Demographics of Cyprus

The people of Cyprus are broadly divided into two main ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, who share many cultural traits but maintain distinct identities based on ethnicity, religion, language, and close ties with their respective motherlands. Before the dispute started in 1964 the peoples of Cyprus (then 78% Greeks, 17% Turks, 5% other communities, including Armenians and Maronites)[1] were dispersed over the entire island.

Population distribution by ethnicity (1960 census)

The Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974 de facto partitioned the island into two political areas: 99.5% of Greek Cypriots now live in the Republic of Cyprus while 98.7% of Turkish Cypriots live in Northern Cyprus (of other nationalities, 99.2% live in the Greek Cypriot area in the south).[2] Greek is predominantly spoken in the South, where the majority are Greek Cypriots, and Turkish in the north, where the majority are Turkish Cypriots. English is widely used throughout the island, as a common language.

The total population of Cyprus as of the end of 2006 is slightly over 1 million, comprising 789,300 in the territory controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus[3] and 294,406 in Northern Cyprus. The population of Northern Cyprus includes some 150,000–160,000 Turkish immigrants who are regarded as illegal settlers by the Republic of Cyprus government and are not included in the population statistics of the Republic of Cyprus Statistical Service.[4][5]

Population
Urban skyline of Nicosia
838,897 in Republic of Cyprus controlled area (October 2011 census preliminary result)[6]
294,906 in Northern Cyprus (2011 population census).[7]
1,133,803 total population of Cyprus (sum of population in Government controlled area and Northern Cyprus, 2011 data)

Population by citizenship

Republic of Cyprus government controlled area:

1992 census: 95.8% Cypriot, 4.2% Non-Cypriot[8]
2001 census: 90.6% Cypriot, 9.4% Non-Cypriot[8]
2011 census: 78.6% Cypriot, 21.4% Non-Cypriot (preliminary)[6]

Northern Cyprus:[7]

2006 census (de facto population): 66.7% NC, 29.3% Turkey, 4.0% other

Vital statistics

Cyprus (1901–1990)
Population of Cyprus (entire island) 1901–2015.

Historical data about main demographic indicators from 1901 to 1990, for the entire island:[9][10][11]

Year Average population Live births1 Deaths1 Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000)
1901 238,000 7,300 4,300 3,000 30.6 18.1 12.5
1902 241,000 6,700 3,500 3,200 28.0 14.6 13.4
1903 245,000 7,000 3,600 3,400 28.6 14.6 14.0
1904 249,000 7,600 3,700 3,900 30.4 14.8 15.6
1905 253,000 7,500 4,500 3,000 29.6 17.7 11.9
1906 257,000 7,900 4,100 3,800 30.7 15.8 14.9
1907 260,000 8,200 4,600 3,600 31.4 17.7 13.7
1908 264,000 8,700 5,200 3,500 32.9 19.7 13.2
1909 268,000 8,000 4,500 3,500 29.8 16.9 12.9
1910 271,000 8,700 4,100 4,600 32.1 15.2 16.9
1911 275,000 8,700 4,500 4,200 31.6 16.2 15.4
1912 279,000 8,000 4,900 3,100 28.5 17.7 10.8
1913 283,000 8,700 5,300 3,400 30.7 18.8 11.9
1914 287,000 9,500 5,100 4,400 33.1 17.6 15.5
1915 291,000 10,000 5,800 4,200 34.3 19.8 14.5
1916 294,000 5,900 5,300 600 20.0 17.9 2.1
1917 297,000 8,800 5,400 3,400 29.5 18.2 11.3
1918 301,000 9,900 6,900 3,000 32.9 22.9 10.0
1919 305,000 8,900 5,200 3,700 29.2 17.2 12.0
1920 309,000 9,100 7,400 1,700 29.5 23.9 5.6
1921 312,000 8,400 6,200 2,200 26.8 20.0 6.8
1922 315,000 9,000 6,200 2,800 28.6 19.6 9.0
1923 318,000 8,100 5,700 2,400 25.5 18.0 7.5
1924 322,000 8,800 5,600 3,200 27.3 17.4 9.9
1925 326,000 8,300 4,700 3,600 25.6 14.4 11.2
1926 330,000 8,500 5,600 2,900 25.9 17.1 8.8
1927 333,000 8,400 5,200 3,200 25.2 15.6 9.6
1928 337,000 9,700 5,100 4,600 28.9 15.2 13.7
1929 341,000 10,400 4,600 5,800 30.4 13.5 16.9
1930 345,000 11,100 5,700 5,400 32.1 16.4 15.7
1931 349,000 10,500 5,900 4,600 30.2 17.0 13.2
1932 352,000 10,100 5,740 4,360 28.7 16.3 12.4
1933 356,000 9,750 4,910 4,840 27.4 13.8 13.6
1934 360,000 10,852 4,757 6,095 30.1 13.2 16.9
1935 363,000 11,735 4,976 6,759 32.3 13.7 18.6
1936 367,000 12,727 4,656 8,071 34.7 12.7 22.0
1937 371,000 10,954 6,334 4,620 29.5 17.1 12.5
1938 376,000 11,804 5,445 6,359 31.4 14.5 16.9
1939 393,000 12,214 5,519 6,695 31.1 14.0 17.0
1940 401,000 13,254 4,678 8,576 33.1 11.7 21.4
1941 409,000 11,402 5,058 6,344 27.9 12.4 15.5
1942 412,000 9,221 6,747 2,474 22.4 16.4 6.0
1943 416,000 12,405 5,155 7,250 29.8 12.4 17.4
1944 425,000 14,330 4,263 10,067 33.7 10.0 23.7
1945 435,000 13,269 4,111 9,158 30.5 9.5 21.1
1946 447,000 14,482 3,793 10,689 32.4 11.0 23.9
1947 458,000 15,158 3,875 11,283 33.1 11.0 24.6
1948 477,000 15,078 5,250 9,828 31.6 11.0 20.6
1949 485,000 13,234 5,290 7,944 27.3 11.0 16.4
1950 494,000 14,517 5,340 9,187 29.4 11.0 18.6
1951 502,000 14,403 5,370 9,043 28.7 10.5 18.0
1952 508,000 13,358 5,380 7,968 26.3 10.5 15.7
1953 515,000 13,446 5,410 8,036 26.1 10.5 15.6
1954 523,000 13,893 5,490 8,403 26.6 10.5 16.1
1955 530,000 13,747 5,570 8,177 25.9 10.5 15.4
1956 536,000 13,875 5,630 8,215 25.9 10.5 15.3
1957 546,000 14,100 5,730 8,350 25.8 10.5 15.3
1958 558,000 14,320 5,860 8,480 25.7 10.5 15.2
1959 567,000 14,411 5,950 8,491 25.4 10.5 15.0
1960 573,000 14,500 6,020 8,510 25.3 10.5 14.9
1961 575,000 15,059 6,206 8,853 26.2 10.8 15.4
1962 577,000 14,787 6,101 8,686 25.6 10.6 15.0
1963 582,000 14,602 6,079 8,523 25.1 10.4 14.6
1964 587,000 14,224 6,206 8,018 24.2 10.6 13.7
1965 591,000 13,707 6,061 7,646 23.2 10.3 12.9
1966 595,000 13,250 5,991 7,259 22.3 10.1 12.2
1967 599,000 12,788 5,971 6,817 21.3 10.0 11.4
1968 604,000 12,403 5,958 6,445 20.5 9.9 10.7
1969 609,000 12,046 5,946 6,100 19.8 9.8 10.0
1970 614,000 11,801 5,998 5,803 19.2 9.8 9.4
1971 620,000 11,641 5,983 5,658 18.8 9.7 9.1
1972 627,000 11,620 6,043 5,577 18.5 9.6 8.9
1973 634,000 11,600 6,047 5,553 18.3 9.5 8.8
1974 630,000 10,578 6,900 3,678 16.8 11.0 5.8
1975 610,000 9,768 4,823 4,945 16.0 7.9 8.1
1976 599,000 11,194 5,148 6,046 18.7 8.6 10.1
1977 599,000 10,951 5,445 5,506 18.3 9.1 9.2
1978 601,000 11,299 5,048 6,251 18.8 8.4 10.4
1979 605,000 11,920 5,083 6,837 19.7 8.4 11.3
1980 611,000 12,464 5,682 6,782 20.4 9.3 11.1
1981 618,000 12,111 5,190 6,921 19.6 8.4 11.2
1982 625,000 12,985 5,307 7,678 20.8 8.5 12.3
1983 632,000 13,078 5,433 7,645 20.7 8.6 12.1
1984 640,000 13,182 5,119 8,063 20.6 8.0 12.6
1985 648,000 12,622 5,502 7,120 19.5 8.5 11.0
1986 654,000 12,753 5,494 7,259 19.5 8.4 11.1
1987 660,000 12,331 5,869 6,462 18.7 8.9 9.8
1988 665,000 12,753 5,845 6,908 19.2 8.8 10.4
1989 671,000 12,141 5,702 6,439 18.1 8.5 9.6

1 The numbers of births and deaths 1901–1932 are estimates calculated from the birth and death rates.

Area under the effective control of the Republic of Cyprus
Population map of Cyprus. Darker colors represent more residents.
Population density map of Cyprus (2001 census)

Historical data about main demographic indicators from 1990 to 2018, for the southern part of the island:[11]

Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rate Infant mortality rate
1990 581,000 10,622 4,844 5,778 18.3 8.4 9.9 2.42 11.0
1991 594,000 9,486 4,455 5,031 16.0 7.5 8.5 2.3 11.0
1992 610,000 9,240 4,386 4,854 15.2 7.2 8.0 2.5 10.0
1993 626,000 10,514 4,789 5,725 16.8 7.6 9.1 2.3 8.6
1994 639,000 10,379 4,924 5,455 16.2 7.7 8.5 2.2 8.6
1995 651,000 9,869 4,935 4,934 15.2 7.6 7.6 2.03 8.5
1996 661,000 9,638 4,958 4,680 14.6 7.5 7.1 1.96 8.3
1997 671,000 9,275 5,173 4,102 13.8 7.7 6.1 1.87 8.0
1998 679,000 8,879 5,432 3,447 13.1 8.0 5.1 1.76 7.0
1999 687,000 8,505 5,070 3,435 12.4 7.4 5.0 1.67 6.0
2000 694,000 8,447 5,355 3,092 12.2 7.7 4.5 1.64 5.6
2001 702,000 8,167 4,827 3,340 11.6 6.9 4.7 1.57 4.9
2002 710,000 7,883 5,168 2,715 11.1 7.3 3.8 1.49 4.7
2003 718,000 8,088 5,200 2,888 11.3 7.2 4.1 1.51 4.1
2004 728,000 8,309 5,225 3,084 11.4 7.2 4.2 1.52 3.5
2005 739,000 8,243 5,425 2,818 11.2 7.3 3.9 1.48 4.6
2006 751,000 8,731 5,127 3,604 11.6 6.8 4.8 1.52 3.1
2007 767,000 8,575 5,380 3,195 11.2 7.0 4.2 1.44 3.1
2008 787,000 9,205 5,194 4,011 11.7 6.6 5.1 1.48 3.5
2009 808,000 9,6085,1824,426 11.96.45.5 1.48 3.3
2010 829,000 9,8015,1034,698 11.86.25.6 1.44 3.2
2011 851,000 9,6225,5044,118 11.36.54.8 1.35 3.1
2012 865,000 10,1615,6654,496 11.86.65.2 1.39 3.5
2013 858,000 9,3415,1414,200 10.86.04.8 1.30 1.6
2014 847,000 9,2585,4243,834 10.96.44.5 1.31 2.1
2015 848,000 9,1705,8593,311 10.96.94.0 1.32 2.7
2016 851,000 9,4555,4713,984 11.16.44.7 1.37 2.6
2017 864,000 9,2295,9973,232 10.87.03.8 1.32
2018 876,000 9,3295,7683,561 10.76.64.1 1.32
2019(p) 888,000 9,6256,0203,605 10.86.84.1 1.33

Life expectancy
Period Life expectancy in
Years		 Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 66.7 1985–1990 76.1
1955–1960 70.4 1990–1995 76.9
1960–1965 71.9 1995–2000 77.7
1965–1970 73.1 2000–2005 78.3
1970–1975 74.3 2005–2010 79.0
1975–1980 75.3 2010–2015 79.9
1980–1985 76.1

Source: UN World Population Prospects[12]

Structure of the population

Structure of the population (01.10.2011) (Census) (Data refer to government controlled areas):[13]

Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 408 780 431 627 840 407 100
0-4 23 061 21 954 45 015 5,36
5-9 21 921 20 714 42 635 5,07
10-14 24 179 23 119 47 298 5,63
15-19 28 683 27 135 55 818 6,64
20-24 33 891 32 182 66 073 7,86
25-29 36 992 37 122 74 114 8,82
30-34 33 149 36 685 69 834 8,31
35-39 27 754 34 108 61 862 7,36
40-44 27 031 32 697 59 728 7,11
45-49 27 059 30 181 57 240 6,81
50-54 27 517 28 611 56 128 6,68
55-59 23 771 23 991 47 762 5,68
60-64 22 057 22 977 45 034 5,36
65-69 17 656 18 672 36 328 4,32
70-74 14 044 15 389 29 433 3,50
75-79 9 647 11 411 21 058 2,51
80+ 10 342 14 606 24 948 2,97
unknown 26 73 99 0,01
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0-14 69 161 65 787 134 948 16,06
15-64 287 904 305 689 593 593 70,63
65+ 51 689 60 078 111 767 13,30

Historical population

Turkish Cypriots were the majority of the population registered for taxation between 1777 and 1800.[14][15] However, it is likely that the Muslim population never exceeded 35-40 per cent of the total population of Cyprus. Rather, many Orthodox Christians registered as Muslims in order to reduce taxation from their occupiers.[16]

Distribution of Turkish Cypriots (1891–1973)
Tax Registered Population of Cyprus by ethnicity 1777–1800
Ethnic
group		 census 17771 census 17902 census 17933 census 18004
Number % Number % Number % Number %
Greeks 37,000 44.0 47,500 41.5 46,392 39.3 30,524 31.3
Turks 47,000 56.0 67,000 58.5 67,000 58.8 67,000 68.7
Armenians
Maronites
Others 4,608 3.9
Total 84,000 114,500 118,000 97,524
Population of Cyprus according to ethnicity (1881–2011)
Ethnic
group		 1881 census[17] 1891 census[17] 1901 census[17] 1911 census[17] 1921 census[17] 1931 census[17] 1946 census 1960 census 2011 census[18]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Greeks 137,631 73.9 158,585 75.8 182,739 77.1 214,480 78.2 244,887 78.8 276,572 79.5 361,199 80.2 442,363 77.1 659,115 98.8%
Turks 45,458 24.4 47,926 22.9 51,309 21.6 56,428 20.6 61,339 19.7 64,238 18.5 80,548 17.9 104,333 18.2 1,128 0.2
Armenians 174 0.1 280 0.1 517 0.2 558 0.2 1,197 0.4 3,377 1 3,686 0.8 3,630 1,831 0.3
Maronites 830 0.4 1,131 0.5 1,130 0.5 1,073 1,350 1,704 2,083 2,752 3,656 0.5
Others 1,738 0.9 1,364 0.7 1,327 0.6 1,569 1,942 2,068 2,598 20,488 1,460 0.2
Total 186,173 209,286 237,022 274,108 310,715 347,959 450,114 573,566 667,398

In the census from 1881 to 1960, all Muslims are counted as Turks, only Greek Orthodox are counted as Greeks. There were small populations of Greek-speaking Muslims and Turkish-speaking Greek Orthodox.[19]

In total, between 1955 and 1973, 16,519 Turks and 71,036 Greeks emigrated from the country. Of the emigrated Turkish Cypriots in this period, only 290 went to Turkey.[20] In the 2011 census, 208 people stated their ethnic origin as being Latin.[18]

Immigration
Main article: Mainland Turks in Northern Cyprus

Large-scale demographic changes have been caused since 1964 by the movements of peoples across the island and the later influx of settlers from Turkey to Northern Cyprus. According to the 2011 Census there are 170,383 non-citizens living in Cyprus, of whom 106,270 are EU citizens and 64,113 are from third countries. The largest EU groups by nationality are Greeks (29,321), British (24,046), Romanians (23,706) and Bulgarians (18,536). The largest non-EU groups are Filipinos (9,413), Russians (8,164), Sri Lankans (7,269) and Vietnamese (7,028).[21] There are an estimated 20–25,000 undocumented migrants from third countries also living in the Republic, though migrant rights groups dispute these figures.[22] The demographic changes in society have led to some racist incidents,[23][24][25] and the formation of the charity KISA in response.

The demographic character of Northern Cyprus changed after the Turkish invasion in 1974 and especially during the last 10–15 years. TRNC census carried out in April 2006 showed that out of a total population of 256,644 in Northern Cyprus, 132,635, or 52%, were Turkish Cypriots in the sense that they were born in Cyprus of at least one Cyprus-born parent (for 120,007 of these both parents were Cyprus-born). In addition, 43,062 so called TRNC citizens (17%) had at least one non-Cypriot Turkish-born parent, 2,334 so called TRNC citizens (1%) had parents born in other countries, 70,525 residents (27%) had Turkish citizenship, and 8,088 (3%) were citizens of other countries (mainly UK, Bulgaria, and Iran).[7]

Based on these census data, it is estimated that 113,687 Northern Cyprus residents, or 44% of the population, are not Turkish Cypriots properly speaking, but are in fact "Turkish immigrants" or "Turkish settlers" from Anatolia. Alternative sources suggest that there are 146,122 Turkish settlers from Anatolia in Northern Cyprus (2007 figures)[26] and that the Turkish Cypriots in Northern Cyprus are today outnumbered by the Turkish settlers,[27] contrary to the picture presented by the 2006 so called TRNC census.

Almost one-third of the Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus have been granted TRNC citizenship by the authorities of Northern Cyprus and have thus been naturalized.[28] The Republic of Cyprus regards settlement in Northern Cyprus, especially if accompanied by naturalization, as a violation of the Geneva Conventions Protocol of 1977, since the Turkish occupation has been declared illegal by the UN. It therefore considers these Turkish immigrants to be "illegal settlers" and does not include them in the population estimates for the entire island published by the Republic of Cyprus Statistical Service.[5]

Emigration
Main articles: British Cypriots, Cypriot American, and Cypriot Australian

Nationality group
Main articles: Greek Cypriots, Turkish Cypriots, Armenians in Cyprus, and Maronites in Cyprus
Largest foreign nationalities (2011)[6]
Ethnic group%Inhabitants
 Greece17.331,044
 United Kingdom14.826,659
 Romania13.624,376
 Bulgaria10.719,197
 Philippines10.719,197
 Russia4.88,663
 Sri Lanka4.17,350
 Vietnam4.07,102
 Syria1.83,235
 Ukraine1.73,023
 India1.62,955
 Poland1.62,951
 Georgia1.22,113
 Germany0.61,162
Other EU countries47,035
Other non-EU countries1222,938

Languages
Main article: Languages of Cyprus
Languages of Cyprus (2011) (Cyprus government controlled areas) [29]
Language
Greek (official)
 
 80.9%
Other
 
 4.3%
English
 
 4.1%
Romanian
 
 2.9%
Russian
 
 2.5%
Bulgarian
 
 2.2%
Arabic
 
 1.2%
Filipino
 
 1.1%
Unspecified
 
 0.6%
Turkish (official)
 
 0.2%

Greek and Turkish are the official languages according to Article 3 of the Constitution of Cyprus. In Northern Cyprus, the official language is Turkish (Article 2 of the 1983 Constitution of Northern Cyprus). English is widely spoken on the island.

Religion
Main article: Religion in Cyprus
Religions of Cyprus (2012) (Cyprus government controlled areas) [29]
Religions percent
Orthodox Christian
 
 89.1%
Roman Catholic
 
 2.9%
Protestant/Anglican
 
 2%
Islam
 
 1.8%
Other (includes Maronite, Armenian Church, Hindu)
 
 1.4%
Unknown
 
 1.1%
Buddhist
 
 1%
None/Atheist
 
 0.6%

The Greek Cypriot community adheres to the Autocephalous Greek Orthodox Church of Cyprus and the Turkish Cypriot community adheres to Islam. The religious groups of Armenians, Maronites and Latins (about 9,000 people in total) opted, in accordance with the 1960 constitution, to belong to the Greek Cypriot community.[4]

According to the 2001 census carried out in the Government controlled area,[8] 98.2% of the population are Christians of various denominations. 94.8% of the population are Christian Orthodox, 0.9% Armenians and Maronites, 1.5% Roman Catholics ("Latins"), 1.0% Church of England, and 0.6% Muslims. The remaining 1.3% adhere to other religious denominations or did not state their religion. Cyprus is also the home of a Jewish community with a Synagogue in Larnaca.

Education
Further information: Cyprus § Education

Cyprus has a well-developed system of primary and secondary education. The majority of Cypriots earn their higher education at Greek, British, or American universities, while there are also sizeable emigrant communities in the United Kingdom and Australia. Private colleges and state-supported universities have been developed by both the Turkish and Greek communities.

Demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[30]

The data in subsections Age structure through Divorce rate are for the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus government only. The estimates are for 2007 from the Republic of Cyprus Statistical Abstract 2007 (pp. 63–88)[5] unless indicated otherwise.

Age structure
Age structure of the population of Cyprus
0–14 years: 17.47% or 137,900 ( 70,700 males/67,200 females)
15–64 years: 70.07% or 553,100 ( 274,300 males/278,800 females)
65 years and over: 12.46% or 98,300 ( 44,600 males/53,700 females)

Population growth rate
1.4%[31]

Net migration rate
Total immigrants: 19,143
Total emigrants: 11,753
Net migration: +7,390
Net migration rate: 9.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.086 male(s)/female
Under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.99 male(s)/female

Marriage rates
Estimates for 2006

Number of marriages:

Marriages of residents of Cyprus: 5,252
Total marriages (including tourists): 12,617

Marriage rates:

Residents of Cyprus: 6.8/1,000 population
Total marriages (including tourists): 16.4/1,000 population

Mean age at marriage:

Groom 33.7
Bride 30.5

Divorce rates
Total Divorces: 2,000
Divorce Rate: 2.27/1,000 population

Nationality
Noun: Cypriot(s)
Adjective: Cypriot

HIV/AIDS
Adult prevalence rate: 0.1% (2003 est.)
People living with HIV/AIDS: fewer than 1,000 (1999 est.); 518 cases reported between 1986 and 2006 (58% Cypriots, 42% foreigners/visitors);[32]
Deaths: 85 reported between 1986 and 2006.[32]

"The information presented here concerns only part of Cyprus, due to an absence of reliable information concerning the island as a whole".[32]

References

 This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook document: "2006 edition".

  1. Eric Solsten, ed. Cyprus: A Country Study, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 1991
  2. Cyprus Facts on Worldpress.org. Retrieved 29 February 2009
  3. Statistical Service of the Republic of Cyprus, DEMOGRAPHIC REPORT 2007 (p. 12)
  4. Cyprus Government web portal: Towns and Population. Retrieved on 28 February 2009
  5. Statistical Abstract of the Republic of Cyprus 2007, Statistical Service of Cyprus, pp. 63–88
  6. Preliminary Results of the Census of Population, 2011 Preliminary Results of the Census of Population, 2011
  7. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2014-02-14.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. Statistical Service of Cyprus: Population and Social Statistics Archived 2010-08-21 at the Wayback Machine, Main Results of the 2001 Census. Retrieved on 29 February 2009
  9. B.R. Mitchell. European historical statistics. 1750–1975.
  10. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dybsets/1948%20DYB.pdf United nations. Demographic Yearbook 1948
  11. Statistical Service of Cyprus
  12. "World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations". Archived from the original on 2016-09-19. Retrieved 2017-07-15.
  13. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm
  14. Claude Delaval Cobham Excerpta Cypria, Cambridge University Press, 1908, p.366-67
  15. Archimandrite Kyprianos Istoria Khronoloyiki tis Nisou Kiprou (History and Chronicles of the Island of Cyprus, Ιστορία χρονολογική της νήσου Κύπρου) 1788, p.495
  16. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-01. Retrieved 2018-06-12.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  17. Alexander-Michael Hadjilyra. The Armenians of Cyprus. p. 21.
  18. "Population - Country of Birth, Citizenship Category, Country of Citizenship, Language, Religion, Ethnic/Religious Group, 2011". Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  19. A Handbook of Cyprus, Hutchinson, Joseph Turner, page 57, 1907
  20. Hatay, Mete (2007). "Is the Turkish Cypriot population shrinking?: an overview of the ethno-demography of Cyprus in the light of the preliminary results of the 2006 Turkish-Cypriot census" (PDF). International Peace Research Institute. p. 64.
  21. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-07-23. Retrieved 2012-07-20.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  22. http://cms.horus.be/files/99907/MediaArchive/Events/Study_Visits/KISA%20Intervention.pdf
  23. "My girl thought she was going to die"
  24. "Why the Republic of Cyprus is institutionally racist"
  25. "Teen says beaten and mocked by police in racist incident"</
  26. Çalışma Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı Archived 2016-01-23 at the Wayback Machine
  27. The Turkish Settlers in Northern Cyprus, www.cyprus-conflict.net, quoting "Fresh Tension for Cyprus: Counting the Newcomers" in The New York Times, January 23, 1991."Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-03-25. Retrieved 2016-05-15.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  28. Today's Zaman Archived 2012-03-02 at the Wayback Machine
  29. "Middle East :: CYPRUS". CIA The World Factbook.
  30. CIA – The World Factbook – Cyprus
  31. Population of Cyprus: end of 2007 Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine, Statistical Service of the Republic of Cyprus, Press Release 06/10/2008. Retrieved 26 February 2009.
  32. Cyprus: Sexually transmitted infections/HIV/AIDS Archived 2009-10-28 at the Wayback Machine, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, June 2008.
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