Ice–albedo feedback

Ice–albedo feedback is a positive feedback climate process where a change in the area of ice caps, glaciers, and sea ice alters the albedo and surface temperature of a planet. Ice is very reflective, therefore some of the solar energy is reflected back to space. Ice–albedo feedback plays an important role in global climate change.[1] For instance at higher latitudes, we see warmer temperatures melt the ice sheets.[2] However, if warm temperatures decrease the ice cover and the area is replaced by water or land the albedo would decrease. This increases the amount of solar energy absorbed, leading to more warming.[3] The effect has mostly been discussed in terms of the recent trend of declining Arctic sea ice.[4] The change in albedo acts to reinforce the initial alteration in ice area leading to more warming. Warming tends to decrease ice cover and hence decrease the albedo, increasing the amount of solar energy absorbed and leading to more warming. In the geologically recent past, the ice-albedo positive feedback has played a major role in the advances and retreats of the Pleistocene (~2.6 Ma to ~10 ka ago) ice sheets.[5] Inversely, cooler temperatures increase ice, which increases albedo, leading to more cooling.

Schematic of ice-albedo feedback. Ice reflects more light back into space, whereas, land and water absorb more of the sunlight.

Evidence
Albedo change in Greenland

Snow and ice-albedo feedback tend to amplify regional warming due to anthropogenic climate change. Due to this amplification the cryosphere is sometimes called the "natural thermometer" of Earth because changes in each of its components have long lasting effects on the systems (biological, physical and social) of Earth.[6] Internal feedback processes may also potentially occur. As land ice melts and causes eustatic sea level rise, it can also potentially induce earthquakes[7] as a result of post-glacial rebound, which further disrupts glaciers and ice shelves. If sea-ice retreats in the Arctic, the albedo of the sea will be darker which means more warming. Similarly, if the Greenland or Antarctic land ice retreats, the darker underlying land is exposed[8] and more solar radiation is absorbed.

Snowball Earth

The runaway ice-albedo feedback was also important for the Snowball Earth. Geological evidence show glaciers near the equator,[9] and models have suggested the ice-albedo feedback played a role. As more ice formed, more of the incoming solar radiation was reflected back into space, causing temperatures on Earth to drop. Whether, the Earth was a complete solid snowball (completely frozen over), or a slush ball with a thin equatorial band of water still remains debated,[10] but the ice-albedo feedback mechanism remains important for both cases.

Ice-albedo feedback on exoplanets

On Earth, our climate is heavily influenced by interactions with solar radiation and feedback processes. One might expect exoplanets around other stars to also experience feedback processes caused by stellar radiation that affect the climate of the world. In modeling the climates of other planets, studies have shown that the ice-albedo feedback is much stronger on terrestrial planets that are orbiting stars (see: stellar classification) that have a high near-ultraviolet radiation.[11]

See also

References
  1. Budyko, M. I. (1969-01-01). "The effect of solar radiation variations on the climate of the Earth". Tellus. 21 (5): 611–619. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v21i5.10109. ISSN 0040-2826.
  2. Schneider, Stephen H.; Dickinson, Robert E. (1974). "Climate modeling". Reviews of Geophysics. 12 (3): 447–493. Bibcode:1974RvGSP..12..447S. doi:10.1029/RG012i003p00447. ISSN 1944-9208.
  3. Deser, C., J.E. Walsh, and M.S. Timlin (2000). "Arctic Sea Ice Variability in the Context of Recent Atmospheric Circulation Trends". J. Climate. 13 (3): 617–633. Bibcode:2000JCli...13..617D. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.384.2863. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<0617:ASIVIT>2.0.CO;2.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. Pistone, Kristina; Eisenman, Ian; Ramanathan, Veerabhadran (2019). "Radiative Heating of an Ice-Free Arctic Ocean". Geophysical Research Letters. 46 (13): 7474–7480. Bibcode:2019GeoRL..46.7474P. doi:10.1029/2019GL082914. ISSN 1944-8007.
  5. Treut, H. Le; Hansen, J.; Raynaud, D.; Jouzel, J.; Lorius, C. (September 1990). "The ice-core record: climate sensitivity and future greenhouse warming". Nature. 347 (6289): 139–145. Bibcode:1990Natur.347..139L. doi:10.1038/347139a0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4331052.
  6. "AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis — IPCC". Retrieved 2019-06-12.
  7. Wu, Patrick; Johnston, Paul (2000). "Can deglaciation trigger earthquakes in N. America?". Geophysical Research Letters. 27 (9): 1323–1326. Bibcode:2000GeoRL..27.1323W. doi:10.1029/1999GL011070. ISSN 1944-8007.
  8. "AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis — IPCC". Retrieved 2019-06-11.
  9. Harland, W. B. (1964-05-01). "Critical evidence for a great infra-Cambrian glaciation". Geologische Rundschau. 54 (1): 45–61. Bibcode:1964GeoRu..54...45H. doi:10.1007/BF01821169. ISSN 1432-1149. S2CID 128676272.
  10. "'Snowball Earth' Might Be Slushy". Astrobiology Magazine. 2015-08-03. Retrieved 2019-06-13.
  11. Shields, Aomawa L.; Meadows, Victoria S.; Bitz, Cecilia M.; Pierrehumbert, Raymond T.; Joshi, Manoj M.; Robinson, Tyler D. (August 2013). "The Effect of Host Star Spectral Energy Distribution and Ice-Albedo Feedback on the Climate of Extrasolar Planets". Astrobiology. 13 (8): 715–739. arXiv:1305.6926. Bibcode:2013AsBio..13..715S. doi:10.1089/ast.2012.0961. ISSN 1531-1074. PMC 3746291. PMID 23855332.
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