Demographics of Russia

With a population of 142.8 million according to the 2010 census,[10] which rose to 146.2 million as of 2021,[9] Russia is the most populous country in Europe and the ninth-most populous country in the world. Its population density stands at 9 inhabitants per square kilometre (23 per square mile). The overall life expectancy in Russia at birth is 72.4 years (66.9 years for males and 77.6 years for females).[11] Since the 1990s, Russia's death rate has exceeded its birth rate.[12] As of 2019, the total fertility rate (TFR) across Russia was estimated to be 1.50 births per woman,[5][13] significantly below the replacement rate of 2.1, and considerably below the high of 7.44 children born per woman in 1908.[14] Consequently, the country has a relatively old population, with a median age of 40.3 years.[13]

Demographics of Russia
Population143,821,329 (excluding Crimea),[1] 146,238,185 (including Crimea)[2]
Life expectancy 73.34 years (2019)[3]
 • male67.75 years (2018)[4]
 • female77.82 years (2018)[4]
Fertility rate 1.507 (2019)[5]
Infant mortality rate4.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2019)[6]
Net migration rate1.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014)
Age structure
Under 18 years~23.21%[7]
18–44 years~34.73%[7]
45–64 years26.55%[7]
65 and over15.6%[7]
Sex ratio
Total0.86 male(s)/female (2009)
At birth1.06 male(s)/female
Under 151.06 male(s)/female (male 11,980,138/female 11,344,818)
15–64 years0.925 male(s)/female (male 48,166,470/female 52,088,967)
65 and over0.44 male(s)/female (male 5,783,983/female 13,105,896)
Nationality
Nationalitynoun: Russian(s) adjective: Russian
Major ethnicRussians
Language
SpokenRussian, others
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1897 67,473,000—    
1926 93,459,000+1.13%
1939 108,377,000+1.15%
1959 117,534,000+0.41%
1970 130,079,000+0.93%
1979 137,552,000+0.62%
1989 147,386,000+0.69%
2002 145,166,731−0.12%
2010 142,856,836−0.20%
2015 144,985,057+0.30%
2019 146,780,720+0.31%
2020 146,748,590−0.02%
2021 146,238,185−0.35%
Source:[8][9]

Russia is home to approximately 117 million ethnic Russians,[15] and about 20 million ethnic Russians live outside of Russia in the former republics of the Soviet Union, mostly in Ukraine and Kazakhstan, as well as in the diaspora across the globe.[16] The 2010 census recorded roughly 80.9% of the population as ethnic Russians, and 19.1% as other ethnicities:[17] 3.9% Tatars; 1.4% Ukrainians; 1.1% Bashkirs; 1% Chuvashes; 11.7% others and unspecified. According to the Census, 84.93% of the Russian population belongs to European ethnic groups (Slavic, Germanic, Finnic, Greek, and others). This is a decline from 2002, when they constituted for more than 86% of the population.[17] In total, over 186 different ethnic groups live within the Russian Federation's borders.

Natural population growth of Russia since 1950.[18][19][20]
  Birth rate
  Death rate
  Natural growth rate

The population of Russia peaked at 148,689,000 in 1991, just before the breakup of the Soviet Union. Low birth rates and abnormally high death rates caused Russia's population to decline at a 0.5% annual rate, or about 750,000 to 800,000 people per year from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s. The UN warned in 2005 that Russia's then population of about 143 million could fall by a third by 2050, if trends did not improve.[21][22] In 2018, the UN claimed that Russia's population could fall to 132 million by 2050.[23][24]

The decline slowed considerably in the late 2000s, and in 2009 Russia recorded population growth for the first time in 15 years, adding 23,300.[18][25] Key reasons for the slow current population growth are improving health care, changing fertility patterns among younger women, falling emigration and a steady influx of immigrants from ex-USSR countries. In 2012, Russia's population increased by 292,400.[26]

As of 2019, Russia's TFR of 1.504 children born/woman[5] was among the highest in Eastern, Southern and Central Europe. In 2013, Russia experienced the first natural population growth since 1990 at 22,700. However, since 2016 TFR has been plummeting, which has already led to a return of a growing natural decrease. In 2018 it surpassed the net migration increment leading to a slight decline of total population. Even though life expectancy in Russia is steadily growing at a high pace (~0.5 year annually) reaching all-time record highs every year,[4] it is still not enough for recovery due to the distorted wave-like age structure of the population.

The number of Russians living in poverty has decreased by 50% since the economic crisis following the disintegration of the Soviet Union, and the improving economy had a positive impact on the country's low birth rate. The latter rose from its lowest point of 8.27 births per 1000 people in 1999 to 13.3 per 1000 in 2014. Likewise, the fertility rate rose from its lowest point of 1.157 in 1999 to 1.777 in 2015. 2007 marked the highest growth in birth rates that the country had seen in 25 years, and 2009 marked the highest total birth rate since 1991.[27]

While the Russian birth rate is comparable to that of developed countries, its death rate is much higher, especially among working-age males due to a comparatively high rate of fatalities caused by heart disease and other external causes such as accidents. The Russian death rate in 2010 was 14.3 per 1000 citizens.

Demographic crisis and recovery prospects
Children in Russia. The country is struggling with a demographic crisis.[28]
Further information: Russian Cross and Demographic crisis of Russia

The causes for this sharp increase in mortality are widely debated. According to a 2009 report by The Lancet,[29] a British medical journal, mass privatization, an element of the economic-reform package nicknamed shock therapy, clearly correlates with higher mortality rates. The report argues that advocates of economic reforms ignored the human cost of the policies they were promoting, such as unemployment and human suffering, leading to an early death. These conclusions were criticized by The Economist.[30] A WHO press-release in 2000, on the other hand, reported widespread alcohol abuse in Russia being used as the most common explanation of higher mortality among men.[31] A 2008 study produced very similar results.[32]

A 2009 study blamed alcohol for more than half the deaths (52%) among Russians aged 15 to 54 in the '90s. For the same demographic, this compares to 4% of deaths for the rest of the world. The study claimed alcohol consumption in mid-90s in Russia averaged 10.5 litres, and was based on personal interviews conducted in three Siberian industrial cities, Barnaul, Biysk and Omsk.[33] More recent studies have confirmed these findings.[34]

According to the Russian demographic publication Demoscope,[35] the rising male death rate was a long-term trend from 1960 to 2005. The only significant reversion of the trend was caused by Mikhail Gorbachev's anti-alcohol campaign, but its effect was only temporary. According to the publication, the sharp rise of death rates in the early 1990s was caused by the exhaustion of the effect of the anti-alcohol campaign, while the market reforms were only of secondary importance. The authors also claimed the Lancet's study is flawed because it used the 1985 death rate as the base, while that was in fact the very maximum of the effect of the anti-alcohol campaign.[35]

Other factors contributing to the collapse, along with the economic problems, include the dying off of a relatively large cohort of people born between 1925 and 1940 (between the Russian Civil War and World War II), when Russian birth rates were very high, along with an "echo boom" in the 1980s that may have satisfied the demand for children, leading to a subsequent drop in birth rates.

Government measures to halt the demographic crisis was a key subject of Vladimir Putin's 2006 state of the nation address.[36] As a result, a national programme was developed with the goal to reverse the trend by 2020. Soon after, a study published in 2007 showed that the rate of population decrease had begun to slow: if the net decrease from January to August 2006 was 408,200 people, it was 196,600 in the same period in 2007. The death rate accounted for 357,000 of these, which is 137,000 less than in 2006.[37]

At the same time period in 2007, there were just over one million births in Russia (981,600 in 2006), whilst deaths decreased from 1,475,000 to 1,402,300. In all, the number of deaths exceeded the number of births by 1.3 times, down from 1.5 in 2006. 18 of the 83 provinces showed a natural growth of population (in 2006: 16). The Russian Ministry of Economic Development expressed hope that by 2020 the population would stabilize at 138–139 million, and by 2025, to increase again to its present-day status of 143–145, also raising the life expectancy to 75 years.[37]

Young Russians in 2018.

The natural population decline continued to slow through 2008—2012 due to declining death rates and increasing birth rates. In 2009 the population saw yearly growth for the first time in 15 years.[18][25] In September 2009, the Ministry of Health and Social Development reported that Russia recorded natural population growth for the first time in 15 years, with 1,000 more births than deaths in August.[38] In April 2011 the Russian Prime Minister (Russian president as of 2012) Vladimir Putin pledged to spend the 1.5 trillion rubles (£32.5 billion or $54 billion) on various measures to boost Russia's declining birthrate by 30 per cent in the next four years.[39]

In 2012, the birth rate increased again. Russia recorded 1,896,263 births, the highest number since 1990, and even exceeding annual births during the period 1967–1969, with a TFR of 1.691, the highest since 1991. (Source: Vital statistics table below). In fact, Russia, despite having only slightly more people than Japan, has recently had nearly twice as many births as that country. The number of births was expected to fall over the next few years as women born during the baby bust in the 1990s enter their prime childbearing years, but this didn't occur thanks to the continued growth of the TFR. The figures for 2013–2015 again showed around 1.9 million births, about the same as in 2012, but because the number of women of childbearing age is dropping, especially for those in their early 20s, the TFR actually rose to 1.777, which places Russia at first 9 or 10 countries out of 50 developed nations, and at 6th place in Europe.

In 2017, the number of births took a drop mostly due to falling fertility rates, which, in turn, were affected by falling of fertility of 2nd children due to planned but postponed termination of maternal capital program, and falling of fertility of 1st children. The more recent drop in fertility has been sharpest in the North Caucasus, including in Chechnya where the birth rate fell by one-third since 2010. Change of number of reproductive-age women also played a key role. However, the number of deaths also declined due to improving healthcare, decline in violent crime rates and declining consumption of alcohol, tobacco and hard drugs.

In 2018, the number of births kept falling, but at much slower pace. However, the number of deaths didn't decline by as much as it did the previous year because whilst life expectancy improved, the population aged leading to a higher mortality rate. By 2020 around 25.7% of Russians would be over 60 years, which is nearly double the percentage in 1985 of 12.7%. By the middle of the century it is possible that more than a third of the population will be over 60, similar to modern Japan.

Immigration
Main article: Immigration to Russia

In 2006, in a bid to compensate for the country's demographic decline, the Russian government started simplifying immigration laws and launched a state program "for providing assistance to voluntary immigration of ethnic Russians from former Soviet republics".[40] In August 2012, as the country saw its first demographic growth since the 1990s, President Putin declared that Russia's population could reach 146 million by 2025, mainly as a result of immigration.[41] Introduced in April 2014 new citizenship rules[42] allowing citizens of former Soviet countries to obtain Russian citizenship If they meet certain criteria (e.g. preferred language, ethnicity) have gained strong interest among Russian-speaking residents of those countries (i.e. Russians, Germans, Belarusians and Ukrainians).[43]

There are an estimated four million illegal immigrants from the ex-Soviet states in Russia.[44] In 2012, the Russian Federal Security Service's Border Service stated there had been an increase in illegal migration from the Middle East and Southeast Asia (Note that these were Temporary Contract Migrants)[45] Under legal changes made in 2012, illegal immigrants who are caught will be banned from reentering the country for 10 years.[46][47]

Since the collapse of the USSR, most immigrants have come from Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, Belarus, and China.[48]

Worker migration

Temporary migrant workers in Russia consists of about 7 million people, most of the temporary workers come from Central Asia, the Balkans and East Asia. Most of them work in the construction, cleaning and in the household industries. They primarily live in cities such as Moscow, Sochi and Blagoveshchensk. The mayor of Moscow said that Moscow cannot do without worker migrants. New laws are in place that require worker migrants to be fluent in Russian, know Russian history and laws. The Russian Opposition and most of the Russian population opposes worker migration. The problem of worker migration has become so severe it has caused a rise in Russian nationalism, and spawned groups like Movement Against Illegal Immigration.[49][50]

Source:
Immigration Emigration Net external migration
2013 482 241 186 382 295 859
2014 590 824 310 496 280 328
2015 598 617 353 233 245 384
2016 575 158 313 210 261 948
2017 589 033 377 155 211 878
2018 565 685 440 831 124 854
2019 701 234 416 131 285 792

Vital statistics

Total fertility rate, 1840–1926

The total fertility rate is the number of children born to each woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.[14]

In many of the following years, Russia had the highest total fertility rate in the world.[14] These elevated fertility rates did not lead to population growth due to the casualties of the Russian Revolution, the two world wars and political killings.

Total fertility rate in Russia 1840–1926
Years1840184118421843184418451846184718481849[14]
7777.017.027.037.057.067.087.08
Years1850185118521853185418551856185718581859[14]
7.077.077.077.067.057.037.0176.986.97
Years1860186118621863186418651866186718681869[14]
6.956.936.956.966.986.997.017.026.516.87
Years1870187118721873187418751876187718781879[14]
6.747.036.857.247.177.157.026.876.586.98
Years1880188118821883188418851886188718881889[14]
6.86.667.036.896.836.746.476.616.966.8
Years1890189118921893189418951896189718981899[14]
6.717.446.577.177.187.347.437.527.287.36
Years1900190119021903190419051906190719081909[14]
7.367.27.367.27.246.727.047.087.447.12
Years1910191119121913191419151916191719181919[14]
7.27.27.26.966.883.365.25.045.723.44
Years1920192119221923192419251926[14]
6.724.7266.486.726.86.72

Historical crude birth rates
Years 1801–1810 1811–1820 1821–1830 1831–1840 1841–1850 1851–1860[51]
Crude birth rates of Russia 43.7 40.0 42.7 45.6 49.7 52.4
Years 1861–1870 1871–1880 1881–1890 1891–1900 1901–1910 1911–1914 18th century
(only Orthodoxs)		 1801–1860
(only Orthodoxs)[51]
Crude birth rates of Russia 50.3 50.4 50.4 49.2 46.8 43.9 51.0 50.0
Russian population by age and sex (demographic pyramid) on 1 January 1927
Russian population by age and sex (demographic pyramid) on 1 January 1946
Average population[52] Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1,000) Crude death rate (per 1,000) Natural change (per 1,000) Total fertility rates Life Expectancy (male) Life Expectancy (female)
1927 94,596,000 4,688,000 2,705,000 1,983,000 49.6 28.6 21.0 6.73 33.7 37.9
1928 96,654,000 4,723,000 2,589,000 2,134,000 48.9 26.8 22.1 6.56 35.9 40.4
1929 98,644,000 4,633,000 2,819,000 1,814,000 47.0 28.6 18.4 6.23 33.7 38.2
1930 100,419,000 4,413,000 2,738,000 1,675,000 43.9 27.3 16.7 5.83 34.6 38.7
1931 101,948,000 4,412,000 3,090,000 1,322,000 43.3 30.3 13.0 5.63 30.7 35.5
1932 103,136,000 4,058,000 3,077,000 981,000 39.3 29.8 9.5 5.09 30.5 35.7
1933 102,706,000 3,313,000 5,239,000 –1,926,000 32.3 51.0 –18.8 4.15 15.2 19.5
1934 102,922,000 2,923,000 2,659,000 264,000 28.7 26.1 2.6 3.57 30.5 35.7
1935 102,684,000 3,577,000 2,421,000 1,156,000 34.8 23.6 11.3 4.31 33.1 38.4
1936 103,904,000 3,899,000 2,719,000 1,180,000 37.5 26.2 11.4 4.54 30.4 35.7
1937 105,358,000 4,377,000 2,760,000 1,617,000 41.5 26.2 15.4 5.08 30.5 40.0
1938 107,044,000 4,379,000 2,739,000 1,640,000 40.9 25.6 15.3 4.99 31.7 42.5
1939 108,785,000 4,329,000 2,600,000 1,729,000 39.8 23.9 15.9 4.91 34.9 42.6
1940 110,333,000 3,814,000 2,561,000 1,253,000 34.6 23.2 11.4 4.26 35.7 41.9
Total Fertility Rate in Russia 1941–1945
Years19411942194319441945[14]
4.602.961.681.721.92

After WWII
Vital Statistics of Russia 1946–2019[52][53][54][55][56][57][58]
Total average midyear population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1,000) Crude death rate (per 1,000) Natural change (per 1,000) Total fertility rates[fn 1] Urban fertility Rural fertility Life Expectancy (male) Life Expectancy (female) Life Expectancy (total) Abortions reported
1946 98,028,000 2,546,000 1,210,000 1,336,000 26.0 12.3 13.6 2.81 46.6 55.3
1947 98,834,000 2,715,000 1,448,482 1,035,000 27.5 14.9 10.5 2.94 39.9 49.8
1948 99,706,000 2,516,000 1,310,000 1,206,000 25.2 13.1 12.1 2.60 47.0 56.0
1949 101,160,000 3,089,000 1,187,000 1,902,000 30.5 11.7 18.8 3.21 51.0 59.8
1950 102,833,000 2,859,000 1,180,000 1,679,000 27.8 11.5 16.3 2.89 52.3 61.0
1951 104,439,000 2,938,000 1,210,000 1,728,000 28.1 11.6 16.5 2.92 52.3 60.6
1952 106,164,000 2,928,000 1,138,000 1,790,000 27.6 10.7 16.9 2.87 54.6 62.9
1953 107,828,000 2,822,000 1,118,000 1,704,000 26.2 10.4 15.8 2.73 55.5 63.9
1954 109,643,000 3,048,000 1,133,000 1,915,000 27.8 10.3 17.5 2.97 55.9 64.1
1955 111,572,000 2,942,000 1,037,000 1,905,000 26.4 9.3 17.1 2.82 58.3 66.6
1956 113,327,000 2,827,000 956,000 1,871,000 24.9 8.4 16.5 2.73 60.1 68.8
1957 115,035,000 2,880,000 1,017,000 1,863,000 25.0 8.8 16.2 2.75 59.7 68.4 3,407,398
1958 116,749,000 2,861,000 931,000 1,930,000 24.5 8.0 16.5 2.69 61.8 70.4 3,939,362
1959 118,307,000 2,796,228 920,225 1,876,003 23.6 7.8 15.9 2.58 2.03 3.34 62.84 71.14 67.65 4,174,111
1960 119,906,000 2,782,353 886,090 1,896,263 23.2 7.4 15.8 2.56 2.06 3.26 63.67 72.31 68.67 4,373,042
1961 121,586,000 2,662,135 901,637 1,760,498 21.9 7.4 14.5 2.47 2.04 3.08 63.91 72.63 68.92 4,759,040
1962 123,128,000 2,482,539 949,648 1,532,891 20.2 7.7 12.4 2.36 1.98 2.92 63.67 72.27 68.58 4,925,124
1963 124,514,000 2,331,505 932,055 1,399,450 18.7 7.5 11.2 2.31 1.93 2.87 64.12 72.78 69.05 5,134,100
1964 125,744,000 2,121,994 901,751 1,220,243 16.9 7.2 9.7 2.19 1.88 2.66 64.89 73.58 69.85 5,376,200
1965 126,749,000 1,990,520 958,789 1,031,731 15.7 7.6 8.1 2.14 1.82 2.58 64.37 73.33 69.44 5,463,300
1966 127,608,000 1,957,763 974,299 983,464 15.3 7.6 7.7 2.13 1.85 2.58 64.29 73.55 69.51 5,322,500
1967 128,361,000 1,851,041 1,017,034 834,007 14.4 7.9 6.5 2.03 1.79 2.46 64.02 73.43 69.30 5,005,000
1968 129,037,000 1,816,509 1,040,096 776,413 14.1 8.1 6.0 1.98 1.75 2.44 63.73 73.56 69.26 4,872,900
1969 129,660,000 1,847,592 1,106,640 740,952 14.2 8.5 5.7 1.99 1.78 2.44 63.07 73.29 68.74 4,751,100
1970 130,252,000 1,903,713 1,131,183 772,530 14.6 8.7 5.9 2.00 1.77 2.52 63.07 73.44 68.86 4,837,700
1971 130,934,000 1,974,637 1,143,359 831,278 15.1 8.7 6.3 2.02 1.80 2.60 63.24 73.77 69.12 4,838,749
1972 131,687,000 2,014,638 1,181,802 832,836 15.3 9.0 6.3 2.03 1.81 2.59 63.24 73.62 69.02 4,765,900
1973 132,434,000 1,994,621 1,214,204 780,417 15.1 9.2 5.9 1.96 1.75 2.55 63.28 73.56 69.00 4,747,037
1974 133,217,000 2,079,812 1,222,495 857,317 15.6 9.2 6.4 2.00 1.78 2.63 63.12 73.77 68.99 4,674,050
1975 134,092,000 2,106,147 1,309,710 796,437 15.7 9.8 5.9 1.97 1.76 2.64 62.48 73.23 68.35 4,670,700
1976 135,026,000 2,146,711 1,352,950 793,761 15.9 10.0 5.9 1.96 1.74 2.62 62.19 73.04 68.10 4,757,055
1977 135,979,000 2,156,724 1,387,986 768,738 15.9 10.2 5.7 1.92 1.72 2.58 61.82 73.19 67.97 4,686,063
1978 136,922,000 2,179,030 1,417,377 761,653 15.9 10.4 5.6 1.90 1.70 2.55 61.83 73.23 68.01 4,656,057
1979 137,758,000 2,178,542 1,490,057 688,485 15.8 10.8 5.0 1.87 1.67 2.54 61.49 73.02 67.73 4,544,040
1980 138,483,000 2,202,779 1,525,755 677,024 15.9 11.0 4.9 1.87 1.68 2.51 61.38 72.96 67.70 4,506,249
1981 139,221,000 2,236,608 1,524,286 712,322 16.1 10.9 5.1 1.88 1.69 2.55 61.61 73.18 67.92 4,400,676
1982 140,067,000 2,328,044 1,504,200 823,844 16.6 10.7 5.9 1.96 1.76 2.63 62.24 73.64 68.38 4,462,825
1983 141,056,000 2,478,322 1,563,995 914,327 17.6 11.1 6.5 2.11 1.89 2.76 62.15 73.41 68.15 4,317,729
1984 142,061,000 2,409,614 1,650,866 758,748 17.0 11.6 5.3 2.06 1.86 2.69 61.71 72.96 67.67 4,361,959
1985 143,033,000 2,375,147 1,625,266 749,881 16.6 11.4 5.2 2.05 1.87 2.68 62.72 73.23 68.33 4,552,443
1986 144,156,000 2,485,915 1,497,975 987,940 17.2 10.4 6.9 2.18 1.98 2.83 64.77 74.22 69.95 4,579,400
1987 145,386,000 2,499,974 1,531,585 968,389 17.2 10.5 6.7 2.22 1.974 3.187 64.83 74.26 69.96 4,385,627
1988 146,505,000 2,348,494 1,569,112 779,382 16.0 10.7 5.3 2.13 1.90 3.06 64.61 74.25 69.81 4,608,953
1989 147,342,000 2,160,559 1,583,743 576,816 14.7 10.7 3.9 2.01 1.83 2.63 64.20 74.50 69.73 4,427,713
1990 147,969,000 1,988,858 1,655,993 332,865 13.4 11.2 2.3 1.892 1.698 2.600 63.76 74.32 69.36 4,103,425
1991 148,394,000 1,794,626 1,690,657 103,969 12.1 11.4 0.7 1.732 1.531 2.447 63.41 74.23 69.11 3,608,421
1992 148,538,000 1,587,644 1,807,441 –219,797 10.7 12.2 –1.5 1.547 1.351 2.219 61.96 73.71 67.98 3,436,695
1993 148,459,000 1,378,983 2,129,339 –750,356 9.3 14.3 –5.1 1.369 1.200 1.946 58.80 71.85 65.24 3,243,957
1994 148,408,000 1,408,159 2,301,366 –893,207 9.5 15.5 –6.0 1.394 1.238 1.917 57.38 71.07 63.93 3,060,237
1995 148,376,000 1,363,806 2,203,811 –840,005 9.2 14.9 –5.7 1.337 1.193 1.813 58.11 71.60 64.62 2,766,362
1996 148,160,000 1,304,638 2,082,249 –777,611 8.8 14.1 –5.2 1.270 1.140 1.705 59.61 72.41 65.89 2,652,038
1997 147,915,000 1,259,943 2,015,779 –755,836 8.5 13.6 –5.1 1.218 1.097 1.624 60.84 72.85 66.79 2,498,716
1998 147,671,000 1,283,292 1,988,744 –705,452 8.7 13.5 –4.8 1.232 1.109 1.643 61.19 73.12 67.14 2,346,138
1999 147,215,000 1,214,689 2,144,316 –929,627 8.3 14.6 –6.3 1.157 1.045 1.534 59.86 72.42 65.99 2,181,153
2000 146,597,000 1,266,800 2,225,332 –958,532 8.6 15.2 –6.5 1.195 1.089 1.554 58.99 72.25 65.38 2,138,800
2001 145,976,000 1,311,604 2,254,856 –943,252 9.0 15.4 –6.5 1.223 1.124 1.564 58.88 72.16 65.30 2,114,700
2002 145,306,496 1,396,967 2,332,272 –935,305 9.6 16.1 –6.4 1.286 1.189 1.633 58.68 71.90 64.95 1,944,481
2003 144,648,624 1,477,301 2,365,826 –888,525 10.2 16.4 –6.1 1.319 1.223 1.666 58.53 71.85 64.84 1,864,647
2004 144,067,312 1,502,477 2,295,402 –792,925 10.4 15.9 –5.5 1.344 1.253 1.654 58.91 72.36 65.31 1,797,567
2005 143,518,816 1,457,376 2,303,935 –846,559 10.2 16.1 –5.9 1.294 1.207 1.576 58.92 72.47 65.37 1,675,693
2006 143,049,632 1,479,637 2,166,703 –687,066 10.3 15.1 –4.8 1.305 1.210 1.601 60.43 73.34 66.69 1,582,398
2007 142,805,120 1,610,122 2,080,445 –470,323 11.3 14.6 –3.3 1.416 1.294 1.798 61.46 74.02 67.61 1,479,010
2008 142,742,368 1,713,947 2,075,954 –362,007 12.0 14.5 –2.6 1.502 1.372 1.912 61.92 74.28 67.99 1,385,600
2009 142,785,344 1,761,687 2,010,543 –248,856 12.3 14.1 –1.8 1.542 1.415 1.941 62.87 74.79 68.78 1,292,389
2010 142,849,472 1,788,948 2,028,516 –239,568 12.5 14.2 –1.7 1.567 1.439 1.983 63.09 74.88 68.94 1,186,108
2011 142,960,908 1,796,629 1,925,720 –129,091 12.6 13.5 –0.9 1.582 1.442 2.056 64.04 75.61 69.83 1,124,880
2012 143,201,700 1,902,084 1,906,335 –4,251 13.3 13.3 –0.0 1.691 1.541 2.215 64.56 75.86 70.24 1,063,982
2013 143,506,995 1,895,822 1,871,809 24,013 13.3 13.0 0.2 1.707 1.551 2.264 65.14 76.31 70.77 1,012,399
2014 146,090,613 1,942,683 1,912,347 30,346 13.3 13.1 0.2 1.750 1.588 2.318 65.29 76.49 70.93 929,963
2015 146,405,999 1,940,579 1,908,541 32,038 13.3 13.1 0.2 1.777 1.678 2.111 65.92 76.71 71.39 848,180
2016 146,674,541 1,888,729 1,891,015 –2,286 12.9 12.9 –0.0 1.762 1.672 2.056 66.50 77.06 71.87 836,611
2017 146,842,402 1,690,307 1,826,125 –135,818 11.5 12.4 –0.9 1.621 1.527 1.923 67.51 77.64 72.70 779,848
2018 146,830,576 1,604,344 1,828,910 –224,566 10.9 12.5 –1.6 1.579 1.489 1.870 67.75 77.81 72.91 661,000
2019[59][60] 146,764,655 1,481,074 1,798,307 –317,233 10.1 12.3 –2.2 1.504 1,43 1,75 68.24 78.17 73.34
2020[61] 146,238,185 1,435,750 2,124,479 –688,729 9.8 14.5 –4.7
Urban live births Urban deaths Urban natural change Urban crude birth rate (per 1,000) Urban crude death rate (per 1,000) Urban natural change (per 1,000) Rural live births Rural deaths Rural natural change Rural crude birth rate (per 1,000) Rural crude death rate (per 1,000) Rural natural change (per 1,000)
1950 1,171,250 436,792 734,458 26.1 9.7 16.4 1,574,747 594,218 980,529 27.5 10.4 17.1
1960 1,332,812 436,709 896,103 20.4 6.7 13.7 1,449,541 449,831 1,000,160 26.5 8.2 18.3
1970 1,205,207 646,129 559,078 14.8 7.9 6.9 698,506 485,054 213,452 14.3 10.0 4.3
1980 1,535,723 970,256 565,467 15.8 10.0 5.8 667,056 555,499 111,557 16.1 13.4 2.7
1990 1,386,247 1,140,613 245,634 12.7 10.5 2.2 602,611 515,380 87,231 15.5 13.2 2.3
1995 933,460 1,554,182 –620,722 8.7 14.4 –5.7 430,346 649,269 –219,283 10.9 16.5 –5.6
2000 886,908 1,564,034 –677,126 8.3 14.6 –6.3 379,892 661,298 –281,406 9.8 17.1 –7.3
2001 928,642 1,592,254 –663,612 8.7 14.9 –6.2 382,962 662,602 –279,640 10.0 17.3 –7.3
2002 998,056 1,638,822 –640,766 9.4 15.4 –6.0 398,911 693,450 –294,539 10.5 18.2 –7.7
2003 1,050,565 1,657,569 –607,004 9.9 15.6 –5.7 426,736 708,257 –281,521 11.1 18.4 –7.3
2004 1,074,247 1,606,894 –532,647 10.1 15.2 –5.1 428,230 688,508 –260,278 11.2 18.1 –6.9
2005 1,036,870 1,595,762 –558,892 9.8 15.1 –5.3 420,506 708,173 –287,667 11.0 18.6 –7.6
2006 1,044,540 1,501,245 –456,705 10.0 14.3 –4.3 435,097 665,458 –230,361 11.4 17.4 –6.0
2007 1,120,741 1,445,411 –324,670 10.7 13.8 –3.1 489,381 635,034 –145,653 12.9 16.7 –3.8
2008 1,194,820 1,443,529 –248,709 11.4 13.8 –2.4 519,127 632,425 –113,298 13.7 16.7 –3.0
2009 1,237,615 1,397,591 –159,976 11.8 13.3 –1.5 524,072 612,952 –88,880 13.9 16.3 –2.4
2010 1,263,893 1,421,734 –157,841 12.0 13.5 –1.5 520,055 606,782 –81,727 14.0 16.1 –2.1
2011 1,270,047 1,356,696 –88,649 12.0 12.8 –0.8 526,582 569,024 –42,442 14.1 15.2 –1.1
2012 1,355,674 1,353,635 2,039 12.8 12.8 0.0 546,410 552,700 –6,290 14.7 14.8 –0.1
2013 1,357,310 1,332,505 24,805 12.8 12.5 0.3 538,512 539,304 –792 14.5 14.5 –0.0
2014 1,394,860 1,362,810 32,050 12.9 12.6 0.3 547,823 549,537 –1,714 14.4 14.5 –0.1
2015 1,455,283 1,361,891 93,392 13.4 12.6 0.8 485,296 546,650 –61,354 12.8 14.4 –1.6
2016 1,426,591 1,354,944 71,597 13.1 12.4 0.7 462,138 536,071 –73,933 12.2 14.2 –2.0
2017 1,269,527 1,310,235 –40,708 11.6 12.0 –0.4 420,780 515,890 –95,110 11.2 13.7 –2.5
2018 1,205,231 1,317,703 –112,472 11.0 12.0 –1.0 399,113 511,207 –112,094 10.6 13.6 –3.0

Note: Russian data includes Crimea starting in 2014.

Age structure in 1897
The population of Russia (without Finland) by age groups of ten years in %, according to the General Census of 1897[62]
Districts (1897) 0–9 years 10–19 years 20–29 years 30–39 years 40–49 years 50–59 years 60–69 years 70 years and over, and unknown figures
European Russia 27.3 21.4 15.8 12.4 9.4 6.7 4.4 2.6
Privislinsky Krai (Poland) 28.2 21.0 17.4 12.9 7.8 6.5 3.9 2.3
Caucasus 30.4 20.1 16.9 12.8 8.5 5.5 3.5 2.3
Siberia 26.0 20.1 15.9 12.8 10.2 7.2 4.7 3.1
Central Asia 24.2 19.3 18.7 14.0 10.5 6.8 4.2 2.3
Total empire (without Finland) 27.3 21.1 16.2 12.6 9.3 6.6 4.3 2.6

Current population statistics
Population pyramid of Russia on 1 January 1941
Population pyramid of Russia as of 1 January 2015.
Population pyramid of Russia in 2017
Demographic pyramid of Russia on 1 January 2020
Birth and death rates and natural growth, 1927–1940
Birth and death rates and natural growth, 1950–2014

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019.[63]

  • One birth every 18 seconds
  • One death every 16 seconds
  • Net loss of one person every 8 minutes
  • One net migrant every 4 minutes

Demographic statistics according to the US based CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[64]

Population
142,122,776 (July 2018 est.)
142,257,519 (July 2017 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years: 17.21% (male 12,566,314 /female 11,896,416)
15–24 years: 9.41% (male 6,840,759 /female 6,530,991)
25–54 years: 44.21% (male 30,868,831 /female 31,960,407)
55–64 years: 14.51% (male 8,907,031 /female 11,709,921)
65 years and over: 14.66% (male 6,565,308 /female 14,276,798) (2018 est.)
0–14 years: 17.12% (male 12,509,563/female 11,843,254)
15–24 years: 9.46% (male 6,881,880/female 6,572,191)
25–54 years: 44.71% (male 31,220,990/female 32,375,489)
55–64 years: 14.44% (male 8,849,707/female 11,693,131)
65 years and over: 14.28% (male 6,352,557/female 13,958,757) (2017 est.)
Median age
total: 39.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 52nd
male: 36.9 years
female: 42.7 years (2018 est.)
total: 39.6 years
male: 36.6 years
female: 42.5 years (2017 est.)
total: 39.6 years
male: 36.7 years
female: 41.6 years (2009)[65]
Birth rate
10.7 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 184th
11 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)
Death rate
13.4 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 8th
Total fertility rate
1.61 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 179th
Net migration rate
1.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 52nd
Population growth rate
–0.11% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 205th
–0.08% (2017 est.)
+0.19% (2014 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
24.6 years (2009 est.)
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 71.3 years. Country comparison to the world: 155th
male: 65.6 years
female: 77.3 years (2018 est.)
Infant mortality rate
total: 6.8 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 7.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 163rd
Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)

total population: 99.7%
male: 99.7%
female: 99.6% (2015 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 16 years
male: 15 years
female: 16 years (2016)
Unemployment, youth ages 15–24
total: 16%. Country comparison to the world: 83rd
male: 15.3%
female: 16.9% (2015 est.)
Ethnic groups

Russian 80.9%, Tatar 3.9%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Bashkir 1.1%, Chuvash 1%, Chechen 1%, other 10.2%, unspecified 3.9% note: nearly 200 national and/or ethnic groups are represented in Russia's 2010 census (2010 est.)

Religions

Russian Orthodox 15–20%, Muslim 10–15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.) Note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of Soviet rule; Russia officially recognizes Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism as traditional religions.

Languages

Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1%. Note: data represent native language spoken (2010 est.)

Population distribution

Population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country extending from the Baltic Sea, south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable pockets are isolated and generally found in the south

Urbanization
urban population: 74.4% of total population (2018)
rate of urbanization: 0.18% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)
74% urban, 26% rural (2010 Russian Census)
Population density

8.4 people per square kilometer (2010 Russian Census)[66]

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 0.4 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.46 male(s)/female
total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2009)[65]

Total fertility rate issue
Changes in the Russian TFR since 1990.

In 2017, Russia's TFR of 1.62 children born/woman was among the highest in Eastern Europe, meaning that the average Russian family had more children than an average family in most other Eastern European countries, but that the rate was below the replacement rate of 2.1. After experiencing a surge in births for several years, Russia's birth rate fell in 2017 by 10.6% percent, reaching its lowest level in 10 years.[28]

In 1990, just prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia's total fertility rate (TFR) stood at 1.89. Fertility rates had already begun to decline in the late 1980s due to the natural progression of Russia's demographic structure, but the rapid and widely negative changes in society following the collapse greatly influenced the rate of decline.[67] The TFR hit a historic low of 1.157 in 1999.[68] The only federal subject of Russia to see a decline in fertility since 1999 is Ingushetia, where the TFR fell from 2.443 to 2.278 in 2014.

In 2009, 8 of Russia's federal subjects had a TFR above 2.1 children per woman (the approximate minimum required to ensure population replacement), These federal subjects are Chechnya (3.38), Tuva (2.81), Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug (2.73), Agin-Buryat Okrug (2.63), Komi-Permyak (2.16), Evenk Okrug (2.58), Altai Republic (2.36), Nenets Autonomous Okrug (2.1). Of these federal subjects, four have an ethnic Russian majority (Altai, Evenk, Ust-Orda and Nenets).[69][70] In 2011, the highest TFR were recorded in Chechnya (3.362), Tyva (3.249), Ingushetia (2.94), Altai Republic (2.836), Sakha Republic (2.057), Buryatia (2.027), and Nenets Autonomous Okrug (2.007).[71]

Until 2010, the Russian republic of Chechnya was the region with the highest birth rate in the former USSR (excluding Central Asia). However, in 2011, the Armenian province of Qashatagh overtook it (28.9 vs 29.3 per 1.000).[72]

In 2010, the average number of children born to women has decreased from 1513 to 1000 women from 2002 to 1469 in 2010 in urban areas the figure was 1328 children (2002–1350), and in the village – 1876 (in 2002, – 1993).

In recent years the percentage of children per woman 16 years or more were:

Year : 2002–2010

1 child : 30.5%–31.2%

2 children : 33.7%–34.4%

3 children : 8.9%–8.7%

4 or more children : 5.2%–4.2%

no children : 21.7%–21.5%

Despite a decrease in women who have not had children, the number of three-child and large families has declined between 2002 and 2010.

In every region in Russia, rural areas reported higher TFR compared to urban areas. In most of the federal subjects in Siberia and the Russian Far East, the total fertility rates were high, but not high enough to ensure population replacement. For example, Zabaykalsky Krai had a TFR of 1.82, which is higher than the national average, but less than the 2.1 needed for population replacement.[69]

Compared to the G7 countries, in 2015, Russian TFR of 1.78 children/ woman[73] was lower than that of France (1.93), the USA (1.84), the UK (1.82). Yet its TFR is higher than in other G7 countries like Canada (1.61), Germany (1.50), Japan (1.46) and Italy (1.35).

Compared to other most populous nations, Russia has a lower TFR than Nigeria (5.37), Pakistan (3.42), Indonesia (2.5), India (2.30), Mexico (2.19), the USA (1.84),[74] and higher TFR than Brazil (1.74), and China (1.5–1.6).

See also: List of federal subjects of Russia by total fertility rate
Children born per woman by oblastTotal fertility rate/1990Urban fertility rate/1990Rural fertility rate/1990Total fertility rate/2014Urban fertility rate/2014Rural fertility rate/2014
Russian Federation1.891.702.601.751.592.32
North Caucasian Federal District2.031.682.41
Chechnya2.842.163.352.912.832.95
Ingushetia2.842.163.352.282.132.39
Dagestan3.072.573.522.081.502.68
North Ossetia-Alania2.232.202.302.012.021.98
Kabardino-Balkaria2.452.043.111.831.652.02
Karachay-Cherkessia2.191.892.511.651.481.78
Stavropol Krai2.101.732.641.621.431.96
Ural Federal District1.881.732.681.961.822.76
Kurgan Oblast2.151.822.722.101.782.87
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug2.191.943.19
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug2.092.072.41
Tyumen Oblast1.991.852.552.071.942.71
Sverdlovsk Oblast1.731.632.691.921.802.77
Chelyabinsk Oblast1.891.742.801.861.702.78
Siberian Federal District2.031.792.871.901.652.94
Tuva Republic3.222.643.853.492.346.78
Altai Republic2.521.623.082.881.705.20
Buriatia2.492.103.372.261.873.12
Zabaykalsky Krai2.492.103.382.081.753.13
Khakassia2.272.043.042.011.722.82
Irkutsk Oblast2.222.023.291.971.762.99
Altai Krai1.911.662.421.841.522.66
Omsk Oblast1.981.692.871.951.682.93
Kemerovo Oblast1.921.842.621.781.692.43
Krasnoyarsk Krai1.881.652.851.811.612.91
Novosibirsk Oblast1.831.642.661.771.592.74
Tomsk Oblast1.621.402.411.591.372.68
Far East Federal District2.071.882.801.871.642.88
Sakha Republic2.462.083.282.251.783.47
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug2.091.822.882.041.593.15
Jewish Autonomous Oblast2.402.003.301.951.722.60
Amur Oblast2.181.913.001.851.532.94
Sakhalin Oblast2.001.942.471.961.832.85
Kamchatka Krai1.691.572.251.851.752.29
Khabarovsk Krai1.991.882.631.791.652.72
Magadan Oblast1.891.832.561.661.632.88
Primorsky Krai1.971.832.581.731.552.61
Volga Federal District1.971.752.721.791.602.46
Orenburg Oblast2.201.873.012.031.593.16
Perm Krai1.991.802.851.981.723.16
Mari El2.161.872.791.981.742.65
Udmurtia2.051.812.801.961.583.13
Bashkortostan2.181.843.091.951.742.53
Kirov Oblast2.011.822.571.891.623.61
Chuvashia Republic2.121.782.981.881.552.89
Tatarstan2.051.862.871.841.752.22
Ulyanovsk Oblast1.941.782.611.671.582.00
Samara Oblast1.731.622.351.651.552.13
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast1.691.592.201.591.521.96
Saratov Oblast1.911.702.701.571.422.14
Penza Oblast1.821.632.341.531.421.86
Mordovia1.871.692.291.371.311.54
Southern Federal District1.711.601.92
Astrakhan Oblast2.141.812.931.971.822.27
Kalmykia2.662.293.101.851.851.85
Krasnodar Krai2.061.902.301.811.821.77
Adygea2.061.882.371.731.551.93
Volgograd Oblast1.911.722.671.571.422.11
Rostov Oblast1.801.622.341.611.442.03
North-West Federal District1.671.582.251.611.532.25
Nenets Autonomous Okrug2.421.836.09
Komi Republic1.871.762.392.011.674.74
Vologda Oblast2.021.812.601.861.642.77
Arkhangelsk Oblast2.001.802.711.841.544.23
Novgorod Oblast1.871.712.391.751.622.20
Pskov Oblast1.841.702.301.701.522.36
Republic of Karelia1.871.802.341.741.523.71
Kaliningrad Oblast1.811.682.391.701.592.08
Murmansk Oblast1.601.611.541.651.632.03
Saint Petersburg1.401.401.521.52
Leningrad Oblast1.661.661.671.281.331.19
Central Federal District1.641.542.191.511.451.86
Kostroma Oblast1.931.702.631.871.642.67
Kursk Oblast1.851.682.331.701.512.30
Tver Oblast1.811.632.451.661.542.17
Yaroslavl Oblast1.691.602.271.641.552.20
Kaluga Oblast1.781.652.191.691.621.94
Lipetsk Oblast1.811.662.201.661.521.95
Vladimir Oblast1.791.712.221.641.591.87
Ryazan Oblast1.801.672.251.601.372.37
Ivanovo Oblast1.721.612.461.571.521.87
Bryansk Oblast2.021.822.751.561.421.91
Oryol Oblast1.841.582.531.551.262.35
Belgorod Oblast1.911.742.391.541.411.91
Moscow Oblast1.441.391.661.601.631.47
Smolensk Oblast1.791.632.381.531.431.89
Voronezh Oblast1.781.642.121.471.371.80
Tula Oblast1.681.602.161.471.411.65
Tambov Oblast1.831.612.291.491.401.64
City of Moscow1.421.421.341.341.69

Natural increase
Natural population growth rates (per 1,000 population) by Federal subject in 2015

Experts were puzzled in 2015 when a sharp increase in deaths coincided with a sharp increase in life expectancy. While they have found out that a decrease in potential mothers led to a decrease in births and a rapid rise in fertility.[75]

Birth rate by regions in 2012
Death rate by regions in 2012
TFR by regions in 2018
Urban TFR by regions in 2018
Rural TFR by regions in 2018
Population density as of 2017

Data from Federal State Statistics Service in November 2020 showed:[76]

  • Number of births from January–November 2019 = 1,365,800
  • Number of births from January–November 2020 = 1,306,400
  • Number of deaths from January–November 2019 = 1,651,500
  • Number of deaths from January–November 2020 = 1,881,100
  • Natural increase between January–November 2019 = –285,700
  • Natural increase between January–November 2020 = –574,700

Natural increase 2017
January–December Birth/2017 Birth/2016 Birth/2015 Birth/2014 Birth/2013 Death/2017 Death/2016 Death/2015 Death/2014 Death/2013
Russian Federation11.5 12.9 13.3 13.3 13.2 12.4 12.9 13.1 13.1 13.0
North Caucasian Federal District14.9 15.9 16.6 17.3 17.2 7.6 7.8 7.9 8.1 8.0
Chechnya21.0 21.3 23.2 24.2 24.9 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.0 5.0
Ingushetia16.5 17.1 18.6 20.7 21.4 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.5
Dagestan16.4 17.4 18.2 19.1 18.8 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.5
Kabardino-Balkaria12.8 14.1 14.6 15.7 15.5 8.5 8.5 8.8 8.8 8.9
North Ossetia-Alania12.8 14.1 14.6 15.4 15.3 10.2 10.3 10.7 10.7 10.5
Stavropol Krai11.6 13.0 13.0 13.1 12.7 11.2 11.7 11.6 11.8 11.7
Karachay-Cherkessia11.0 11.9 12.4 13.6 13.8 9.3 9.4 9.6 9.7 9.5
Ural Federal District12.6 14.2 14.9 15.2 15.1 11.7 12.3 12.5 12.4 12.4
Tyumen Oblast14.2 15.8 16.7 17.2 17.0 7.9 8.2 8.3 8.3 8.2
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug14.1 15.7 16.6 17.3 17.5 6.2 6.2 6.4 6.4 6.3
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug14.0 15.4 16.5 16.9 16.4 4.9 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1
Sverdlovsk Oblast12.4 13.8 14.4 14.5 14.5 13.3 14.0 14.2 14.0 13.8
Chelyabinsk Oblast11.5 13.3 13.9 14.3 14.2 13.0 13.6 13.9 13.8 13.9
Kurgan Oblast11.1 12,4 13.3 13.6 14.0 15.2 15.8 16.1 15.9 16.1
Siberian Federal District12.3 13.8 14.4 14.7 14.9 12.7 13.0 13.2 13.3 13.3
Tuva21.8 23.4 23.7 25.3 26.1 8.7 9.8 10.3 10.9 11.0
Altai Republic15.8 18.1 18.7 20.9 20.9 9.6 10.0 10.9 11.2 11.4
Buriatia14.5 16.4 17.3 17.5 17.6 10.6 11.2 11.4 11.5 11.8
Irkutsk Oblast13.3 14.7 15.4 15.4 15.6 12.9 13.3 13.7 13.8 13.7
Zabaykalsky Krai13.2 14.6 15.4 16.0 15.9 11.6 12.3 12.9 12.4 12.5
Khakassia12.4 14.1 14.8 15.3 15.7 12.6 12.8 13.5 13.2 13.1
Krasnoyarsk Krai12.4 13.9 14.4 14.5 14.5 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.7 12.8
Novosibirsk Oblast12.4 13.9 14.2 14.1 14.2 12.9 13.1 13.1 13.3 13.6
Omsk Oblast11.5 13.3 14.4 15.1 14.8 12.8 13.3 13.4 13.3 13.4
Tomsk Oblast11.7 13.2 13.6 13.7 13.8 11.4 11.4 11.5 11.8 11.8
Altai Krai10.8 12.2 12.6 13.2 13.5 14.0 14.0 14.2 14.2 14.2
Kemerovo Oblast10.5 12.1 12.5 13.2 13.6 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.6 14.6
Far East Federal District12.1 13.4 13.9 14.1 13.9 12.1 12.5 12.6 12.6 12.6
Sakha Republic14.4 16.0 17.1 17.8 17.5 8.1 8.4 8.6 8.6 8.7
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug13.2 13.4 13.5 13.3 13.1 9.1 10.0 9.6 10.7 10.5
Sakhalin Oblast12.9 14.3 13.6 13.6 13.0 12.0 13.1 13.2 13.0 13.1
Khabarovsk Krai12.0 13.4 14.3 14.0 14.0 13.0 13.1 13.4 13.3 13.4
Jewish Autonomous Oblast11.7 13.3 14.0 13.8 13.7 13.2 15.0 15.4 14.9 14.5
Amur Oblast11.8 12.9 13.3 13.8 14.1 13.4 13.7 13.9 13.9 13.8
Kamchatka Krai11.8 12.9 13.1 13.2 13.0 11.0 11.6 11.4 11.5 11.4
Primorsky Krai10.9 12.2 12.7 12.8 12.6 13.2 13.6 13.5 13.4 13.5
Magadan Oblast10.9 11.1 11.8 12.2 12.5 11.3 11.3 11.8 11.9 11.9
Volga Federal District11.1 12.9 13.3 13.4 13.3 13.1 13.6 13.9 13.9 14.0
Tatarstan12.4 14.4 14.7 14.8 14.8 11.3 11.6 12.0 12.2 12.1
Perm Krai12.2 14.2 14.7 14.8 14.7 13.2 13.8 14.2 14.0 14.1
Mari El11.9 13.9 14.5 14.7 14.6 12.4 13.2 13.7 13.7 13.7
Udmurtia11.8 13.8 14.6 14.6 14.6 12.0 12.6 12.9 12.8 12.8
Bashkortostan12.1 13.7 14.5 14.9 14.6 12.4 12.8 13.3 13.2 13.2
Orenburg Oblast11.5 13.5 14.2 14.6 14.8 13.2 13.5 14.1 14.2 13.9
Chuvashia Republic11.3 13.3 13.8 13.9 14.0 12.6 13.1 13.1 13.3 13.2
Samara Oblast10.8 12.6 12.8 12.6 12.3 13.7 13.9 14.2 14.3 14.4
Kirov Oblast10.7 12.6 12.7 12.8 13.0 14.4 14.9 15.2 15.1 15.4
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast10.6 11.9 12.3 11.9 11.8 14.7 15.4 15.6 15.9 15.9
Ulyanovsk Oblast10.0 11.6 11.9 11.9 11.6 14.0 14.8 14.9 14.6 14.4
Saratov Oblast9.5 11.0 11.5 11.5 11.5 13.6 14.0 14.2 14.2 14.4
Penza Oblast8.9 10.2 10.7 10.9 10.7 14.1 14.5 14.9 14.8 14.8
Mordovia8.5 9.9 9.7 10.1 10.1 13.5 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.8
North-West Federal District11.1 12.5 12.5 12.3 12.2 12.8 13.2 13.4 13.3 13.5
Nenets Autonomous Okrug15.3 18.3 17.5 16.6 16.6 8.5 8.8 9.3 8.9 10.7
Saint Petersburg12.6 13.9 13.6 13.1 12.8 11.5 11.7 11.9 11.7 12.0
Komi Republic11.5 13.1 13.6 14.1 14.2 11.7 12.3 12.3 12.2 11.9
Vologda Oblast11.4 13.3 13.8 13.6 13.8 14.4 15.0 14.8 14.8 15.1
Kaliningrad Oblast11.1 12.5 12.8 12.7 12.5 12.5 12.6 13.3 13.3 13.2
Arkhangelsk Oblast10.6 12.0 12.4 12.6 12.7 12.9 13.5 13.4 13.2 13.4
Republic of Karelia10.3 11.9 12.2 12.4 12.0 14.5 14.8 15.3 14.6 14.7
Murmansk Oblast10.3 11.2 11.9 11.8 11.8 11.0 11.5 11.5 11.4 11.0
Novgorod Oblast10.2 11.8 11.9 11.8 12.0 17.1 17.4 17.6 17.3 17.8
Pskov Oblast9.5 11.1 11.1 10.9 11.0 17.4 17.9 18.2 18.5 18.6
Leningrad Oblast8.4 9.2 9.1 9.1 9.0 13.4 14.0 14.1 14.6 14.6
Southern Federal District11.1 12.4 12.8 12.9 12.6 13.0 13.5 13.6 13.4 13.2
Astrakhan Oblast12.1 14.0 14.5 15.0 14.8 11.4 12.0 12.3 12.7 12.3
Krasnodar Krai12.0 13.4 13.6 13.6 13.2 12.5 12.9 13.1 13.0 12.9
Sevastopol11.3 13.0 13.7 12.7 11.7 13.3 14.1 15.2 14.4 14.0
Republic of Crimea11.0 12.1 12.7 12.4 12.3 14.4 15.2 15.4 14.7 13.8
Kalmykia10.9 12.5 13.6 14.1 14.5 9.9 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.9
Adygea10.6 12.1 12.5 12.8 12.7 12.7 12.9 13.0 13.3 13.2
Rostov Oblast10.3 11.6 12.1 12.2 11.7 13.4 13.9 13.9 14.1 13.8
Volgograd Oblast9.9 11.2 11.5 11.5 11.6 13.1 13.6 13.8 13.7 13.5
Central Federal District10.5 11.7 11.8 11.5 11.4 12.9 13.5 13.5 13.7 13.7
Moscow Oblast12.0 13.2 13.1 12.6 12.1 12.4 13.1 13.0 13.9 14.1
Kaluga Oblast10.8 12.2 12.7 11.8 11.8 14.8 15.1 15.1 15.3 15.3
City of Moscow10.8 11.8 11.7 11.4 11.3 9.6 10.0 10.0 9.7 9.7
Kostroma Oblast10.7 12.0 12.5 12.6 12.7 14.8 15.6 16.0 15.9 16.2
Yaroslavl Oblast10.5 12.1 12.2 12.0 12.1 15.2 15.7 15.6 15.6 15.9
Lipetsk Oblast10.0 11.4 11.7 11.6 11.4 14.7 15.2 15.4 15.4 15.3
Tver Oblast9.9 11.2 11.3 11.2 11.4 16.9 17.6 17.7 17.8 18.1
Ryazan Oblast9.8 11.4 11.2 11.0 10.8 15.3 15.9 15.9 16.1 15.8
Belgorod Oblast9.8 11.2 11.6 11.6 11.6 13.5 13.9 14.0 14.0 13.9
Vladimir Oblast9.7 11.2 11.6 11.2 11.1 15.7 16.4 16.5 16.5 16.7
Ivanovo Oblast9.7 10.9 11.4 11.2 11.2 15.8 16.0 16.1 16.4 16.4
Kursk Oblast9.6 11.1 11.7 11.8 11.7 15.5 16.1 16.3 16.6 16.3
Voronezh Oblast9.6 10.7 11.1 10.9 10.7 14.7 15.2 15.4 15.7 15.7
Oryol Oblast9.5 11.0 11.2 11.0 11.1 15.7 16.3 16.4 16.4 16.3
Bryansk Oblast9.5 10.9 11.4 11.0 11.1 15.3 15.6 15.8 16.0 15.9
Smolensk Oblast9.1 10.3 10.6 10.8 10.6 15.6 16.1 16.4 16.1 16.5
Tula Oblast9.0 10.2 10.5 10.0 9.9 16.5 17.0 17.1 17.1 17.4
Tambov Oblast8.6 9.6 9.8 9.8 9.6 15.2 15.8 16.0 16.3 16.1

Net migration rate
2.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011)[77]

Health
Main article: Health in Russia

Life expectancy
Further information: List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy
Russian male and female life expectancy since 1950[78][79]

total population: 72.5 years
male: 67.5 years
female: 77.4 years

The disparity in the average lifespan between genders in Russia is the largest in the world. Women live 9–12 years longer than men, while the difference in lifespan is typically only five years in other parts of the world. David Stuckler, Lawrence King, and Martin McKee propose mass privatization and the neo-liberalist shock therapy policies of Yeltsin administration as key reasons of falling life expectancy of Russian men.[29] As of 2011, the average life expectancy in Russia was 64.3 years for males and 76.1 years for females.[80] According to the WHO 2011 report,[81] annual per capita alcohol consumption in Russia is about 15.76 litres, fourth highest volume in Europe (compare to 13.37 in the UK, 13.66 in France, 15.6 in Ukraine, 16.45 in the Czech Republic, etc.). In the late 1950s, the USSR claimed a higher life expectancy than the United States,[82] but the Soviet Union has lagged behind Western countries in terms of mortality and life expectancy since the late 1960s.
When controlling for confounding variables, neither alcoholism, poverty, pollution, nor the collapse of the health system explain the high male mortality. Most former communist countries got through the same economic collapse and health system collapse. Alcohol consumption per capita is as high in other East European countries. Poverty is high in many other countries. One factor that could explain the low male lifespan in Russia is violence, tolerance for violence and tolerance for risk, "male toughness". Violence, tolerance for risk together with alcoholism reduce the Russian male lifespan.

The life expectancy was about 70 in 1986,[83] prior to the transition-induced disruption of the healthcare system. The turmoil in the early 1990s caused life expectancy in Russia to steadily decrease while it was steadily increasing in the rest of the world. Recently however, Russian life expectancy has again begun to rise. Between 2006 and 2011 the male life expectancy in Russia rose by almost four years, increasing the overall life expectancy by nearly 4 years to 70.3.[80]

Mortality

In 2012, 1,043,292, or 55% of all deaths in Russia were caused by cardiovascular disease. The second leading cause of death was cancer, which claimed 287,840 lives (15.2%). External causes of death such as suicide (1.5%), road accidents (1.5%), murders (0.8%), accidental alcohol poisoning (0.4%), and accidental drowning (0.5%), claimed 202,175 lives in total (10.6%). Other major causes of death were diseases of the digestive system (4.6%), respiratory disease (3.6%), infectious and parasitic diseases (1.6%), and tuberculosis (0.9%).[54] The infant mortality rate in 2012 was 7.6 deaths per 1,000 (down from 8.2 in 2009 and 16.9 in 1999).[54]

Under-five mortality rate
7.7 deaths/1000 live births (2016)[84]

Abortions and family planning
Main article: Abortion in Russia

In the 1980s only 8% to 10% of married Russian women of reproductive age used hormonal and intrauterine contraception methods, compared to 20% to 40% in other developed countries.[85] This led to much higher abortion rates in Russia compared to other developed countries: in the 1980s Russia had a figure of 120 abortions per 1,000 women of reproductive age compared with only 20 per 1,000 in Western countries. However, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 many changes took place, such as the demonopolization of the market for contraceptive drugs and media liberalization, which led to a rapid conversion to more efficient pregnancy-control practices. Abortion rates fell in the first half of the 1990s for the first time in Russia's history, even despite declining fertility rates. From the early 1990s to 2006, the number of expected abortions per woman during her lifetime fell by nearly 2.5 times, from 3.4 to 1.2. As of 2004, the share of women of reproductive age using hormonal or intrauterine birth control methods was about 46% (29% intrauterine, 17% hormonal).[86]

Despite an increase in "family planning", a large portion of Russian families do not achieve the target of desired children at the desired time. According to a 2004 study, current pregnancies were termed "desired and timely" by 58% of respondents, while 23% described them as "desired, but untimely", and 19% said they were "undesired". The share of unexpected pregnancies remains much lower in countries with developed family planning culture, such as the Netherlands, whose percentage of unwanted pregnancies 20 years before was half of that in Russia as of 2008.[86]

Ethnic groups
Ethnic Russians as a percentage of the population by region (2010)
Ethnic groups in Russia of more than 1 million people, 2010 Census
Main article: Ethnic groups in Russia

The Russian Federation is home to as many as 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples. As of the 2010 census, 80.90% of the population that disclosed their ethnicity (111,016,896 people) is ethnically Russian, followed by (groups larger than one million):[87]

4.1% (5,864,000) settled, refugee or working plus temporaneous or permanent settlement.

According to the 2010 Census in Russia lived 142,856,536 people. It is important to note that 5,629,429 people (3.94% of the overall population) did not declare any ethnic origin, compared to about 1 million in the 2002 Census. This is due to the fact that those people were counted from administrative databases and not directly, and were therefore unable to state their ethnicity.[88] Therefore, the percentages mentioned above are taken from the total population that declared their ethnicity, given that the non-declared remainder is thought to have an ethnic composition similar to the declared segment.[89]

Most smaller groups live compactly in their respective regions and can be categorized by language group. The ethnic divisions used here are those of the official census, and may in some respects be controversial. The following lists all ethnicities resolved by the 2010 census, grouped by language:

Historical perspective
International migration to and from Russia since 1990
  Arrivals
  Departures
  Net migration growth

The ethno-demographic structure of Russia has gradually changed over time. During the past century the most striking change is the fast increase of the peoples from the Caucasus. In 1926, these people composed 2% of the Russian population, compared to 6.5% in 2010. Though low in absolute numbers, the Siberian people also increased during the past century, but their growth was mainly realized after WW II (from 0.7% in 1959 to 1.2% in 2010) and not applicable to most of the small peoples (less than 10,000 people).

Peoples of European Russia

The relative proportion of the peoples of European Russia gradually decreased during the past century, but still compose 91% of the total population of Russia in 2010. The absolute numbers of most of these peoples reached its highest level in the beginning of the 1990s. Since 1992, natural growth in Russia has been negative and the numbers of all peoples of European Russia were lower in 2010 than in 2002, the only exceptions being the Roma (due to high fertility rates) and the Gagauz (due to high levels of migration from Moldova to Russia).

Several peoples saw a much larger decrease than can be explained by the low fertility rates and high mortality rates in Russia during the past two decades. Emigration and assimilation contributed to the decrease in numbers of many peoples. Emigration was the most important factor for Germans, Jews and Baltic peoples (Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians). The number of Germans halved between 1959 and 2010. Their main country of destination is Germany.

The number of Jews decreased by more than 80% between 1959 and 2010. In 1970, the Soviet Union had the third largest population of Jews in the world, (2,183,000 of whom 808,000 with residence in Russia), following only that of the United States and Israel. By 2010, due to Jewish emigration, their number fell as low as 158,000. A sizeable emigration of other minorities has been enduring, too. The main destinations of emigrants from Russia are the USA (Russians, Jews, Belarusians, Chechens, Meskhetian Turks, Ukrainians and others), Israel (Jews), Germany (Germans and Jews), Poland (Poles), Canada (Finns and Ukrainians), Finland (Finns), France (Jews and Armenians) and the United Kingdom (mainly rich Russians).

Assimilation (i.e., marrying Russians and having children of such unions counted as Russians) explains the decrease in numbers of Ukrainians, Belarusians and most of the Uralic peoples. The assimilation is reflected in the high median age of these peoples (see the table below), as assimilation is stronger among young people than among old people. The process of assimilation of the Uralic peoples of Russia is probably going on for centuries and is most prominent among the Mordvins (1.4% of the Russian population in 1926 and 0.5% in 2010), the Karelians, Veps and Izhorians.

Assimilation on the other hand slowed down the decrease of the number of ethnic Russians. Besides, the decrease of the number of Russians was also slowed down by the immigration of ethnic Russians from the former Soviet republics, especially Central Asia. Similarly, the numbers of Ukrainians, Belarusians, Germans, Jews, and other non-autochthonous ethnic groups has also been decreased by emigration to Ukraine, Belarus, Germany, Israel, and so forth, respectively.

Peoples of European Russia in the Russian Federation, 1926–2010

Ethnic
group		 Language
family		 1926 Census 1939 Census 1959 Census 1970 Census 1979 Census 1989 Census 2002 Census 2010 Census
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Russians Indo-European 72,374,28378.1% 89,747,79582.9% 97,863,57983.3% 107,747,63082.8% 113,521,88182.6% 119,865,46981.5% 115,889,10780.6% 111,016,89680.9%
Tatars Turkic 2,926,0533.2% 3,682,9563.4% 4,074,2533.5% 4,577,0613.5% 5,055,7573.6% 5,522,0963.8% 5,554,6013.9% 5,310,6493.9%
Ukrainians Indo-European 6,870,9767.4% 3,205,0613.0% 3,359,0832.9% 3,345,8852.6% 3,657,6472.7% 4,362,8723.0% 2,942,9612.0% 1,927,8881.4%
Bashkirs Turkic 738,8610.80% 824,5370.76% 953,8010.81% 1,180,9130.91% 1,290,9940.94% 1,345,2730.92% 1,673,3891.16% 1,584,5541.15%
Chuvashs Turkic 1,112,4781.20% 1,346,2321.24% 1,436,2181.22% 1,637,0281.26% 1,689,8471.23% 1,773,6451.21% 1,637,0941.14% 1,435,8721.05%
Mordvins Uralic 1,306,7981.41% 1,375,5581.27% 1,211,1051.03% 1,177,4920.91% 1,111,0750.81% 1,072,9390.73% 843,3500.59% 744,2370.54%
Udmurts (incl. Besermyan 1939–1989) Uralic 503,9700.54% 599,8930.55% 615,6400.52% 678,3930.52% 685,7180.50% 714,8830.49% 636,9060.45% 552,2990.40%
Besermyan Uralic 10,0350.01% 3,1220.00% 2,2010.00%
Mari Uralic 427,8740.46% 476,3140.44% 498,0660.42% 581,0820.45% 599,6370.44% 643,6980.44% 604,2980.42% 547,6050.40%
Belarusians Indo-European 607,8450.66% 451,9330.42% 843,9850.72% 964,0820.74% 1,051,9000.77% 1,206,2220.82% 807,9700.56% 521,4430.38%
Germans Indo-European 707,2770.76% 811,2050.75% 820,0160.70% 761,8880.59% 790,7620.58% 842,2950.57% 597,2120.42% 394,1380.29%
Komi (incl. Komi-Permyak 1939) Uralic 226,0120.24% 415,0090.38% 281,7800.24% 315,3470.24% 320,0780.23% 336,3090.23% 293,4060.20% 228,2350.17%
Komi-Permyak Uralic 149,2750.16% 143,0300.12% 150,2440.12% 145,9930.11% 147,2690.10% 125,2350.09% 94,4560.07%
Roma Indo-European 39,0890.04% 59,1980.05% 72,4880.06% 97,9550.08% 120,6720.09% 152,9390.10% 183,2520.13% 204,9580.15%
Jews Semitic 539,0860.58% 891,1470.82% 875,0580.74% 807,5260.62% 699,2860.51% 550,7090.37% 233,4390.16% 156,8010.11%
Moldovans Indo-European 16,8700.02% 21,9740.02% 62,2980.05% 87,5380.07% 102,1370.07% 172,6710.12% 172,3300.12% 156,4000.11%
Karelians Uralic 248,0170.27% 249,7780.23% 164,0500.14% 141,1480.11% 133,1820.10% 124,9210.08% 93,3440.06% 60,8150.04%
Poles Indo-European 189,2690.20% 142,4610.13% 118,4220.10% 107,0840.08% 99,7330.07% 94,5940.06% 73,0010.05% 47,1250.03%
Lithuanians Indo-European 26,1280.03% 20,7950.02% 108,5790.09% 76,7180.06% 66,7830.05% 70,4270.05% 45,5690.03% 31,3770.02%
Bulgarians Indo-European 4,0870.00% 8,3380.01% 24,8990.02% 27,3210.02% 24,9430.02% 32,7850.02% 31,9650.02% 24,0380.02%
Finns Uralic 134,0890.14% 138,9620.13% 72,3560.06% 62,3070.05% 55,6870.04% 47,1020.03% 34,0500.02% 20,2670.01%
Latvians Indo-European 124,3120.13% 104,8770.10% 74,9320.06% 59,6950.05% 67,2670.05% 46,8290.03% 28,5200.02% 18,9790.01%
Estonians Uralic 146,0510.16% 130,4940.12% 78,5560.07% 62,9800.05% 55,5390.04% 46,3900.03% 28,1130.02% 17,8750.01%
Gagauz Turkic 00.00% 00.00% 3,0120.00% 3,7040.00% 4,1760.00% 10,0510.01% 12,2100.01% 13,6900.01%
Veps Uralic 32,7830.04% 31,4420.03% 16,1700.01% 8,0570.01% 7,5500.01% 12,1420.01% 8,2400.01% 5,9360.00%
Sami Uralic 1,7150.00% 1,8280.00% 1,7600.00% 1,8360.00% 1,7750.00% 1,8350.00% 1,9910.00% 1,7710.00%
Izhorians Uralic 16,1360.02% 7,7200.01% 5640.00% 5610.00% 4490.00% 4490.00% 3270.00% 2660.00%
Karaites Turkic 1,6080.00% 1,6080.00% 1,2360.00% 9390.00% 6800.00% 3660.00% 2050.00%

Peoples of the Caucasus

Peoples of the Caucasus in the Russian Federation, 1926–2010

Ethnic
group		 Language
family		 1926 Census 1939 Census 1959 Census 1970 Census 1979 Census 1989 Census 2002 Census 2010 Census
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Chechens Northeast Caucasian 318,3610.34% 400,3250.37% 261,3110.22% 572,2200.44% 712,1610.52% 898,9990.61% 1,360,2530.95% 1,431,3601.04%
Armenians Indo-European 183,7850.20% 205,2330.19% 255,9780.22% 298,7180.23% 364,5700.27% 532,3900.36% 1,132,0330.79% 1,182,3880.86%
Avars Northeast Caucasian 178,2630.19% 235,7150.22% 249,5290.21% 361,6130.28% 438,3060.32% 544,0160.37% 814,4730.57% 912,0900.66%
Azerbaijanis Turkic 24,3350.03% 43,0140.04% 70,9470.06% 95,6890.07% 152,4210.11% 335,8890.23% 621,8400.43% 603,0700.44%
Dargins Northeast Caucasian 125,7590.14% 152,0070.14% 152,5630.13% 224,1720.17% 280,4440.20% 353,3480.24% 510,1560.35% 589,3860.43%
Ossetians Indo-European 157,2800.17% 195,6240.18% 247,8340.21% 313,4580.24% 352,0800.26% 402,2750.27% 514,8750.36% 528,5150.38%
Kabardins Northwest Caucasian 139,8640.15% 161,2160.15% 200,6340.17% 277,4350.21% 318,8220.23% 386,0550.26% 519,9580.36% 516,8260.38%
Kumyks Turkic 94,5090.10% 110,2990.10% 132,8960.11% 186,6900.14% 225,8000.16% 277,1630.19% 422,4090.29% 503,0600.37%
Lezgians Northeast Caucasian 92,9370.10% 100,3280.09% 114,2100.10% 170,4940.13% 202,8540.15% 257,2700.17% 411,5350.29% 473,7220.34%
Ingush Northeast Caucasian 72,1370.08% 90,9800.08% 55,7990.05% 137,3800.11% 165,9970.12% 215,0680.15% 413,0160.29% 444,8330.32%
Karachays Turkic 55,1160.06% 74,4880.07% 70,5370.06% 106,8310.08% 125,7920.09% 150,3320.10% 192,1820.13% 218,4030.16%
Kalmyks Mongolic 128,8090.14% 129,7860.12% 100,6030.09% 131,3180.10% 140,1030.10% 165,1030.11% 174,0000.12% 183,3720.13%
Laks Northeast Caucasian 40,2430.04% 54,3480.05% 58,3970.05% 78,6250.06% 91,4120.07% 106,2450.07% 156,5450.11% 178,6300.13%
Georgians Kartvelian 20,5510.02% 43,5850.04% 57,5940.05% 68,9710.05% 89,4070.07% 130,6880.09% 197,9340.14% 157,8030.11%
Tabasarans Northeast Caucasian 31,9830.03% 33,4710.03% 34,2880.03% 54,0470.04% 73,4330.05% 93,5870.06% 131,7850.09% 146,3600.11%
Adyghe (incl. Shapsugs 1926–1989 and Circassians 1926–1939) Northwest Caucasian 64,9590.07% 85,5880.08% 78,5610.07% 98,4610.08% 107,2390.08% 122,9080.08% 128,5280.09% 124,8350.09%
Shapsugs Northwest Caucasian 3,2310.00% 3,8820.00%
Circassians Northwest Caucasian 28,9860.02% 38,3560.03% 44,5720.03% 50,5720.03% 60,5170.04% 73,1840.05%
Balkars Turkic 33,2980.04% 41,9490.04% 35,2490.03% 52,9690.04% 61,8280.04% 78,3410.05% 108,4260.08% 112,9240.08%
Turks (incl. Meskhetian Turks 1926–1989) Turkic 1,8460.00% 2,6680.00% 1,3770.00% 1,5680.00% 3,5610.00% 9,8900.01% 92,4150.06% 105,0580.08%
Meskhetian Turks Turkic 3,5270.00% 4,8250.00%
Nogais Turkic 36,0890.04% 36,0880.03% 37,6560.03% 51,1590.04% 58,6390.04% 73,7030.05% 90,6660.06% 103,6600.08%
Greeks Indo-European 34,4390.04% 65,7050.06% 47,0240.04% 57,8470.04% 69,8160.05% 91,6990.06% 97,8270.07% 85,6400.06%
Kurds (incl. Yazidis 1939–1989) Indo-European 1640.00% 3870.00% 8550.00% 1,0150.00% 1,6340.00% 4,7240.00% 19,6070.01% 23,2320.01%
Yazidis Indo-European 10.00% 31,2730.02% 40,5860.03%
Abazas Northwest Caucasian 13,8250.01% 14,7390.01% 19,0590.02% 24,8920.02% 28,8000.02% 32,9830.02% 37,9420.03% 43,3410.03%
Small Dagestan Peoples (SDP) 20,9620.02%
Rutuls Northeast Caucasian 10,3330.01% SDPSDP 6,7030.01% 11,9040.01% 14,8350.01% 19,5030.01% 29,9290.02% 35,2400.03%
Aghuls Northeast Caucasian 7,6530.01% SDPSDP 6,4600.01% 8,7510.01% 11,7520.01% 17,7280.01% 28,2970.02% 34,1600.02%
Tsakhurs Northeast Caucasian 3,5330.00% SDPSDP 4,4370.00% 4,7300.00% 4,7740.00% 6,4920.00% 10,3660.01% 12,7690.01%
Udis Northeast Caucasian 20.00% SDPSDP 350.00% 940.00% 2160.00% 1,1020.00% 3,7210.00% 4,2670.00%
Abkhaz Northwest Caucasian 970.00% 6470.00% 1,4000.00% 2,4270.00% 4,0580.00% 7,2390.00% 11,3660.01% 11,2490.01%
Assyrians Semitic 2,7910.00% 7,4460.01% 7,6120.01% 8,0980.01% 8,7080.01% 9,6220.01% 13,6490.01% 11,0840.01%
Persians Indo-European 8,6260.01% 6,0410.01% 2,4900.00% 2,5480.00% 1,7470.00% 2,5720.00% 3,8210.00% 3,6960.00%
Talysh Indo-European 00.00% 470.00% 330.00% 20.00% 2020.00% 2,5480.00% 2,5290.00%
Tats Indo-European 2230.00% 5,1360.00% 8,7530.01% 12,7480.01% 19,4200.01% 2,3030.00% 1,5850.00%

Peoples of Siberia

Peoples of Siberia in the Russian Federation, 1926–2010

Ethnic
group		 Language
family		 1926 Census 1939 Census 1959 Census 1970 Census 1979 Census 1989 Census 2002 Census 2010 Census
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Sakha (icl. Dolgans 1939–1959) Turkic 240,6820.26% 241,8700.22% 236,1250.20% 295,2230.23% 326,5310.24% 380,2420.26% 443,8520.31% 478,0850.35%
Dolgans Turkic 6560.00% 4,7180.00% 4,9110.00% 6,5840.00% 7,2610.01% 7,8850.01%
Buryats (incl. Soyots 1939–1989) Mongolic 237,4900.26% 220,6180.20% 251,5040.21% 312,8470.24% 349,7600.25% 417,4250.28% 445,1750.31% 461,3890.34%
Soyots Mongolic 2290.00% 2,7690.00% 3,6080.00%
Tuvans Turkic 2000.00% 7940.00% 99,8640.08% 139,0130.11% 165,4260.12% 206,1600.14% 243,4420.17% 263,9340.19%
Altay Turkic 52,2480.06% 46,4890.04% 44,6540.04% 54,6140.04% 58,8790.04% 69,4090.05% 77,8220.05% 89,7730.06%
Khakas Turkic 45,6070.05% 52,0330.05% 56,0320.05% 65,3680.05% 69,2470.05% 78,5000.05% 76,2780.05% 72,9590.05%
Nenets (incl. Enets 1926–1979 and Nganasans 1926–1939) Uralic 17,5600.02% 24,7160.02% 22,8450.02% 28,4870.02% 29,4870.02% 34,1900.02% 41,3020.03% 44,6400.03%
Enets Uralic 1980.00% 2370.00% 2270.00%
Nganasans Uralic 7210.00% 8230.00% 8420.00% 1,2620.00% 8340.00% 8620.00%
Evenks Tungusic 38,8040.03% 29,5990.02% 24,5830.02% 25,0510.02% 27,2780.02% 29,9010.02% 35,5270.02% 37,8430.03%
Khanty Uralic 22,3010.02% 18,4470.02% 19,2460.02% 21,0070.02% 20,7430.02% 22,2830.02% 28,6780.02% 30,9430.02%
Evens Tungusic 2,0440.00% 9,6740.01% 9,0230.01% 11,8190.01% 12,2150.01% 17,0550.01% 19,0710.01% 22,3830.02%
Chukchi (incl. Kereks 1926–1989 and Chuvans 1939–1979) Chukotko-Kamchatkan 12,3310.01% 13,8300.01% 11,6800.01% 13,5000.01% 13,9370.01% 15,1070.01% 15,7670.01% 15,9080.01%
Kereks Chukotko-Kamchatkan 80.00% 40.00%
Chuvans Chukotko-Kamchatkan 7040.00% 1,3840.00% 1,0870.00% 1,0020.00%
Shors Turkic 13,0000.01% 16,0420.01% 14,9380.01% 15,9500.01% 15,1820.01% 15,7450.01% 13,9750.01% 12,8880.01%
Mansi Uralic 5,7540.01% 6,2950.01% 6,3180.01% 7,6090.01% 7,4340.01% 8,2790.01% 11,4320.01% 12,2690.01%
Nanais Tungusic 5,8600.01% 8,4110.01% 7,9190.01% 9,9110.01% 10,3570.01% 11,8830.01% 12,1600.01% 12,0030.01%
Koryaks Chukotko-Kamchatkan 7,4370.01% 7,3370.01% 6,1680.01% 7,3670.01% 7,6370.01% 8,9420.01% 8,7430.01% 7,9530.01%
Nivkh Nivkh 4,0760.00% 3,8570.00% 3,6900.00% 4,3560.00% 4,3660.00% 4,6310.00% 5,1620.00% 4,6520.00%
Selkups Uralic 1,6300.00% 2,6040.00% 3,7040.00% 4,2490.00% 3,5180.00% 3,5640.00% 4,2490.00% 3,6490.00%
Udege (incl. Taz 1926–1989) Tungusic 1,3570.00% 1,7010.00% 1,3950.00% 1,3960.00% 1,4310.00% 1,9020.00% 1,6570.00% 1,4960.00%
Taz Sino-Tibetan 2760.00% 2740.00%
Small Siberian Peoples (SSP) 11,8240.01%
Itelmeni Chukotko-Kamchatkan 8030.00% SSPSSP 1,0960.00% 1,2550.00% 1,3350.00% 2,4290.00% 3,1800.00% 3,1930.00%
Ulchs Tungusic 7230.00% SSPSSP 2,0490.00% 2,4100.00% 2,4940.00% 3,1730.00% 2,9130.00% 2,7650.00%
Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut 1,2920.00% SSPSSP 1,1110.00% 1,2650.00% 1,4600.00% 1,7040.00% 1,7500.00% 1,7380.00%
Yukaghir Yukaghir 4430.00% SSPSSP 4400.00% 5930.00% 8010.00% 1,1120.00% 1,5090.00% 1,6030.00%
Ket Yeniseian 1,4280.00% SSPSSP 1,0170.00% 1,1610.00% 1,0720.00% 1,0840.00% 1,4940.00% 1,2190.00%
Tofalars Turkic 2,8280.00% SSPSSP 4760.00% 5700.00% 5760.00% 7220.00% 8370.00% 7620.00%
Orochs (incl. Oroks 1970–1979) Tungusic 6460.00% SSPSSP 7790.00% 1,0370.00% 1,0400.00% 8830.00% 6860.00% 5960.00%
Oroks Tungusic 1620.00% SSPSSP 20.00% 1790.00% 3460.00% 2950.00%
Negidals Tungusic 6830.00% SSPSSP 4950.00% 4770.00% 5870.00% 5670.00% 5130.00%
Aleut Eskimo-Aleut 3530.00% SSPSSP 3990.00% 4100.00% 4890.00% 6440.00% 5400.00% 4820.00%

Foreign-born population
See also: Illegal immigration in Russia and List of countries by immigrant population

Russia experiences a constant flow of immigration. On average, close to 300,000 legal immigrants enter the country every year; about half are ethnic Russians from the other republics of the former Soviet Union. There is a significant inflow of ethnic Armenians, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz and Tajiks into big Russian cities, something that is viewed unfavorably by some citizens.[91] According to a 2013 opinion poll, 74% of Russians view the large number of labor migrants as a negative phenomenon.[92] According to the United Nations, Russia's legal immigrant population is the third biggest in the world, numbering 11.6 million.[93] In addition, there are an estimated 4 million illegal immigrants from the ex-Soviet states in Russia.[94] In 2015, Ukraine–Russia was the world's largest migration corridor after Mexico–USA.[95] According to the Armenian government, between 80,000 and 120,000 Armenians travel to Russia every year to do seasonal work, returning home for the winter.[96] According to the Tajik government, at least 870,000 Tajiks are working in Russia.[97] In 2014, remittances from Russia accounted for around one-third of Kyrgyzstan's and 46.6% of Tajikistan's GDP.[98]

The Kazakhs in Russia are mostly not recent immigrants. The majority inhabit regions bordering Kazakhstan such as the Astrakhan (16% of the population are Kazakhs), Orenburg (6% of the population are Kazakhs), Omsk (4% of the population are Kazakhs) and Saratov (3% of the population are Kazakhs) oblasts. Together these oblasts host 60% of the Kazakh population in Russia. The number of Kazakhs slightly decreased between 2002 and 2010 due to emigration to Kazakhstan, which has by far the strongest economy in Central Asia (Russia does receive immigration from Kazakhstan, but they are mainly ethnic Russians); other Central Asian populations, especially Uzbeks, Tajiks, and Kyrgyz, have continued to rise rapidly. (Turkmen are an exception; citizens of Turkmenistan do not have visa-free access to Russia.)

Russian statistical organizations classify the immigrants based on their ethnicity, although there is an information gap between 2007 and 2013, In 2007, the net immigration was 190,397 (plus another 49,546 for which ethnicity was unknown). Of this, 97,813 was Slavic / Germanic / Finnic (51.4%, of which Russian – 72,769, Ukrainian – 17,802), Turkic and other Muslim – 52,536 (27.6%, of which Azeri – 14,084, Tatar – 10,391, Uzbek – 10,517, Tajik – 9,032, Kyrgyz – 7,533 & Kazakh – (-) 1,424) and Others – 40,048 (21.0%, of which Armenian – 25,719).[99]

Many immigrants are actually migrant workers, who come to Russia and work for around five years then return to their countries. Major sources of migrant workers but where permanent migrants of majority ethnicity of those countries are virtually nonexistent are in 2013. China 200,000 migrant workers, 1000 settled permanently. Uzbekistan 100,000 migrant workers, 489 permanent settlers. Tajikistan 80,000 migrant workers, 220 settled permanently. Kyrgyzstan 50,000 migrant workers, 219 settled permanently. North Macedonia – 20,000 worker arrivals, 612 settled permanently.

Peoples of Central Asia in the Russian Federation, 1926–2010

Ethnic
group		 Language
family		 1926 Census 1939 Census 1959 Census 1970 Census 1979 Census 1989 Census 2002 Census 2010 Census
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Kazakhs Turkic 136,5010.15% 356,5000.33% 382,4310.33% 477,8200.37% 518,0600.38% 635,8650.43% 653,9620.46% 647,7320.47%
Uzbeks Turkic 9420.00% 16,1660.01% 29,5120.03% 61,5880.05% 72,3850.05% 126,8990.09% 122,9160.09% 289,8620.21%
Tajiks Indo-European 520.00% 3,3150.00% 7,0270.01% 14,1080.01% 17,8630.01% 38,2080.03% 120,1360.08% 200,6660.15%
Kyrgyz Turkic 2850.00% 6,3110.01% 4,7010.00% 9,1070.01% 15,0110.01% 41,7340.03% 31,8080.02% 103,4220.08%
Turkmens Turkic 7,8490.01% 12,8690.01% 11,6310.01% 20,0400.02% 22,9790.02% 39,7390.03% 33,0530.02% 36,8850.03%
Uygurs Turkic 260.00% 6420.00% 7200.00% 1,5130.00% 1,7070.00% 2,5770.00% 2,8670.00% 3,6960.00%
Karakalpaks Turkic 140.00% 3060.00% 9880.00% 2,2670.00% 1,7430.00% 6,1550.00% 1,6090.00% 1,4660.00%
  • Ethnic map of Russia, 1989
  • Ethnic map of Russia, 2010

The 2010 census found the following figures for foreign citizens resident in Russia:
 Uzbekistan: 131,100  Ukraine: 93,400  Tajikistan: 87,100  Azerbaijan: 67,900  Armenia: 59,400  Kyrgyzstan: 44,600  Moldova: 33,900  China: 28,400  Kazakhstan: 28,100  Belarus: 27,700  Georgia: 12,100  Vietnam: 11,100  Turkmenistan: 5,600  Turkey: 5,400  Estonia,  Latvia,  Lithuania: 5,300  India: 4,500 All others: 41,400

Median age and fertility

Median ages of ethnic groups vary considerably between groups. Ethnic Russians and other Slavic and Finnic groups have higher median age compared to the Caucasian groups.

Median ages are strongly correlated with fertility rates, ethnic groups with higher fertility rates have lower median ages, and vice versa. For example, in 2002, in the ethnic group with the lowest median age – Ingush – women 35 or older had, on average, 4.05 children; in the ethnic group with the highest median age – Jews – women 35 or older averaged only 1.37 children.[100] Ethnic Jews have both the highest median age and the lowest fertility rate; this is a consequence of Jewish emigration.

Ethnic Russians represent a significant deviation from the pattern, with second lowest fertility rate of all major groups, but relatively low median age (37.6 years). This phenomenon is at least partly due to a high mortality rate among older people, especially males as well as the fact that children from mixed marriages are often registered as ethnic Russians in the census. The most noticeable trend in the past couple of decades is the convergence of birth rates between minorities (including Muslim minorities) and the Russian majority.

The following table shows the variation in median age and fertility rates according to 2002 census.[101]

Ethnic groupMedian ageMaleFemaleUrbanUrban MaleUrban FemaleRuralRural MaleRural FemaleChildren per woman (15+)Children per woman (35+)Predominant religion
Russian37.634.040.537.133.540.139.035.741.71.4461.828Christianity
Tatar37.735.339.637.234.739.138.836.541.11.7112.204Islam
Ukrainian45.944.747.345.644.546.847.045.249.01.7261.946Christianity
Bashkir34.232.136.232.930.634.735.433.337.61.9692.658Islam
Chuvash38.636.440.437.936.339.139.436.542.51.8842.379Christianity
Chechen22.822.123.522.922.523.422.721.923.52.1633.456Islam
Armenian32.833.432.033.033.732.232.132.631.51.682.225Christianity
Mordvin44.442.146.944.242.345.944.741.748.51.9862.303Christianity
Avar24.623.825.423.823.424.125.124.026.22.093.319Islam
Belarusian48.045.950.247.745.849.649.146.152.41.7651.941Christianity
Kyrgyz30.229.43129.52930.130.629.731.42.0152.964Islam
Udmurt40.037.442.041.239.042.638.936.141.31.932.378Christianity
Azerbaijani29.531.924.630.032.324.726.528.724.11.832.619Islam
Mari36.734.538.536.434.637.736.934.539.31.9172.493Christianity
German39.738.241.239.638.041.040.038.441.41.8642.443Christianity
Kabardin28.227.129.328.827.430.227.726.928.41.7992.654Islam
Ossetian34.132.535.734.032.235.734.433.235.61.6652.267Christianity
Dargwa24.623.925.324.323.824.824.824.025.62.1623.476Islam
Buryat28.626.630.527.625.729.529.527.431.51.9492.861Buddhism
Yakut26.925.128.726.925.228.527.025.128.81.9722.843Christianity
Kumyk24.623.725.424.823.925.624.423.525.21.9773.123Islam
Ingush22.722.423.022.922.523.422.522.322.72.3254.05Islam
Lezgian25.425.225.725.025.224.825.925.226.62.0453.275Islam
Komi38.835.841.039.435.541.638.336.040.41.8692.363Christianity
Tuvan23.021.724.222.321.423.323.622.025.11.9963.407Buddhism
Jewish57.555.761.157.655.761.253.552.055.31.2641.371Judaism
Karachay29.528.330.527.626.428.930.529.531.51.862.836Islam
Kalmyk31.329.233.328.626.331.333.932.635.11.8532.625Buddhism
Adyghe34.232.436.032.030.333.736.234.238.21.7572.363Islam
Permyak40.838.642.741.339.542.540.538.142.82.1452.604Christianity
Balkar30.129.530.729.328.829.830.930.131.91.6892.624Islam
Karelian45.742.448.644.741.347.247.043.551.21.8232.108Christianity
Kazakh30.728.432.930.127.932.431.228.833.51.8722.609Islam
Altay27.525.529.422.721.524.228.926.930.82.0212.933Buddhism
Cherkess31.230.132.329.728.330.932.131.133.31.8072.607Islam

Languages
Main article: Languages of Russia

Russian is the common official language throughout Russia understood by 99% of its current inhabitants and widespread in many adjacent areas of Asia and Eastern Europe. National subdivisions of Russia have additional official languages (see their respective articles). There are more than 100 languages spoken in Russia, many of which are in danger of extinction.

Religion
Main article: Religion in Russia
Further information: Russian Orthodox Church, Christianity in Russia, Islam in Russia, and Buddhism in Russia

Religion in Russia (2012)[102]

  Orthodox Christianity (42.5%)
  Unaffiliated Christians (4.1%)
  Other Christians[lower-alpha 2] (0.5%)
  Spiritual but not religious (25%)
  Atheists (13%)
  Muslims[lower-alpha 3] (6.5%)
  Pagans[lower-alpha 4] (1.3%)
  Buddhists (0.5%)
  Other religions[lower-alpha 5] (1.1%)
  Undeclared (5.5%)
Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Moscow

Russia officially recognizes Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism as traditional religions. Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers; many people identify only nominally with a religion. There is no official census on religion in Russia. The Pew Research Center found that 71% of Russians identified as Orthodox, with 1.8% Protestants, 0.5% Catholics and 0.3% other Christians.[103][104] Pew estimated 11.7% of the population to be Muslim as of 2010.[105] Estimates of practicing worshipers are: Russian Orthodox 15–20%, Muslim 10–15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.).[106] Only a small percentage of the population is strongly religious: about approximately 2–4%[107] of the general population are integrated into church life (воцерковленные), while others attend on a less regular basis or not at all. Many non-religious ethnic Russians identify with the Orthodox faith for cultural reasons.[108] The majority of Muslims live in the Volga–Ural region and the North Caucasus, although Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and parts of Siberia also have sizable Muslim populations.[109][110]

Other branches of Christianity present in Russia include Roman Catholicism (approx. 1%), Baptists, Pentecostals, Lutherans and other Protestant churches (together totalling about 0.5% of the population) and Old Believers.[111][112] There is some presence of Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism and other pagan beliefs are also present to some extent in remote areas, sometimes syncretized with one of the mainstream religions.

According to the data of the 2010 Census, presented above, 88.26% of the people who stated their ethnicity belong to traditional Christian ethnic groups, 10.90% belong to traditional Muslim ethnic groups and 0.84% belong to traditional Buddhist, Jewish, Hindu and other ethnic groups.

Education
1 September, Knowledge day in Russia
Main article: Education in Russia

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total literacy: 99.7% (2015)
male: 99.7%
female: 99.6%[106]

Russia's free, widespread and in-depth educational system, inherited with almost no changes from the Soviet Union, has produced nearly 100% literacy. 97% of children receive their compulsory 9-year basic or complete 11-year education in Russian. Other languages are also used in their respective republics, for instance Tatar, and Yakut.

About 3 million students attend Russia's 519 institutions of higher education and 48 universities. As a result of great emphasis on science and technology in education, Russian medical, mathematical, scientific, and space and aviation research is generally of a high order.[113]

Labor force

The Russian workforce is undergoing tremendous changes. Although well-educated and skilled, it is largely mismatched to the rapidly changing needs of the Russian economy. The unemployment rate in Russia was 5.3% as of 2013.[114] Unemployment is highest among women and young people. Following the breakup of the Soviet Union and the economic dislocation it engendered, the standard of living fell dramatically. However, since recovering from the 1998 economic crisis, the standard of living has been on the rise. As of 2010 about 13.1% of the population was living below the poverty line, compared to 40% in 1999.[115] The average yearly salary in Russia was $14,302 (about $23,501 PPP) as of October 2013, up from $455 per year in August 1999.[116][117][118]

According to the FMS, as of 2011, there were 7,000,000 immigrants working in Russia. Half of these were from Ukraine, while the remainder was mostly from Central Asia. Only 3 million or less than half of all the immigrants are legal. Illegal immigrants number 4 million, mostly from Ukraine and the Caucasus.[44] The Census usually covers only a part of this population and the last one (2002 Census) counted one million non-citizens.

Population of main cities

Russia is a highly urbanized country, with 74.2% of the total population (2017) living in urban areas.[106] Moscow is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 12.2 million residents within the city limits[119] and 17.1 million within the urban area.[120]

Rural life
Cherlak, a typical small town – or a large village – in Western Siberia

Rural life in Russia is distinct from many other nations. Relatively few Russian people live in villages—rural population accounted for 26% of the total population according to the 2010 Russian Census. Some people own or rent village houses and use them as dachas (summer houses).

See also

Census information:

See also

Notes
  1. In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.
  1. Millions of Ukrainians have immigrated into Russia since the start of War in Donbass in 2014.
  2. Including Old Believers (0.2%), Protestantism (0.2%), and Catholicism (0.1%).
  3. The Sreda Arena Atlas 2012 did not count the populations of two Muslim-majority federal subjects of Russia, namely Chechnya and Ingushetia, which together had a population of nearly 2 million, thus the proportion of Muslims may be slightly underestimated.[102]
  4. The category included Rodnovers accounting for 44%, Hinduists accounting for 0.1%, and other Pagan religions and Siberian Tengrists and shamans accounting for the rest.
  5. Including Judaism (0.1%) and other unspecified religions.

References
  1. Оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2020 года и в среднем за 2019 год [Preliminary estimated population as of 1 January 2021 and on the average for 2019] (XLS). Rosstat (in Russian).
  2. "Население России на 2017 год составляет 146 804 372 человека. Статистика населения России РФ : Сайт о странах, городах, статистике населения и пр". Statdata.ru. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
  3. Ожидаемая продолжительность жизни при рождении за 2019 год (предварительно) [Life expectancy at birth (preliminary data for 2019)] (XLSX). Russian Federal State Statistics Service (in Russian). Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  4. Ожидаемая продолжительность жизни при рождении [Life expectancy at birth] (XLSX). Russian Federal State Statistics Service (in Russian). Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  5. Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости [Total fertility rate] (XLSX). Russian Federal State Statistics Service (in Russian). Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  6. Оперативные данные по естественному движению населения Российской Федерации [Preliminary vital statistics of Russia] (XLSX). Russian Federal State Statistics Service (in Russian). Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  7. https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/russia-demographics/
  8. "RUSSIA: historical demographical data of the whole country". Populstat.info. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  9. Оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2020 года и в среднем за 2019 год [Preliminary estimated population as of 1 January 2020 and on the average for 2019] (XLS). Rosstat (in Russian).
  10. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  11. "Russia", The World Factbook, 7 February 2020
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  13. "Russia", The World Factbook, 7 February 2020
  14. Max Roser (2014), "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation
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  16. Moya Flynn. Migrant resettlement in the Russian federation: reconstructing 'homes' and 'homelands', Anthem Press (2004). p. 15. ISBN 1-84331-117-8
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  25. Russia sees first population increase in 15 years BBC Retrieved 18 February 2009
  26. "Russian population rises by 292,400 in 2012 – Rosstat. | HighBeam Business: Arrive Prepared". Business.highbeam.com. 19 February 2013. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
  27. Russian policies ignite unprecedented birth rate in 2007, The Economic Times, 21 March 2008
  28. News, Paul Harrison, BBC UGC and Social (30 January 2018). "Russians debate declining birth rate". Retrieved 25 April 2019 – via www.bbc.com.
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Further reading
  • Gavrilova N.S., Gavrilov L.A. Aging Populations: Russia/Eastern Europe. In: P. Uhlenberg (Editor), International Handbook of the Demography of Aging, New York: Springer-Verlag, 2009, pp. 113–131.
  • Gavrilova N.S., Semyonova V.G., Dubrovina E., Evdokushkina G.N., Ivanova A.E., Gavrilov L.A. Russian Mortality Crisis and the Quality of Vital Statistics. Population Research and Policy Review, 2008, 27: 551–574.
  • Gavrilova, N.S., Gavrilov, L.A., Semyonova, V.G., Evdokushkina, G.N., Ivanova, A.E. 2005. Patterns of violent crime in Russia. In: Pridemore, W.A. (ed.). Ruling Russia: Law, Crime, and Justice in a Changing Society. Boulder, Colorado: Rowman & Littlefield Publ., Inc, 117–145
  • Gavrilova, N.S., Semyonova, V.G., Evdokushkina G.N., Gavrilov, L.A. The response of violent mortality to economic crisis in Russia. Population Research and Policy Review, 2000, 19: 397–419.
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