Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China

Since its founding in 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has had a diplomatic tug-of-war with its rival in Taiwan, the Republic of China (ROC). Throughout the Cold War, both governments claimed to be the sole legitimate government of all China and allowed countries to recognize either one or the other. Until the 1970s, most Western countries recognized the ROC while the communist bloc and third world countries generally recognized the PRC. This gradually shifted and today only 14 UN member states recognize the ROC while the PRC is recognized by the United Nations, 179 UN member states and 1 UN observer around the world. Both the ROC and the PRC maintain the requirement of recognizing its view of the One-China policy to establish or maintain diplomatic relations.

Countries of the world indicating decade diplomatic relations commenced with the PRC: 1949/1950s   (dark red), 1960s   (red), 1970s   (orange), 1980s   (beige), 1990s/2000s   (yellow), and 2010s   (green). Countries not recognised by or not recognising the PRC are in grey  . The PRC itself is in black  .
    Main article: Foreign relations of China

    Recognition of the PRC before it was seated at the UN

    1949

    The PRC was established on 1 October 1949, when the Chinese Civil War was still underway, and the seat of Government of the Republic of China was not relocated to Taipei until December 1949. All the countries that recognized the new PRC government in 1949 were communist states.

    Country Date
     Union of Soviet Socialist Republics[1] 2 October 1949
     Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic[2] 2 October 1949
     Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic[3] 2 October 1949
     People's Republic of Bulgaria 4 October 1949
     Romanian People's Republic 5 October 1949
     Hungarian People's Republic 6 October 1949
    Democratic People's Republic of Korea 6 October 1949
     Czechoslovak Republic[4] 4 October 1949
     Republic of Poland 7 October 1949
     Mongolian People's Republic 16 October 1949
     German Democratic Republic[5] 27 October 1949
     People's Republic of Albania 23 November 1949

    1950s
    Country Date
    Pakistan (now Islamic Republic of Pakistan) 1 January 1950
    India (now Republic of India) 4 January 1950
    United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (request refused by the PRC)[6] 6 January 1950[7]
    Swiss Confederation (first western country to establish diplomatic relations) 17 January 1950[8][9]
    Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) (now Socialist Republic of Vietnam) 18 January 1950
    Republic of Indonesia 13 April 1950
    Kingdom of Sweden 9 May 1950
    Kingdom of Denmark 11 May 1950
    Union of Burma (now Republic of the Union of Myanmar) 8 June 1950
    Principality of Liechtenstein 14 September 1950
    Republic of Finland 28 October 1950
    Kingdom of Norway 5 October 1954
    Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia[10] 2 January 1955
    Kingdom of Afghanistan (now Islamic Republic of Afghanistan) 20 January 1955
    Kingdom of Nepal (now Nepal) 1 August 1955
    Republic of Egypt[11] (now Arab Republic of Egypt) 30 May 1956
    Syrian Republic (now Syrian Arab Republic) 1 August 1956
    Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen[12] (North Yemen) 24 September 1956
    Ceylon (now the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka) 7 February 1957
    Kingdom of Cambodia 19 July 1958
    Iraqi Republic (now Republic of Iraq) 25 August 1958
    Kingdom of Morocco[11] 1 November 1958
    Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (now People's Democratic Republic of Algeria)[11] 20 December 1958
    Republic of the Sudan[11] 4 February 1959
    Republic of Guinea[11] 4 October 1959

    1960s
    Country Date
    Republic of Ghana[11] 5 July 1960
    Republic of Cuba 28 September 1960
    Republic of Mali[11] 25 October 1960
    Somali Republic[11] (now Federal Republic of Somalia) 14 December 1960
    Republic of the Congo (Stanleyville)[13] (now Democratic Republic of the Congo) 20 February 1961
    Kingdom of Laos (now Lao People's Democratic Republic) 25 April 1961
    Republic of Tanganyika[11][14] 9 December 1961
    Republic of Uganda[11] 18 October 1962
    Sultanate of Zanzibar[11][15] 11 December 1963
    Republic of Kenya[11] 14 December 1963
    Kingdom of Burundi (now Republic of Burundi)[16] 21 December 1963
    Tunisian Republic[11] 10 January 1964
    French Republic 27 January 1964
    Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville)[11] 22 February 1964
    Central African Republic[17] 29 September 1964
    Republic of Zambia[11] 29 October 1964
    Republic of Dahomey (now Republic of Benin)[18] 12 November 1964
    Islamic Republic of Mauritania[11] 19 July 1965
    People's Republic of South Yemen (later People's Democratic Republic of Yemen)[12] (South Yemen) 31 January 1968
    Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam[19] 14 June 1969

    1970s
    Country Date
    Canada 13 October 1970
    Republic of Equatorial Guinea[11] 15 October 1970
    Italian Republic 6 November 1970
    Ethiopian Empire (now Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia)[11] 24 November 1970
    Republic of Chile 15 December 1970
    Federal Republic of Nigeria[11] 10 February 1971
    State of Kuwait 22 March 1971
    Republic of Cameroon[11] 26 March 1971
    Republic of San Marino[20] 6 May 1971
    Republic of Austria 28 May 1971
    Republic of Sierra Leone[11] 29 July 1971
    Republic of Turkey 4 August 1971
    Imperial State of Iran (now Islamic Republic of Iran) 16 August 1971

    Recognition of the PRC after it was seated at the UN

    The Republic of China, which had occupied China's seat at the United Nations since 1945, was effectively expelled on 25 October 1971. Its seat was taken over by the People's Republic of China from 15 November 1971, and the migration of relations to the PRC soon followed among members of the Western Bloc, except for the United Kingdom, France, Canada, Italy and the Scandinavian Countries which had previously established diplomatic relations.

    1970s
    Country Date
    Kingdom of Belgium 25 October 1971
    Republic of Peru 2 November 1971
    Republic of Lebanon 9 November 1971
    Republic of Rwanda[11] 12 November 1971
    Republic of Senegal[21] 7 December 1971
    Iceland 8 December 1971
    Republic of Cyprus 14 December 1971
    State of Malta (now Republic of Malta) 31 January 1972
    United Mexican States 14 February 1972
    Argentine Republic 19 February 1972
    United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[6] 13 March 1972
    Mauritius (now Republic of Mauritius) 15 April 1972
    Kingdom of the Netherlands[6] 18 May 1972
    Kingdom of Greece (now Hellenic Republic) 5 June 1972
    Cooperative Republic of Guyana 27 June 1972
    Togolese Republic[11] 19 September 1972
    Japan 29 September 1972
    Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) (now Germany) 11 October 1972
    Republic of Maldives 14 October 1972
    Democratic Republic of Madagascar (now Republic of Madagascar) 6 November 1972
    Grand Duchy of Luxembourg 16 November 1972
    Jamaica 21 November 1972
    Republic of Chad[22] 28 November 1972
    Commonwealth of Australia 21 December 1972
    New Zealand 22 December 1972
    Spanish State (now Kingdom of Spain) 9 March 1973
    Republic of Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso)[23] 15 September 1973
    Republic of Guinea-Bissau[24] 15 March 1974
    Gabonese Republic[11] 20 April 1974
    Malaysia 31 May 1974
    Republic of Trinidad and Tobago 20 June 1974
    Republic of Venezuela (now Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela) 28 June 1974
    Republic of Niger[25] 20 July 1974
    Federative Republic of Brazil 15 August 1974
    Republic of the Gambia[26] 14 December 1974
    Republic of Botswana[11] 6 January 1975
    Republic of the Philippines 9 June 1975
    People's Republic of Mozambique[11] 25 June 1975
    Kingdom of Thailand 1 July 1975
    Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe[27] 12 July 1975
    People's Republic of Bangladesh 4 October 1975
    Dominion of Fiji 5 November 1975
    Independent State of Western Samoa (now Independent State of Samoa) 6 November 1975
    Union of the Comoros[11] 13 November 1975
    Republic of Cape Verde[11] 25 April 1976
    Republic of Suriname 28 May 1976
    Republic of Seychelles[11] 30 June 1976
    Independent State of Papua New Guinea 12 October 1976
    Republic of Liberia[28] 17 February 1977
    Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 7 April 1977
    Barbados 30 May 1977
    Sultanate of Oman 25 May 1978
    Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (now State of Libya) 9 August 1978
    United States of America 1 January 1979
    Republic of Djibouti[11] 8 January 1979
    Portuguese Republic 8 February 1979
    Ireland 22 June 1979

    1980s
    Country Date
    Republic of Ecuador 2 January 1980
    Republic of Colombia 7 February 1980
    Republic of Zimbabwe[11] 18 April 1980
    Republic of Kiribati[29] 25 June 1980
    Republic of Vanuatu 26 March 1982
    Antigua and Barbuda 1 January 1983
    People's Republic of Angola (now Republic of Angola)[11] 12 January 1983
    Republic of Côte d'Ivoire[11] 2 March 1983
    Kingdom of Lesotho[30] 30 April 1983
    United Arab Emirates 1 November 1984
    Republic of Bolivia (now Plurinational State of Bolivia) 9 July 1985
    Grenada[31] 1 October 1985
    Republic of Nicaragua[32] 7 December 1985
    Belize[33] 6 February 1987
    Eastern Republic of Uruguay 3 February 1988
    State of Qatar 9 July 1988
    State of Palestine[34] 20 November 1988
    State of Bahrain (now Kingdom of Bahrain) 18 April 1989
    Federated States of Micronesia 11 September 1989

    1990s
    Country Date
    Republic of Namibia[11] 22 March 1990
    Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 21 July 1990
    Republic of Singapore 3 October 1990
    Republic of the Marshall Islands[35] 16 November 1990
    Republic of Estonia[36] 11 September 1991
    Republic of Latvia[37] 12 September 1991
    Republic of Lithuania[38] 14 September 1991
    Nation of Brunei 30 September 1991
    Republic of Uzbekistan 2 January 1992
    Republic of Kazakhstan 3 January 1992
    Republic of Tajikistan 4 January 1992
    Kyrgyz Republic 5 January 1992
    Turkmenistan 6 January 1992
    State of Israel 24 January 1992
    Republic of Moldova 30 January 1992
    Republic of Azerbaijan 2 April 1992
    Republic of Armenia 6 April 1992
    Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (now the Republic of Serbia)[10]
    Republic of Slovenia 12 May 1992
    Republic of Croatia 13 May 1992
    Republic of Georgia 9 June 1992
    Republic of Korea (South Korea) 24 August 1992
    State of Eritrea[11] 24 May 1993
    Republic of Macedonia (now the Republic of North Macedonia)[39] 12 October 1993
    Principality of Andorra 29 June 1994
    Principality of Monaco[40] 16 January 1995
    Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (now Bosnia and Herzegovina) 3 April 1995
    Commonwealth of the Bahamas 23 May 1997
    Cook Islands 25 July 1997
    Saint Lucia[41] 1 September 1997
    Republic of South Africa[11] 1 January 1998
    Kingdom of Tonga 2 November 1998

    2000s
    Country Date
    Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste 20 May 2002
    Republic of Nauru[42] 21 July 2002
    Commonwealth of Dominica 31 March 2004
    Republic of Montenegro 6 July 2006
    Republic of Costa Rica 1 June 2007
    Niue 12 December 2007
    Republic of Malawi 28 December 2007

    2010s
    Country Date
    Republic of South Sudan 9 July 2011
    Republic of Panama[43] 13 June 2017
    Dominican Republic[44] 1 May 2018
    Republic of El Salvador[45] 21 August 2018
    Solomon Islands 21 September 2019
    Republic of Kiribati[46] 27 September 2019

    See also
    PRC
    • Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China
    ROC

    Notes and references
    1. Succeeded by Russia
    2. Succeeded by Ukraine though official relations began on 4 January 1992. The Ukrainian SSR was the founding member of the United Nations and in accordance to The Law of Ukraine on Succession of Ukraine, the Ukraine continues all "rights and duties pursuant to international agreements of Union SSR which do not contradict the Constitution of Ukraine and interests of the Republic".
    3. Succeeded by Belarus though official relations began on 20 January 1992. Belarus, one of the 51 original signatories to the United Nations Charter, is the legal successor of the Byelorussian SSR and in the Constitution Article 142: "Laws, decrees and other acts which were applied in the territory of the Republic of Belarus prior to the entry into force of the present Constitution shall apply in the particular parts thereof that are not contrary to the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus."
    4. Succeeded by the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
    5. Succeeded by the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990.
    6. On 6 January 1950, the United Kingdom recognized the PRC and requested the exchange of ambassadors, but this was refused. The UK and The Netherlands established diplomatic relations at chargé d'affaires level with the PRC on 17 June 1954 and 19 November 1954 respectively. The PRC government does not regard the semi-diplomatic relations at chargé d'affaires level as formal diplomatic ties. The UK does. The PRC consented to the exchange of ambassadors with the UK on 13 March 1972 and with The Netherlands on 18 May 1972. See Sino-British relations for further details.
    7. "Britain Recognizes Chinese Communists: Note delivered in Peking". The Times. London. 7 January 1950. p. 6. ISSN 0140-0460.
    8. Bilateral relations between Switzerland and China (page visited on 19 August 2014).
    9. Official diplomatic telegram on 17 January 1950 from President of the Swiss Confederation, Max Petitpierre, to Mao Zedong in the Dodis database of the Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland.
    10. Serbia attempted to succeed but all other former Yugoslav Republics deferred the attempt, and no consensus was reached in the first period. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia est. 1992-02-28 was not granted successorship and was placed under international sanctions. In 2001 an Agreement on Succession Issues was signed and reached validity in 2004, by the provisions of that Agreement FRY is not the successor of SFRY. Serbia and Montenegro succeeded the United Nations seat of the FRY (joined the UN as a new member on 2000-11-01) "Succession" of recognition by Serbia, successor state of Serbia and Montenegro is due to international law inadmissible. Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on the former Yugoslavia Opinion No. 10 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - Serbia and Montenegro). In this decision, the Commission ruled that the FRY (Serbia and Montenegro) could not legally be considered a continuation of the former SFRY, but was rather a new state. Thus the European Community (and the UN) should not automatically recognize the FRY, but apply to it the same criteria applied to the recognition of the other post-SFRY states.
    11. "Diplomatic Ties Between China and African Countries". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
    12. Succeeded by the Republic of Yemen. Date of establishment of diplomatic relations was set back to 24 September 1956.
    13. "Bilateral Relations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Congo (Kin)". The Kinshasa-side's state was officially named "Republic of Congo" at the time.
    14. Tanganyika merged with Zanzibar from 26 April 1964.
    15. Zanzibar merged into mainland Tanganyika on 26 April 1964.
    16. Diplomatic relations were restored on 13 October 1971 after Burundi unilaterally severed relations on 29 January 1965.
    17. Diplomatic relations were restored on 29 January 1998. CAR resumed diplomatic ties with the ROC on 8 July 1991.
    18. Diplomatic relations were restored on 29 December 1972. Dahomey resumed diplomatic ties with the ROC on 12 April 1966.
    19. Succeeded by Vietnam on 2 July 1976.
    20. Diplomatic relations were raised to ambassadorial level on 15 July 1991.
    21. Senegal resumed diplomatic relations with the ROC on 6 January 1996. Ties with the PRC were severed from 9 January 1996, until 25 October 2005, when ties were resumed.
    22. Diplomatic relations were restored on 6 August 2006. Diplomatic relations were severed on 15 August 1997 after Chad resumed diplomatic ties with the ROC on 12 August 1997.
    23. Diplomatic relations were restored on 26 May 2018. Diplomatic relations were severed by PRC on 4 February 1994 after Burkina Faso resumed diplomatic ties with the ROC on 2 February 1994.
    24. Diplomatic relations were restored on 13 April 1998. Guinea Bissau recognized the ROC on 26 May 1990.
    25. Diplomatic relations were restored on 19 August 1996. PRC suspended diplomatic relations on 19 July 1992 after Niger resumed ties with the ROC on 30 June 1992.
    26. Diplomatic relations were restored on 17 March 2016. Diplomatic relations were severed by PRC on 25 July 1995. Gambia resumed diplomatic ties with the ROC on 13 July 1995.
    27. Diplomatic relations were restored on 26 December 2016. Diplomatic relations were severed by PRC on 12 July 1997.
    28. Diplomatic relations were restored on 10 August 1993. Liberia resumed diplomatic ties with the ROC on 9 October 1989. Diplomatic relations with the PRC has been severed since 9 September 1997 because the Liberian Government's recognition of a "Two Chinas" Policy. However, the PRC and Liberia normalized their relations on 11 October 2003.
    29. Diplomatic relations were restored on 27 September 2019. Diplomatic relations were severed by the PRC on 29 November 2003 after Kiribati recognized the ROC on 7 November 2003.
    30. Diplomatic relations were restored on 12 January 1994. Lesotho resumed diplomatic ties with the ROC on 5 April 1990.
    31. Diplomatic relations were restored on 20 January 2005. Grenada recognized the ROC on 19 July 1989.
    32. Diplomatic relations were severed on 9 November 1990. Nicaragua resumed diplomatic ties with the ROC on 6 November 1990.
    33. Diplomatic relations were severed on 23 October 1989. Belize recognized the ROC on 11 October 1989.
    34. Relations by PLO from 22 March 1965.
    35. Diplomatic relations were severed on 11 December 1998. Marshall Islands recognized the ROC on 20 November 1998.
    36. "China | Ministry of Foreign Affairs". vm.ee. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
    37. "Dates of establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
    38. "China | Bilateral cooperation | Lithuania in the Region and the World | Foreign Policy | Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
    39. Diplomatic relations were restored on 18 June 2001. North Macedonia recognized diplomatic ties with the ROC on 27 January 1999.
    40. Diplomatic relations were raised to ambassadorial level on 6 February 2006.
    41. Diplomatic relations were severed on 5 May 2007. St. Lucia resumed diplomatic ties with the ROC on 30 April 2007.
    42. Diplomatic relations were severed on 31 May 2005. Nauru resumed diplomatic ties with the ROC on 14 May 2005.
    43. "Panama cuts ties with Taiwan for China". BBC News. 13 June 2017. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
    44. "Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the People's Republic of China and the Dominican Republic".
    45. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    46. Diplomatic relations were restored on 27 September 2019. Diplomatic relations were severed by the PRC on 29 November 2003 after Kiribati recognized the ROC on 7 November 2003.
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