Demographics of Hong Kong

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Hong Kong, including population density, ethnicity, education level, the health of the populace, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.

Hong Kong population pyramid in 2020

Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with an overall density of some 6,300 people per square kilometre.[1] At the same time, Hong Kong has one of the world's lowest birth rates—1.11 per woman of child-bearing age as of 2012, far below the replacement rate of 2.1. It is estimated that 26.8% of the population will be aged 65 or more in 2033, up from 12.1% in 2005. Hong Kong recorded 8.2 births per 1,000 people in 2005–2010.[2]

Ethnically, Hong Kong mainly consists of Han[3] Chinese who constitute approximately 92% of the population.[4] Of these, many originate from various regions in Guangdong. There are also a number of descendants of immigrants from elsewhere in Southern China and around the world after the end of World War II.

Terminology

People from Hong Kong generally refer to themselves, in Cantonese, as Hèung Góng Yàhn (Chinese: 香港人; Cantonese Yale: Hèung Góng Yàhn; lit. 'Hong Kong people'); however, the term is not restricted to those of Chinese descent, owing to Hong Kong's roughly 160-year colonial history that saw the civil servants and traders of British, Indian, Russian and other ethnic groups stationed in Hong Kong.

In English, the term 'Hongkongers' (or sometimes 'Hong Kongers') is also used to refer to Hong Kongese people, while the term 'Hongkongese' is sometimes used as an adjective to describe people or things related to Hong Kong.[5][6]

Population density

Population graph of Hong Kong

The following census data is available for Hong Kong between the years 1841–2011. In 2011, Hong Kong had a population of just over 7 million, with a density of approximately 6,300 people per square kilometer. This makes Hong Kong the fourth most densely populated region in the world, after Macau, Monaco, and Singapore.[1]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1841 7,450    
1851 32,983+16.04%
1861 119,320+13.72%
1871 120,124+0.07%
1881 160,402+2.93%
1891 221,441+3.28%
1901 368,987+5.24%
1911 456,739+2.16%
1921 625,166+3.19%
1931 840,473+3.00%
1941 163,000−15.13%
1945 600,000+38.51%
1951 2,070,000+22.92%
1961 3,128,648+4.22%
1971 3,936,630+2.32%
1981 5,183,400+2.79%
1991 5,752,000+1.05%
2001 6,714,300+1.56%
2011 7,071,600+0.52%
2019 7,507,400+0.75%
Sources: Census and Statistics Department,[7][8][9][10] CICRED,[11] Office for National Statistics[12]

Ethnicity

Ethnic groups in Hong Kong (2016)[13]
Ethnic groups
Chinese
92.0%
Filipino
2.5%
Indonesian
2.1%
Other
3.4%

Chinese

According to the 2016 by-census, 92% of the Hong Kong population is ethnic Chinese.[14] The Hong Kong census does not currently categorise Han Chinese subgroups, although in the past the census would collect information on language and dialect use[15] which can be used to ascertain proportions of the population's ethnicity. However, the majority of Hongkongers of Chinese descent trace their ancestry to various parts of Southern China: the Guangzhou area, followed by Siyi (a region of four counties neighbouring Guangzhou), Chaoshan (a region of North Guangdong home to Teochew speakers), Fujian, and Shanghai.[16] Some Cantonese people also originate from Hakka-speaking villages in the New Territories.[17] Most Teochew-speaking migrants immigrated to Hong Kong between the late 1940s and early 1970s, while migrants from Fujian (previously Southern Min speakers, and increasingly more Central Min and Northern Min speakers) have constituted a growing number of migrants since 1978.[18] Many Taishanese and Cantonese also migrated after 1949.

Currently, the major Chinese groups include the Punti, Hakka, Cantonese (including Toishanese), Hoklo,[19] and Tanka (Chinese: 蜑家/水上; lit. 'boat dwellers').[20] The Punti, and Tanka people in Hong Kong are largely descendants of the indigenous population, while the Hakka and Hoklo groups are composed of both indigenous groups and more recent migrants.

Ethnic minorities

8% of the population of Hong Kong are categorised as "ethnic minorities", including a large number of Filipinos and Indonesians, who together make up approximately 4.6% of the population.[21][22][23]

Census data from 2006, 2011, and 2016.[13]
Ethnic
group
2006 By-census 2011 Census 2016 By-census
Number % Number % Number %
Chinese 6,522,14895.06,620,39393.66,752,20292.0
Filipino 112,4531.6133,0181.9184,0812.5
Indonesian 87,8401.3133,3771.9153,2992.1
White 36,3840.555,2360.858,2090.8
Indian 20,4440.328,6160.436,4620.5
Nepalese 15,9500.216,5180.225,4720.3
Pakistani 11,1110.218,0420.318,0940.2
Thai 11,9000.211,2130.210,2150.1
Japanese 13,1890.212,5800.29,9760.1
Other Asian 12,6630.212,2470.219,5890.3
Others 20,2640.330,3360.468,9860.9
Total6,864,3467,071,5767,336,585

Circa 2018 there were about 2,000 people of African origins with about 800-1,000 in Yuen Long.[24] Chungking Mansions is another area of settlement and employment. Some Africans seeking to asylum travelled to Hong Kong as of June 2020.[25] According to Lingnan University professor Lisa Leung Yuk-ming, African settlement began in the 1990s. The Hong Kong African Association (香港非洲人協會) is an ethnic association for those people.[26]

Nationality

Due to its history as trading, business, and tourism hub, a large number of expatriates live in Hong Kong, representing 9.4% of the population.[27] The following lists ethnic groups with significant presence in Hong Kong in alphabetical order by category:

Age groups

Population pyramid 2016

United Nations data

According to United Nations estimates from 1 July 2013, Hong Kong's population is distributed in the following age ranges, with the largest age group represented being 50–54 years:[28]

Population by age group

Age group Male Female Total %
Total 3,330,700 3,856,800 7,187,500 100
0–4 134,500 125,700 260,200 3.62
5–9 128,000 120,200 248,200 3.45
10–14 149,100 139,600 288,700 4.02
15–19 208,000 196,300 404,300 5.63
20–24 226,400 230,700 457,100 6.36
25–29 221,800 295,800 517,600 7.20
30–34 231,900 343,200 575,100 8.00
35–39 229,500 331,000 560,500 7.80
40–44 239,800 338,700 578,500 8.05
45–49 271,000 337,900 608,900 8.47
50–54 313,500 341,100 654,600 9.11
55–59 281,300 287,900 569,200 7.92
60–64 220,000 223,100 443,100 6.16
65–69 148,800 146,400 295,200 4.11
70–74 109,600 103,700 213,300 2.97
75–79 100,600 109,900 210,500 2.93
80–84 69,500 88,400 157,900 2.20
85+ 47,400 97,200 144,600 2.01

Population by wider age groups

Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 411,600 385,500 797,100 11.09
15–64 2,443,200 2,925,700 5,368,900 74.70
65+ 475,900 545,600 1,021,500 14.21

Hong Kong government data

The Hong Kong government provides the following estimates for mid-2013:[29]

 0–14 years: 11.0% (male 408,000; female 382,600)
15–24 years: 11.7% (male 424,500; female 417,900)
25–34 years: 15.2% (male 454,900; female 639,700)
35–44 years: 15.9% (male 471,500; female 671,800)
45–54 years: 17.7% (male 587,900; female 681,700)
55–64 years: 14.2% (male 503,700; female 512,600)
65 and over: 14.3% (male 479,500; female 547,700)

Median age: 45.0 (2013 est.)

Language

As a former British colony, Hong Kong has 2 official languages: English, and Chinese, although the specific variety of Chinese is not specified. The majority of the population uses Cantonese as their usual spoken language. However, due to Hong Kong's role as an international trade and finance hub, there are also a wide variety of minority groups speaking dozens of languages present in the territory.

Language usually spoken at home (5+) 1961[30] 1971[30] 1991[31] 1996[32] 2001[33] 2006[34] 2011[34] 2016[34]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Cantonese 2,076,200 78.9 3,469,200 88.1 4,583,322 88.6 5,196,240 88.7 5,726,972 89.2 6,030,96090.86,095,21389.56,264,70088.9
Mandarin 503,000 19.1 405,100 10.2 57,577 1.1 65,892 1.1 55,410 0.9 60,8590.994,3991.4131,4061.9
Other Chinese languages 364,694 7.1 340,222 5.8 352,562 5.5 289,0274.4273,7454.0221,2473.1
English 31,800 1.2 41,100 1.1 114,084 2.2 184,308 3.1 203,598 3.2 187,2812.8238,2883.5300,4174.3
Other languages 17,900 0.8 21,200 0.6 49,232 1.0 73,879 1.3 79,197 1.2 72,2171.1106,7881.6131,1991.9
Total 2,628,900 3,936,600 5,168,909 5,860,541 6,417,7396,640,3446,808,4337,048,969

However, a very large proportion of the population in Hong Kong are able to communicate in multiple languages. The school system is separated into English-medium and Chinese-medium school, both of which teach English and Mandarin.

Proportion of Population (5+) Able to Speak Selected Languages[34]
2006[34] 2011[34] 2016[34]
% % %
Cantonese 96.5 95.8 94.6
Mandarin 40.2 47.8 48.6
Hakka 4.7 4.7 4.2
English 44.7 46.1 53.2
Hokkien 3.4 3.5 3.6
Chiu Chow 3.9 3.8 3.4
Bahasa Indonesia 1.7 2.4 2.7
Tagalog 1.4 1.7 2.7
Japanese 1.2 1.5 1.8
Shanghainese 1.2 1.1 1.1

Sex ratio

According to The World Factbook in 2013, the Hong Kong population was divided into the following male/female ratios:

Male/female ratio by age group

At birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
0–14 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
15–24 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
25–54 years: 0.88 male(s)/female
55–64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.94 male(s)/female

Education level

According to The World Factbook estimates in 2002, 93.5% of the population over the age of 15 had attended schooling, including 96.9% of males and 89.6% of females.

Health and mortality

The following table shows birth rates and mortality rates in Hong Kong between 1950 and 2019.[35][36][37]

At the end of the 20th century, Hong Kong had one of the lowest birth rates in the world. However, the number of births doubled in the decade between 2001 and 2011, largely due to an increase in the number of children born in Hong Kong to women with residence in Mainland China. In 2001 there were 7,810 births to Mainland women (16%) out of a total of 48,219 births. This increased to 37,253 births to Mainland women (45%) out of a total of 82,095 births.[38]

Birth and mortality rates

Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1,000) Crude death rate (per 1,000) Natural change (per 1,000) TFR
1950 1,974,000 60,60018,46542,135 30.79.421.3
1951 2,044,000 68,50020,58047,920 34.010.223.8
1952 2,141,000 71,97619,45952,517 33.99.224.7
1953 2,253,000 75,54418,30057,244 33.78.225.5
1954 2,371,000 83,31719,28364,034 35.28.227.1
1955 2,490,000 90,51119,08071,431 36.37.728.7
1956 2,607,000 96,74619,29577,451 37.07.429.6
1957 2,721,000 97,83419,36578,469 35.87.128.7
1958 2,834,000 106,62420,55486,070 37.47.230.2
1959 2,951,000 104,57920,25084,329 35.26.828.4
1960 3,075,000 110,66719,14691,521 36.16.229.95.014
1961 3,207,000 108,72618,73889,988 34.35.928.45.030
1962 3,344,000 119,16620,93398,233 36.16.329.74.980
1963 3,477,000 118,41320,34098,073 34.65.928.74.857
1964 3,596,000 111,43618,65792,779 31.85.326.54.665
1965 3,692,000 106,36218,16088,202 29.65.024.54.422
1966 3,763,000 96,43619,26177,175 26.65.321.34.152
1967 3,812,000 94,36820,23474,134 25.35.419.93.887
1968 3,850,000 83,64119,44464,197 22.05.116.93.649
1969 3,889,000 82,48219,25663,226 21.35.016.43.448
1970 3,942,000 79,13219,99659,136 20.05.114.93.284
1971 4,009,000 79,78920,37459,415 19.75.014.73.459
1972 4,088,000 80,34421,39758,947 19.55.214.33.315
1973 4,180,000 82,25221,25161,001 19.55.014.53.177
1974 4,283,000 83,58921,87961,710 19.35.114.32.967
1975 4,396,000 79,79021,59158,168 17.94.913.02.666
1976 4,519,000 78,51122,62855,883 17.45.112.32.480
1977 4,652,000 80,02223,33156,691 17.55.112.42.376
1978 4,788,000 80,95723,81657,141 17.35.112.22.272
1979 4,919,000 81,97525,11056,865 16.85.111.72.120
1980 5,039,000 85,29024,99560,295 17.04.912.12.047
1981 5,145,000 86,75124,82261,929 16.84.812.01.933
1982 5,239,000 86,12025,38460,736 16.44.811.51.860
1983 5,322,000 83,29326,51256,781 15.65.010.61.722
1984 5,394,000 77,29725,51051,787 14.44.79.71.559
1985 5,456,000 76,12625,24850,878 14.04.69.31.491
1986 5,508,000 71,62025,90245,718 13.04.78.31.367
1987 5,551,000 69,95826,91643,042 12.64.87.81.311
1988 5,592,000 75,41227,65947,753 13.44.98.51.400
1989 5,641,000 69,62128,74540,876 12.35.17.21.296
1990 5,704,000 67,73129,13638,595 12.05.16.91.272
1991 5,786,000 68,28128,42939,852 12.04.97.11.281
1992 5,884,000 70,94930,55040,399 12.35.27.11.347
1993 5,992,000 70,45130,57139,880 12.05.16.91.342
1994 6,101,000 71,64629,90541,741 11.94.97.01.355
1995 6,206,000 68,63731,46837,169 11.25.16.11.295
1996 6,304,000 63,29132,17631,115 9.95.14.81.191
1997 6,492,000 59,25031,73827,512 9.14.94.21.127
1998 6,550,000 52,97732,84720,130 8.15.03.11.016
1999 6,611,000 51,28133,25518,026 7.85.02.70.981
2000 6,675,000 54,13433,75820,376 8.15.13.11.032
2001 6,721,000 48,21933,37814,841 7.25.02.20.931
2002 6,728,000 48,20934,26713,942 7.15.12.00.941
2003 6,745,000 46,96536,9719,994 7.05.51.50.901
2004 6,781,000 49,79636,91812,878 7.35.41.90.922
2005 6,818,000 57,09838,83018,268 8.45.72.70.959
2006 6,871,000 65,62637,45728,169 9.65.54.10.984
2007 6,921,000 70,87539,47631,399 10.25.74.51.028
2008 6,951,000 78,82241,79637,026 11.36.05.31.064
2009 6,980,000 82,09541,17540,920 11.85.95.91.055
2010 7,024,000 88,58442,19446,390 12.66.06.61.127
2011 7,072,000 95,45142,34653,105 13.55.97.61.204
2012 7,155,000 91,55843,91747,641 12.86.16.71.285
2013 7,187,000 57,08443,39713,687 7.96.01.91.125
2014 7,242,000 62,30545,08717,218 8.66.22.41.235
2015 7,306,000 59,87846,10813,770 8.26.31.91.196
2016 7,337,000 60,80346,90013,903 8.36.41.91.205
2017 7,410,000 56,89045,88311,007 7.76.31.41.126
2018 7,482,000 54,33047,4796,851 7.26.30.91.072
2019 7,507,400 53,16848,7064,462 7.06.50.51.052

Infant mortality rate

According to The World Factbook in 2013, the infant mortality rate in Hong Kong was 2.89 deaths/1,000 live births.

Life expectancy

According to The World Factbook in 2013, the average life expectancy for the total population was 82.2 years; 79.47 years for males and 85.14 years for females.

Hong Kong is the territory with the world's highest life expectancy according to the United Nations.

Period Life expectancy in
Years
Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 63.1 1985–1990 77.0
1955–1960 65.9 1990–1995 78.1
1960–1965 68.8 1995–2000 80.0
1965–1970 70.9 2000–2005 81.4
1970–1975 72.5 2005–2010 82.4
1975–1980 73.7 2010–2015 83.4
1980–1985 75.6

Source: UN World Population Prospects[39]

Marriage and fertility

According to The World Factbook in 2006, the average marriage age in Hong Kong was 30 years for males and 27 years for females, and the population was subdivided into the following categories:

Marital status

Married: 57.8% (3,423,995)
Never married: 32% (1,920,522)
Divorced: 3.2% (189,563)
Separated: 0.6% (34,722)

Fertility rate

The World Factbook in 2013 reported that the fertility rate in Hong Kong was 1.11 children born/woman.

Religion

Religion in Hong Kong (2016)[40]

  Protestantism (6.5%)
  Catholicism (5.1%)
  Islam (4.1%)
  Hinduism (1.3%)
  Sikhism (0.2%)
People honouring gods in a dajiao celebration, the Cheung Chau Bun Festival.

Over half of all people (56.1% as of 2010) are not religious.[41] Religious people in Hong Kong follow a diverse range of religions, among which Taoist and Buddhist (specifically Chinese Buddhism) faiths are common for people of Chinese descent.

Confucian beliefs are popular in Hong Kong, but it is arguable whether Confucianism can be considered as a religion.[42] As such, Confucianism is excluded in some studies.[41]

Christian beliefs (Protestantism and Catholicism together) are also common, as well as non-organised Chinese folk religions, whose followers may state that they are not religious.

Traditional religions including Chinese Buddhism were discouraged under British rule, which officially represented Christianity.[43] The handover of sovereignty from Britain to China has led to a resurgence of Buddhist and Chinese religions.[43]

Estimated number of adherents in Hong Kong by religion[44]
Region2008200920102011201220132016
Buddhists> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million
Taoists≈ 1 million≈ 1 million≈ 1 million≈ 1 million> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million
Protestant320,000320,000480,000480,000480,000≈ 500,000500,000
Catholics350,000350,000353,000363,000363,000368,000384,000
Muslims220,000220,000220,000220,000270,000300,000300,000
Hindu40,00040,00040,00040,00040,00040,000100,000
Sikhs10,00010,00010,00010,00010,00010,00012,000

See also

References

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