apple III ATASCII Atari ST BICS Casio calculators CDC Compucolor II CP/M+ DEC RADIX 50 DEC MCS/NRCS DG International ELWRO-Junior FIELDATA GEM GEOS GSM 03.38 HP Roman Extension HP Roman-8 HP Roman-9 HP FOCAL HP RPL IBM SQUOZE LICS LMBCS Mattel Aquarius Minitel MSX NEC APC NeXT OricSCII PCW PETSCII Sega SC-3000 Sharp calculators Sharp MZ Sinclair QL Teletext TI calculators TRS-80 Ventura International Ventura Symbol WISCII XCCS ZX80 ZX81 ZX Spectrum
Unicode / ISO/IEC 10646	UTF-1 UTF-7 UTF-8 UTF-16 (UTF-16LE/UTF-16BE) / UCS-2 UTF-32 (UTF-32LE/UTF-32BE) / UCS-4 UTF-EBCDIC GB 18030 BOCU-1 CESU-8 SCSU
TeX typesetting system	Cork IL1 IL2 IL3 L7X LGR LY1 OML OMS OMX OT1 OT2 OT3 OT4 PL0 QX T2A T2B T2C T2D T3 T4 T5 TS1 TS3 U X2
Miscellaneous code pages	ABICOMP APL 293 310 (Graphic Escape) 351 (GDDM) 907 (OEM) ISO-IR-68 ARIB STD-B24 HZ IEC-P27-1 INIS 7-bit 8-bit Cyrillic ISO-IR-169 ISO 2033 Johab Mojikyō SEASCII Stanford/ITS TACE16 TRON UTF-5 UTF-6 WTF-8
Control and nonprinting character sets	Morse prosigns C0 and C1 control codes ISO/IEC 6429 / ANSI X3.64 / ECMA-48 / JIS X 0211 ISO 6630 DIN 31626 JIS X 0207 ITU T.101 C0 C1 EBCDIC control codes Unicode control, format and separator characters Whitespace characters
Related topics	Code page Windows code page CCSID Character encodings in HTML Charset detection Han unification Hardware Mojibake
Character sets

GB 2312

Characters

Encodings of GB/T 2312

EUC-CN

HZ

Code charts

Lead byte

Non-Hanzi rows

Two implementations of GB2312

Character set 0x21/0xA1 (row 1: punctuation and symbols)

Character set 0x22/0xA2 (row 2: list markers)

Character set 0x23/0xA3 (row 3: ISO 646-CN)

Character set 0x24/0xA4 (row 4: Hiragana)

Character set 0x25/0xA5 (row 5: Katakana)

Character set 0x26/0xA6 (row 6: Greek and vertical extensions)

Character set 0x27/0xA7 (row 7: Cyrillic)

Character set 0x28/0xA8 (row 8: zhuyin and non-ASCII pinyin)

Character set 0x29/0xA9 (row 9: box drawing)

Hanzi rows

Inclusion of non-standard Simplified Chinese characters and Traditional Chinese characters

Corrections

See also

References

Notes

Further reading

External links