Demographics of Syria

Syria's estimated population is about 22 ±.5[1] million (pre–Syrian Civil War 2011) permanent inhabitants, which include 21,124,000 Syrians,[2] as well as Iraqi,[3] Palestinian,[3] The war makes an accurate count of the Syrian population difficult, as the numbers of Syrian refugees,[4] internally displaced Syrians and casualty numbers are in flux. The CIA World Factbook showed an estimated 19,454,263 people as of July 2018.[5]

Demographics of Syria
Syria population pyramid in 2020
Population18,528,105 (2019)
Nationality
Nationalitynoun: Syrian(s) adjective: Syrian
Language
OfficialArabic
SpokenKurdish, Turkish, Aramaic (Syriac, Turoyo, Western Neo-Aramaic, Sureth)

Most modern-day Syrians are described as Arabs by virtue of their modern-day language and bonds to Arab culture and history. Genetically, Syrian Arabs are a blend of various Semitic-speaking groups indigenous to the region.[6][7][8][9] With around 10% of the population, Kurds are the second biggest ethnic group, followed by Turkmen.

Human toll of Syrian Civil War
Human toll of the Syrian Civil War
Population 21 ±.5: Displaced 6 ±.5,
Refugee 5.5 ±.5, Casualty 0.5 ±.1 (millions)
Syrian refugees
By countryTurkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt
SettlementsCamps: (Jordan)
Displaced Syrians
Casualties of the war
CrimesHuman rights violations, massacres, rape
Return of refugees  · Refugees as weapons  · Prosecution of war criminals

Forced displacement
See also: Refugees of the Syrian Civil War and Internally displaced persons in Syria

More than six million refugees left the country during the civil war,[10] of whom over five million are registered as refugees by the UNHCR as of mid-2019.[11] Most of them fled to neighboring countries such as Turkey,[12][13] Lebanon, Jordan,[14] and Iraq,[15] as well as European nations like Greece, Germany and Sweden. Since 2017, Around 49 percent of the Population lives in poverty. .[16]

The war resulted in large-scale displacement in the country. The UNHCR estimates internally displaced people (IDPs) at seven million. A further 70,000 people were trapped on the border with Jordan at Rukban in 2016-18,[17][18] with up to 40,000 still there in 2019.[19]

A significant part of the population lives in territory outside government sovereignty. At its peak in 2015, ISIL ruled over ten million people across Syria and Iraq.[20] The Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (NES), commonly referred to as Rojava, has a population of around two million.[21] Areas controlled by the opposition have had a population in the millions. In mid-2017, UN OCHA estimated that around 540,000 persons were trapped in besieged areas as of June 2017, the majority besieged by government forces in Eastern Ghouta.[22] By the time the government retook Ghouta in April 2018, some 140,000 individuals had fled their homes and up to 50,000 were evacuated to Idlib and Aleppo governorates.[23] The latter rebel areas had an estimated population of 3 million (40% of them displaced from defeated rebel areas).[24][25] Fighting in Idlib has led to further displacements, of up to 250,000 people, and generating new refugee outflows to neighbouring Turkey.[26]

Displacement has led to demographic shifts. One example is the area in the North under control by Kurdish-led and US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF). Many human rights groups, including Amnesty International[27] and international organizations[28][29] have accused SDF forces of committing ethnic cleansing in Arab areas they were capturing from other war factions.[30] The accusation was repeated on 8 May 2019 by Russia's foreign minister Sergey Lavrov.[31] NGOs and the opposition have also accused the government of using the conflict to affect demographic restructuring.[32][33][34][35]

Birth-Death Rate
See also: Casualties of the Syrian Civil War

In April 2016, the UN estimated that 400,000 people had died in the war,[36] and casualties have continued since, with estimates for the total dead by mid-2019 of up to 220,000 civilians, 175,000 government combatants, and 174,000 anti-government combatants (see Casualties of the Syrian Civil War).

The war also affected the birth rate. The annual birth rate in Syria has fallen by more than half since the country plunged into turmoil in March 2011, from about 500,000 births per year before 2011 (according to a medical official speaking to the government loyalist newspaper Al-Watan), to about 200,000 in 2015 (according to a "government report" cited by Press TV).[37]

Population
Historical population
YearPop.±%
19372,368,000—    
19503,252,000+37.3%
19604,565,000+40.4%
19706,305,000+38.1%
19808,704,000+38.0%
199012,116,000+39.2%
199514,186,000+17.1%
200417,921,000+26.3%
201121,124,000+17.9%
201617,185,000−18.6%
201718,029,549+4.9%
Source:[38] 2016 estimate[39]

Since 1960, censuses have been conducted in 1960, 1970, 1981, 1994 and 2004.[40]

In 2014, 17,951,639, a massive decline due to nearly 4 million Syrian refugees leaving the country because of the Syrian Civil War and furthermore because of the death in the war. This is a drop of 9.7% from the previous year.[41]

In 2017, the head of the Syrian Commission for Family Affairs, Mohammad Akram al-Qash, said that the Syrian population was 28 million, of which, 21 million were living in Syria and that 7 million were refugees.[42]

In 2018, 19,454,263 estimated.[43]

Age structure
CIA World Factbook (2018 est.)[43]
Population pyramid MaleFemale
0–14
3,132,619
2,974,394
15–24
1,933,185
1,863,991
25–54
3,807,664
3,829,150
55–64
531,455
542,738
65+
379,360
379,360
UN inc Palestinian refugees 2011-07-01 est.[44]
Population pyramid MaleFemale
0–14
4,044,000
6,281,000
15–64
6,281,000
6,126,000
65+
469,000
389,000
(2011-07-01) (Estimates, including Palestinian refugees)[44]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 10 794 000 10 330 000 21 124 000 100
0-4 1 428 000 1 347 000 2 775 000 13.14
5-9 1 384 000 1 270 000 2 654 000 12.56
10-14 1 232 000 1 198 000 2 430 000 11.50
15-19 1 191 000 1 088 000 2 279 000 10.79
20-24 1 035 000 944 000 1 979 000 9.37
25-29 864 000 873 000 1 737 000 8.22
30-34 674 000 697 000 1 371 000 6.49
35-39 601 000 628 000 1 229 000 5.82
40-44 545 000 551 000 1 096 000 5.19
45-49 437 000 433 000 870 000 4.12
50-54 387 000 405 000 792 000 3.75
55-59 293 000 280 000 573 000 2.71
60-64 254 000 227 000 481 000 2.28
65+ 469 000 389 000 858 000 4.06

Median age

This data is from CIA World Factbook:[43]

total: 24.5 years
male: 24 years
female: 25 years (2018 est.)

Population decline rate

This data is from CIA World Factbook:[43]

0.797% (2012 est.)

Birth rate

This data is from CIA World Factbook:[43]

20.7 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Death rate

This data is from CIA World Factbook:[43]

4 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Net migration rate

This data is from CIA World Factbook:[43]

57 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Sex ratio

This data is from CIA World Factbook:[43]

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0–14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15–24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
25–54 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
55–64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

Demographic statistics

UN estimates[45]

Period Live births per year Deaths per year Natural change per year CBR1 CDR1 NC1 TFR1 IMR1
1950–1955 187 000 75 000 112 000 51.2 20.5 30.6 7.23 180.1
1955–1960 212 000 77 000 136 000 50.1 18.1 32.0 7.38 150.5
1960–1965 241 000 76 000 165 000 48.5 15.3 33.3 7.54 121.8
1965–1970 275 000 74 000 201 000 46.8 12.5 34.2 7.56 98.8
1970–1975 322 000 70 000 252 000 46.3 10.1 36.2 7.54 77.3
1975–1980 373 000 69 000 304 000 45.4 8.3 37.0 7.32 63.1
1980–1985 417 000 66 000 351 000 42.8 6.7 36.1 6.77 49.9
1985–1990 440 000 61 000 379 000 38.4 5.3 33.1 5.87 36.2
1990–1995 441 000 58 000 383 000 33.3 4.3 28.9 4.80 26.1
1995–2000 447 000 58 000 389 000 29.7 3.8 25.8 3.96 20.8
2000–2005 451 000 62 000 389 000 26.2 3.6 22.6 3.39 17.4
2005–2010 465 000 69 000 396 000 23.9 3.5 20.4 3.10 15.0
1 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Fertility Source:[46]

NameTFR (2009)
Aleppo3.2
Damascus2.6
Daraa5.2
Deir ez-Zor6.9
Hama3.3
Al-Hasakah3.5
Homs3.1
Idlib4.8
Latakia2.2
Quneitra3.8
Raqqa5
Rif Dimashq3.3
Al-Suwayda2.1
Tartus2.3
Syria3.5

Marital fertility rate Source:[46]

NameMFR (2009)
Aleppo5.4
Damascus4.7
Daraa7.3
Deir ez-Zor10.2
Hama6.6
Al-Hasakah6.8
Homs5.9
Idlib7.7
Latakia4.5
Quneitra6.5
Raqqa7.9
Rif Dimashq5.4
Al-Suwayda4
Tartus4.8
Syria6

Life expectancy at birth

This data is from CIA World Factbook:[43]

total: 75.2 years
male: 72.8 years
female: 77.8 years (2018 est.)

Population centers
Aleppo 2,132,100
Damascus 1,711,000
Homs 652,609
Latakia 383,786
Hama 312,994
Raqqa 220,488
Deir ez-Zor 211,857
Al-Hasakah 188,160
Qamishli 184,231
Population centers as of 2004[47] 6,133,652 Syrians among 17,921,000 total population live in the first 10: (1) Aleppo 2,132,100 (2) Damascus 1,711,000 (3) Homs 652,609 (4) Latakia 383,786 (5) Hama 312,994 (6) Raqqa 220,488 (7) Deir ez-Zor 211,857 (8) Al-Hasakah 188,160 (9) Qamishli 184,231 (10) Sayyidah Zaynab 136,427

60% of the population lives in the Aleppo Governorate, the Euphrates valley or along the coastal plain; a fertile strip between the coastal mountains and the desert. Overall population density is about 118.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (306/sq mi). Cities and towns during the Syrian Civil War

Urbanization

This data is from CIA World Factbook:[43]

Urban population: 54.2% of total population (2018)

Rate of urbanization: 1.43% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Major urban areas
Population density, 1993

As of 2018; this data is from CIA World Factbook:[43]

Damascus (capital): 2.32 million

Aleppo: 1.754 million

Homs: 1.295 million

Hama: 894,000

Race and ethnicity

On 1 January 2011, the number of residents of Syria was 24 million, distributed over the 14 governorates.[48] Arabs represent 80-85% of the population, with the rest being a mixture of many ethnic and religious sects, as shown in the table below:

Ethnic and religious groups % of Syrian population[48] Estimated population (in 2011) Notes[48]
Syrian Arabs80-85%est. 19,200,000 to 20,400,000The Arabs form the majority in all districts except for the Al-Hasakah Governorate.
Kurds10%est. 2,400,000The majority of Kurds are Sunni Muslims, with a Yazidi minority
Turkmen/Turkoman4-5%est. 960,000 to 1,200,000These figures exclude the Arabic-speaking Turkmen. Only 30% of Turkmen have kept their mother tongue. The majority are Sunni Muslims.
Assyrians3-4%est. 720,000 to 960,000Most Assyrians are Christians.
Circassians1.5%est. 360,000The majority of Circassians are Sunni Muslims.
Armenians1%est. 240,000The majority of Armenians are Christians.
Smaller groups of Albanians, Bosnian, Georgians, Greeks, Pashtuns, Persians, Russians, and Chechens.A significant number of these ethnic groups are Arabized, particularly those that adhere to Islam.

The CIA World Factbook cites the following figures for ethnic groups as at July 2018: approximately Arab 50%, Alawite 15%, Kurd 10%, Levantine 10%, other 15% (includes Druze, Ismaili, Imami, Nusairi, Assyrian, Turkmen, Armenian and Chechens).[5] However, Professor John A. Shoup said in 2018 that Kurds made 9% of the population, followed by Turkish-speaking Turkmen comprising 4-5% , Assyrians 4%, Armenians 2%, and Circassians about 1% of the total population.[49]

Religion
Main article: Religion in Syria

There has been no Syrian census including a question about religion since 1960, these are thus the last official statistics available:[50]

In 1991 Professor Alasdair Drysdale and Professor Raymond Hinnebusch said that some 85% of Syrians were Muslims and that the remainder were almost all Christians, however, both religious groups were subdivided into many ethnic sects.[51] Among the former, approximately 75% of Syrians were Sunni Muslim, of whom, 60% were Arabic-speaking and the remainder of Sunnis included Kurds 8.5%, Turkmen/Turkoman 3%, and Circassians (less than 1%).[51] In addition, Alawis formed 5.5%, Druze 3% and Ismailis 1.5% of the population. In regards to the Christians, they were subdivided into the Greek Orthodox 4.7%, Armenians 4% and Assyrians 1%.[51]

According to Dr. Pierre Beckouche, before 2011, Sunni Muslims accounted for 78% of Syria's population, which included 500,000 Palestinian refugees and the non-Arab Sunni Muslims, namely the Kurds 9-10% and the Turkmen/Turkoman 4%.[52] Other Muslims included Shias and Alawites 11%-16%, whilst the Christians made up 6% of the population.[52] There were also a few Jewish communities in Aleppo and Damascus.[52]

The CIA World Factbook cites the following figures for religious groups: religions - Muslim 87% (official; includes Sunni 74% and Alawi, Ismaili, and Shia 13%), Christian 10% (mainly of the Greek Orthodox and Greek Catholic churches[53] - may be smaller as a result of Christians fleeing the country), Druze 3%.[5]

The first census which focused on the sectarian distribution was carried out in 1932 under the French mandate, however, this census was only carried out in the lands under the short-lived Government of Latakia (the Alawite State established by the French) which covered only 7,000 km2 (2,700 sq mi) out of modern Syria’s total area of 185,000 km2 (71,000 sq mi).[54] A general census of Syria in 1943 gave details of religious groups of the population and the rate of growth of each and estimates of the population in 1953 from an unnamed source were as follows:

1943 census[54][55] 1953 census[54] Growth[54]
Sunnis1,971,053 (68.91%)2,578,810 (70.54%)31%
Shi'ites12,742 (0.45%)14,887 (0.41%)17%
Alawites325,311 (11.37%)398,445 (10.90%)22%
Ismailis28,527 (1.00%)36,745 (1.01%)29%
Druze87,184 (3.05%)113,318 (3.10%)30%
Yezidi2,788 (0.10%)3,082 (0.08%)11%
Total Muslims2,427,605 (84.87%)3,145,287 (86.03%)30%
Jews29,770 (1.04%)31,647 (0.87%)6%
Christians403,036 (14.09%)478,970 (13.10%)19%

Economic class - Literacy

Education is free and compulsory from ages 6 to 11. Schooling consists of 6 years of primary education followed by a 3-year general or vocational training period and a 3-year academic or vocational program. The second 3-year period of academic training is required for university admission. Total enrollment at post-secondary schools is over 150,000. The literacy rate of Syrians aged 15 and older is 86.0% for males and 73.6% for females.[56]

definition: age 15 and older can read and write

male: 91.7%

female: 82%

total population: 86.4% (2015 est.)

Languages
Main article: Languages of Syria

Arabic is the official, and most widely spoken, language. Arabic speakers make up 85% of the population. Several modern Arabic dialects are used in everyday life, most notably Levantine in the west and Mesopotamian in the northeast. A report published by the UNHCR points out that "while the majority of Syrians are considered Arabs, this is a term based on spoken language (Arabic), not ethnicity."[57]

According to The Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, in addition to Arabic, the following languages are spoken in the country, in order of the number of speakers: Kurdish,[58] Turkish,[58] Neo-Aramaic (four dialects),[58] Circassian,[58] Chechen,[58] Armenian,[58] and finally Greek.[58] None of these languages have official status.[58]

Many educated Syrians also speak English and French.[59][60]

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