Foreign relations of Peru

Peru is an important first-tier state in South America,[1] Peru has been a member of the United Nations since 1949, and Peruvian Javier Pérez de Cuéllar served as UN Secretary General from 1981 to 1991. Former President Alberto Fujimori's tainted re-election to a third term in June 2000 strained Peru's relations with the United States and with many Latin American and European countries, but relations improved with the installation of an interim government in November 2000 and the inauguration of Alejandro Toledo in July 2001.

Peru is planning full integration into the Andean Free Trade Area. In addition, Peru is a standing member of APEC and the World Trade Organization, and is an active participant in negotiations toward a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA).

Bilateral relations

Africa

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Algeria		Algeria has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in Algiers.
Egypt		Egypt has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in Cairo.
Ghana		Ghana is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil. Peru has an embassy in Accra.
Morocco		Morocco has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in Rabat.
South Africa		Peru has an embassy in Pretoria. South Africa has an embassy in Lima.

Americas

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Argentina		Main article: Argentina–Peru relations Argentina has an embassy in Lima.[2] Peru has an embassy in Buenos Aires and consulates-general in Córdoba, La Plata and Mendoza.[3] Both countries are full members of the Association of Spanish Language Academies, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, Rio Group, and the Union of South American Nations.
Belize	27 November 1991	Both countries established diplomatic relations on November 27, 1991.[4] Both countries are full members of Organization of American States.
Bolivia		See Bolivia–Peru relations Bolivia has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in La Paz.
Brazil		Brazil has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in Brasília.
Canada		Main article: Canada–Peru relations Canada has an embassy in Lima.[5] Peru has an embassy in Ottawa and 3 consulates-general (in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver).[6] Both countries are full members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, of the Cairns Group and of the Organization of American States. The Canadian government announced in February 2009 that it was adding Peru to its list of preferred countries to receive foreign aid. This list includes 18 countries and the West Bank and Caribbean.[7]
Chile		See Chile–Peru relations In November 1999, Peru and Chile signed three agreements which put to rest the remaining obstacles holding up implementation of the 1929 Treaty of Lima, which officially ended the 1879 War of the Pacific. In December 1999, President Alberto Fujimori made the first visit ever to Chile by a Peruvian head of state. Relations between the two nations have since mostly recovered. In 2005, the Peruvian Congress unilaterally approved a law which increased the stated sea limit with Chile. This law superseded the Peruvian supreme decree 781 for same purpose from 1947, which had autolimited its maritime border to geographical parallels only. Peru's position was that the border has never been fully demarcated, but Chile disagreed reminding on treaties in 1952 and 1954 between the countries, which supposedly defined seaborder. The border problem has still not been solved. However, Chile's Michelle Bachelet and Peru's Alan García have established a positive diplomatic relationship, and it is very unlikely any hostilities will break out because of the dispute. Nevertheless, in early April 2007, Peruvian nationalistic sectors, mainly represented by left wing ex-presidential candidate Ollanta Humala decided to congregate at 'hito uno' right at the border with Chile, in a symbolic attempt to claim sovereignty over a maritime area known in Peru as Mar de Grau (Grau's Sea) just west of the Chilean city of Arica. Peruvian police stopped a group of nearly 2,000 people just 10 km from the border, preventing them from reaching their intended destination. Despite these incidents, the presidents of both Chile and Peru have confirmed their intentions to improve the relationships between the two countries, mainly fueled by the huge amount of commercial exchange between both countries' private sectors. Chile has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in Santiago.
Colombia		Colombia has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in Bogotá.
Costa Rica		Costa Rica has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in San José.
Cuba		See Cuba–Peru relations Cuba has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in Havana.
Dominican Republic		Dominica Republic has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in Santo Domingo.
Ecuador		In October 1998, Peru and Ecuador signed a peace accord which definitively resolved border differences which had, over the years, resulted in armed conflict. Peru and Ecuador are now jointly coordinating an internationally sponsored border integration project. The United States Government, as one of four guarantor states, was actively involved in facilitating the 1998 peace accord between Peru and Ecuador and remains committed to its implementation. The United States has pledged $40 million to the Peru-Ecuador border integration project and another $4 million to support Peruvian and Ecuadorian demining efforts along their common border. In November 2009, Peru made an agreement with Ecuador in which Peru would export between 40 and 50 megawatts of electricity until April 2010 in order to help Ecuador with its energy crisis.[8] Rafael Correa, Ecuador's president, expressed his gratitude to Peru for its generous aid during Ecuador's energy crisis.[9] Ecuador has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in Quito.
El Salvador	10 June 1857	See El Salvador–Peru relations El Salvador has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in San Salvador.
Guatemala		Guatemala has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in Guatemala City.
Guyana	1971	Both countries have established diplomatic relations on 17 July 1971. Guyana is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil. Peru is accredited to Guyana from its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela. Both countries are full members of Organization of American States and Union of South American Nations.
Honduras		Honduras has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in Tegucigalpa.
Mexico	1823	See Mexico–Peru relations Peru and Mexico have historically had a unique relationship solidly based on that they share two of the most significant ancient cultures in the Americas. Both countries have expressed solidarity over the need to defend the recovery of cultural and archaeological heritage in the form of artifacts that have been illegally stolen from Peru and Mexico and which are to this date, illegally or legitimately kept in foreign locations. Peru's President Alan García and Mexico's Felipe Calderón signed a joint declaration in April 2011 aimed at deepening the two countries' friendship, cooperation, integration, trade, investments and the permanent fight against poverty and organized crime. The two countries aim to achieve a new model of integration within Latin America, and to represent a positive, realistic, and active example of integration amongst two "brotherly" nations. Mexico has an embassy in Lima.[10] Peru has an embassy in Mexico City.[11] Both nations are members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the Pacific Alliance.
Nicaragua		Nicaragua has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in Managua.
Panama		Panama has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in Panama City.
Paraguay		Main article: Paraguay–Peru relations Paraguay has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in Asunción. Both countries are full members of the Rio Group, Latin Union, Association of Spanish Language Academies, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and of the Union of South American Nations.[12] Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Relations about the relation with Paraguay (in Spanish only)
Trinidad and Tobago		Main article: Peru-Trinidad and Tobago relations Peru has an embassy in Port of Spain. Trinidad and Tobago is accredited to Peru from its embassy Caracas, Venezuela.
United States		Main article: Peru–United States relations The U.S. maintains an embassy in Lima, Peru. There is a U.S. Consular Agency in Cuzco, and the USAID building is located in Lima.
Uruguay		Main article: Peru–Uruguay relations Peru has an embassy in Montevideo.[13] Uruguay has an embassy in Lima and an honorary consulate in Arequipa. Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Relations about relations with Uruguay (in Spanish only)
Venezuela		Peru has an embassy in Caracas. Venezuela has an embassy in Lima.

Asia

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Armenia	1992	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 April 1992. Armenia is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Peru is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
Azerbaijan	25 June 1996[14]	See Azerbaijan-Peru relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in Baku.
China		See China–Peru relations Countries which signed cooperation documents related to the Belt and Road Initiative China has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Shanghai.
India		See India–Peru relations India has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in New Delhi.
Israel		Main article: Israel–Peru relations Israel has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in Tel Aviv. Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Relations about relations with Israel (in Spanish only)
Japan	1873	See Japan–Peru relations Japan has an embassy in Lima.[15] Peru has an embassy in Tokyo and a consulate-general in Nagoya.[16]
Malaysia		See Malaysia–Peru relations
Palestine	2011-01-24	Peru recognized Palestine on 24 January 2011.[17]
Philippines		Main article: Peru-Philippines relations Peru is accredited to the Philippines from its embassy in Bangkok, Thailand. Philippines is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Santiago, Chile.
South Korea	1 April 1963[18]	The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and the Republic of Peru started on 1 April 1963.[18] Peru has an embassy in Seoul. South Korea has an embassy in Lima.
Thailand	10 November 1965	Peru has an embassy in Bangkok. Thailand has an embassy in Lima.
Turkey	1950[19]	See Peru–Turkey relations Peru has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.[20] Turkey has an embassy in Lima.[21] Trade volume between the two countries was 250 million USD in 2019 (Peruvian exports/imports: 72.6/177.4 million USD).[22]
Vietnam		Peru has an embassy in Hanoi. Vietnam is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.

Europe

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Andorra	3 June 1997	Andorra does not have an accreditation to Peru. Peru is accredited to Andorra from its embassy in Madrid, Spain.
Bulgaria	1969	See Bulgaria–Peru relations Peru closed its embassy in Sofia for economic reasons in 2003. Peru is accredited to Bulgaria from its embassy in Athens, Greece. Bulgaria is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.[23] Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Relations about relations with Bulgaria (in Spanish only)
Croatia	1993-01-12	Croatia is accredited to Peru through its embassy in Santiago, Chile and maintains an honorary consulate in Lima. Peru is accredited to Croatia through its embassy in Bucharest, Romania and maintains an honorary consulate in Zagreb. There are around 6,500 people of Croatian descent living in Peru. Most Croats arrived in Peru between the Interwar period. Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration: list of bilateral treaties with Peru
Cyprus	1966	Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1966.[24] Cyprus is represented in Peru through its embassy in Brasilia, Brazil.[25]
Denmark		Denmark is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Santiago, Chile. Peru is accredited to Denmark from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
Finland	1963-01-25	Peru recognized Finland on June 23, 1919. Peru has an embassy in Helsinki. Finland has an embassy in Lima. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about Peru
France	1826	See France–Peru relations France has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in Paris.
Greece	1966	See Greece–Peru relations Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1966.[26] Greece has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in Athens.
Italy	1874-12-23	See Italy–Peru relations Italy has an embassy in Lima.[27] Peru has an embassy in Rome and consulates-general in Florence, Genoa, Milan and Turin.[28]
Poland	1923	See Peru–Poland relations Peru has an embassy in Warsaw.[29] Poland has an embassy in Lima.[30]
Russia		Peru has an embassy in Moscow and an honorary consulate in Saint Petersburg. Russia has an embassy in Lima and an honorary consulate in the San Isidro District. Both countries are full members of the APEC.
Serbia	1967	Diplomatic relations between then Yugoslavia and Peru existed before the Second World War. They were renewed in 1967. Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Relations about the relation with Serbia (in Spanish only) Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Peru
Spain	1879	See Peru–Spain relations Peru has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in Barcelona, Bilbao, Seville and Valencia.[31] Spain has an embassy in Lima.[32] Both countries are full members of the Association of Spanish Language Academies and the Organization of Ibero-American States
Sweden		See Peru–Sweden relations Peru has an embassy in Stockholm. Sweden is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Santiago, Chile and an honorary consulate in Lima.
United Kingdom		Peru has an embassy in London. United Kingdom has an embassy in Lima. Consulate of Peru in London (in Spanish only)

Oceania

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Australia		Both countries have an expanding relationship in all areas. In February 2018 trade ministers from both Peru and Australia signed a free trade agreement.[33] Australia has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney.
New Zealand	1972	See New Zealand–Peru relations New Zealand is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Santiago, Chile and maintains an honorary consulate in Lima. Peru has an embassy in Wellington.

Illicit drugs

Until recently the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru has reduced the area of coca under cultivation by 24% to 387 km² at the end of 1999; most of cocaine base is shipped to neighboring Colombia, Bolivia, and Brazil for processing into cocaine for the international drug market, but exports of finished cocaine are increasing by maritime conveyance to Mexico, US, and Europe.

References

Schenoni, Luis (2017) "Subsystemic Unipolarities?" in Strategic Analysis, 41(1): 74-86
"Embajada de la República Argentina en República del Perú - Embassy of Argentina in Lima (in Spanish)". eperu.cancilleria.gov.ar. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
"Embassy of Peru in Buenos Aires (in Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2014-11-05. Retrieved 2014-11-13.
"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-06.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
"Canadian embassy in Lima". Archived from the original on 2008-12-10. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
"Inicio Embajada del Perú en Canadá - Peruvian embassy in Ottawa". embassyofperu.ca. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
Alexander Panetta, "Canada limits main foreign aid recipients to 20 countries", Canada East website (accessed 3 March2009)
"Perú exportará energía eléctrica a Ecuador hasta abril de 2010". web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 2009-12-20. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
http://www.peru.com/economiayfinanzas/noticias20091114/66081/Presidente-de-Ecuador-Rafael-Correa-agradece-cooperacion-de-Peru-en-crisis-energetica-
"Embassy of Mexico in Lima (in Spanish)". embamex.sre.gob.mx. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
"Consulado General del Perú - Embassy of Peru in Mexico City (in Spanish)". consuladodelperu.com.mx. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
"Peruvian embassy in Asuncion (in Spanish only)". embperu.com.py. Archived from the original on 2012-02-24. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
"Peruvian embassy in Montevideo (in Spanish only)". web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 2002-02-10. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
"Peru". mfa.gov.az. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
Embassy of Japan in Lima (in Japanese and Spanish)
Embassy of Peru in Tokyo (in Japanese and Spanish)
Government of Peru (24 January 2011). "Perú reconoce al Estado Palestino" (in Spanish). Ministry of Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 2011-01-30. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
"Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Latin America and Caribbean". mofa.go.kr. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
"Relations between Turkey and Peru".
"Relations between Turkey and Peru".
"Relations between Turkey and Peru".
"Relations between Turkey and Peru".
"Министерство на външните работи - Bulgarian embassy in Brasilia (also accredited to Peru)". mfa.bg. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-09-09.
"MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS - Bilateral Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus". mfa.gov.cy. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
"Greece's Bilateral Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece". mfa.gr. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
"Embajada de Italia en Lima - Embassy of Italy in Lima (in Italian and Spanish)". amblima.esteri.it. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
"Embassy of Peru in Rome (in Italian and Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2014-10-16. Retrieved 2014-11-13.
Embassy of Peru in Warsaw
Embassy of Poland in Lima
Embassy of Peru in Madrid
Embassy of Spain in Lima
"Australia, Peru Sign Free Trade Agreement". Prensa Latina. 12 February 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2018.

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[1] Schenoni, Luis (2017) "Subsystemic Unipolarities?" in Strategic Analysis, 41(1): 74-86

[cancilleria-2] "Embajada de la República Argentina en República del Perú - Embassy of Argentina in Lima (in Spanish)". eperu.cancilleria.gov.ar. Retrieved 2016-06-13.

[3] "Embassy of Peru in Buenos Aires (in Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2014-11-05. Retrieved 2014-11-13.

[4] "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-06.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[5] "Canadian embassy in Lima". Archived from the original on 2008-12-10. Retrieved 2009-05-22.

[embassyofperu-6] "Inicio Embajada del Perú en Canadá - Peruvian embassy in Ottawa". embassyofperu.ca. Retrieved 2016-06-13.

[7] Alexander Panetta, "Canada limits main foreign aid recipients to 20 countries", Canada East website (accessed 3 March2009)

[peru2-8] "Perú exportará energía eléctrica a Ecuador hasta abril de 2010". web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 2009-12-20. Retrieved 2016-06-13.

[9] ttp://www.peru.com/economiayfinanzas/noticias20091114/66081/Presidente-de-Ecuador-Rafael-Correa-agradece-cooperacion-de-Peru-en-crisis-energetica-

[sre-10] "Embassy of Mexico in Lima (in Spanish)". embamex.sre.gob.mx. Retrieved 2016-06-13.

[consuladodelperu-11] "Consulado General del Perú - Embassy of Peru in Mexico City (in Spanish)". consuladodelperu.com.mx. Retrieved 2016-06-13.

[embperu-12] "Peruvian embassy in Asuncion (in Spanish only)". embperu.com.py. Archived from the original on 2012-02-24. Retrieved 2016-06-13.

[angelfire-13] "Peruvian embassy in Montevideo (in Spanish only)". web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 2002-02-10. Retrieved 2016-06-13.

[14] "Peru". mfa.gov.az. Retrieved 2021-01-25.

[15] Embassy of Japan in Lima (in Japanese and Spanish)

[16] Embassy of Peru in Tokyo (in Japanese and Spanish)

[peru-17] Government of Peru (24 January 2011). "Perú reconoce al Estado Palestino" (in Spanish). Ministry of Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 2011-01-30. Retrieved 2011-01-24.

[mofa.go.kr-18] "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Latin America and Caribbean". mofa.go.kr. Retrieved 2016-06-13.

[19] "Relations between Turkey and Peru".

[20] "Relations between Turkey and Peru".

[21] "Relations between Turkey and Peru".

[22] "Relations between Turkey and Peru".

[mfa-23] "Министерство на външните работи - Bulgarian embassy in Brasilia (also accredited to Peru)". mfa.bg. Retrieved 2016-06-13.

[24] "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-09-09.

[mfa2-25] "MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS - Bilateral Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus". mfa.gov.cy. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-06-13.

[mfa3-26] "Greece's Bilateral Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece". mfa.gr. Retrieved 2016-06-13.

[esteri-27] "Embajada de Italia en Lima - Embassy of Italy in Lima (in Italian and Spanish)". amblima.esteri.it. Retrieved 2016-06-13.

[28] "Embassy of Peru in Rome (in Italian and Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2014-10-16. Retrieved 2014-11-13.

[29] Embassy of Peru in Warsaw

[30] Embassy of Poland in Lima

[31] Embassy of Peru in Madrid

[32] Embassy of Spain in Lima

[33] "Australia, Peru Sign Free Trade Agreement". Prensa Latina. 12 February 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2018.

Foreign relations of South America
Sovereign states	Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Panama Paraguay Peru Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela
Dependencies	Aruba (Netherlands) Falkland Islands (UK) French Guiana (France) Netherlands Antilles (Netherlands) South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (UK)