Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with disabilities

Previous research on pandemics has indicated that people with disabilities are more vulnerable to a host of social and psychological issues.[9] They are more likely to experience loneliness and isolation which may lead to other poor health outcomes.[10] Women with disabilities and women who care for individuals with disabilities are at greater risk for domestic abuse and sexual violence during pandemics. They may also be unable to access reproductive care and may be more likely to experience socioeconomic disadvantages associated with the pandemic.[11]

Children with disabilities are also at higher risk for mental distress as a result of the pandemic and may also be at greater risk of experiencing domestic violence during the COVID crisis.[12] As of 2016, there were roughly 52 million children, age 5 and younger, with some form of developmental disability, and about 1 in 6 children in the United States, between ages 3–12, has a developmental disability.[13] Children with intellectual and developmental disabilities, especially those with Autism Spectrum Disorder may be more likely to experience anxiety, stress, and other ill effects resulting from the pandemic. They may be particularly sensitive to changes in their daily routines, such as school closures.[14] Children with disabilities are at higher risk of contracting COVID-19 and developing serious complications from the disease. They may not be able to adequately socially distance while interacting with others or may not be able to wear masks due to sensory issues. This may lead to further isolation both for disabled children and their families.[15]

The rise of virtual gatherings has allowed some people with disabilities to participate in activities that were previously difficult to attend. For example, individuals with certain physical disabilities do not need to worry about whether a location is wheelchair-accessible when the event is conducted fully online.[16]

In the United States, According to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, employers must follow guidelines set out by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) with consideration to COVID-19. This means that employers must keep all medical information they gather from employees related to COVID prevention confidential. They must continue to offer individuals with disabilities reasonable accommodations as well as take into consideration the accommodation requests made by individuals at higher risk for contracting more serious cases of COVID-19, such as individuals who are 65 years or older and those with preexisting conditions. Employers may have to renegotiate reasonable accommodations for individuals with disabilities based on the changes to work environments brought about by the pandemic, such as the prevalence of telecommuting.[17]

According to the UN, individuals with disabilities are more likely to lose their jobs as a result of the pandemic and face more difficulty in returning to work during the recovery period.[2] Individuals with longterm effects of COVID, such as chronic fatigue, may also face employment challenges.[18]

As of April, 2020, schools had ceased in-person operation in 189 countries, affecting roughly 1.5 billion children worldwide.[12][19] Children with disabilities have faced a host of challenges related to remote learning. They have faced disruptions to the services they require as laid out in their Individualized Education Programs (IEP) and have struggled with many of the technologies used to carry out remote learning. Many types of assistive technologies, such as Screen readers for the blind, are not compatible with the software platforms being used for remote learning.[20] Children with disabilities often require in-person assistance, such as various physical and occupational therapies, and most teachers are not trained in how to conduct education remotely for children with disabilities.[12][19] Parents of disabled children are also struggling as they are being asked to provide many of the services their children receive in schools without the training or expertise to do so.[20] Parents of children with disabilities are also concerned about the risks involved in their children returning to school. Children with disabilities are more likely to have other health conditions that increase their risk of COVID-related complications.[21]

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, a large percentage of children with disabilities also live in poverty.[22] Many children with disabilities do not have adequate access to the Internet and lack the assistive technologies required to access remote learning. Schools provide a number of additional services, such as nutrition and health care to children. As a result of the pandemic, many children face increased risk of food insecurity and mental health issues.