Kirtland Formation

Kirtland Formation
Stratigraphic range: Campanian (*typically* Kirtlandian)
75–73 Ma

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Kirtland Formation; Stratigraphic range: Campanian (typically Kirtlandian); 75–73 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Type	Geological formation
Sub-units	Hunter Wash, Farmington and De-na-zin Members
Underlies	Ojo Alamo Formation
Overlies	Fruitland Formation
Thickness	594 m (1,949 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Sandstone
Other	Shale, mudstone, conglomerate
Location
Coordinates	36.708°N 108.350°W
Approximate paleocoordinates	42.6°N 76.3°W
Region	New Mexico
Country	USA
Extent	San Juan Basin
Type section
Named for	Kirtland Post Office
Named by	C.M. Bauer
Year defined	1916
	Kirtland Formation (the United States) Kirtland Formation (New Mexico)

The Kirtland Formation (originally the Kirtland Shale) is a sedimentary geological formation.[1]

Description

The Kirtland Formation is the product of alluvial muds and overbank sand deposits from the many channels draining the coastal plain that existed on the inland seashore of North America, in the late Cretaceous period. It overlies the Fruitland Formation. It is found in the San Juan Basin in the states of New Mexico and Colorado, in the United States of America.

The base of the Kirtland Formation and its lowest sub-unit, the Hunter Wash member, has been dated to 75.02 ± 0.13 Ma.[2] Together with the upper part of the underlying Fruitland Formation, this contains fossils representing the Hunter Wash local fauna. The border between the Hunter Wash member and overlying Farmington member dates to approximately 74 million years ago. The top of the Farmington member and bottom of the overlying De-na-zin member has been radiometrically dated to 73.37 ± 0.28 Ma ago. The top of the De-na-zin member, which contains the Willow Wash local fauna, has been dated to 73.04 ± 0.25 Ma ago.[1]

Overlying the De-na-zin member is a unit called the Naashoibito member This has often been considered to be part of the Kirtland formation, but more recently has been transferred back to the overlying Ojo Alamo Formation, which it had originally been part of.[1]

History of investigation

The formation was named by C.M. Bauer in 1916 for exposures near the Kirtland Post Office.[3]

Stratigraphy

Upper Cretaceous stratigraphy of the San Juan Basin

Vertebrate paleofauna

Crurotarsans

Crurotarsans of the Kirtland Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Member	Abundance	Notes	Images
Brachychampsa[4]	B. montana[4]		De-na-zin[4]		Member of the Willow Wash local fauna.[4]	Brachychampsa
Denazinosuchus[4]	D. kirtlandicus[4]		De-na-zin[4]		Member of the Willow Wash local fauna.[4]
Leidyosuchus[5]	Indeterminate[5]		De-na-zin[4]		Member of the Willow Wash local fauna.[4]

Ornithischians

Ornithischians reported from the Kirtland Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Member	Material	Notes	Images
Ahshislepelta[6]	A. minor[6]		Hunter Wash[6]	Incomplete postcranial skeleton[6]		Kritosaurus navajovius Parasaurolophus tubicen Pentaceratops sternbergii Sphaerotholus goodwini Stegoceras novomexicanum Terminocavus sealeyi Titanoceratops ouranos Ziapelta sanjuanensis
Anasazisaurus[7]	A. horneri[7]			"Partial skull."[7]
Kritosaurus[8]	K. navajovius[8]		De-na-zin[4]		Member of the Willow Wash local fauna.[4]
Naashoibitosaurus[8]	N.ostromi[8]		De-na-zin[4]	"Partial skull."[9]	Member of the Willow Wash local fauna.[4]
Nodocephalosaurus[8]	N. kirtlandensis[8]		De-na-zin[4]	"Partial skull."[10]	Member of the Willow Wash local fauna.[4]
Parasaurolophus[8]	P. tubicen[8]		De-na-zin[4]	"Disarticulated, associated skull and postcraniua, pertaining to at least [three] individuals."[11]	Member of the Willow Wash local fauna.[4]
Pentaceratops[8]	P. fenestratus[8]
Pentaceratops[8]	P. sternbergi[8]		De-na-zin[12] Hunter Wash[12]	More common in the lower part of the formation.[12]	Member of the Willow Wash local fauna.[4]
Sphaerotholus[4]	S. goodwini[4]		De-na-zin[4]		Member of the Willow Wash local fauna.[4]
Stegoceras[13]	S. novomexicanum[13]		Hunter Wash[13]	"SMP VP-2790, incomplete parietal"[13]	Also found in the upper Fruitland Formation.
Terminocavus	T. sealeyi		Hunter Wash
Navajoceratops	N. sullivani		Hunter Wash
Titanoceratops	T. ouranos		Hunter Wash		Member of the Willow Wash local fauna. Found to be a synonym of Pentaceratops sternbergii.[14]
Ziapelta[15]	Z. sanjuanensis		Hunter Wash [15] De-na-zin [15]	Complete skull lacking the lower jaws, first two cervical half rings.[15]

Pterosaurs

Pterosaurs of the Kirtland Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Member	Abundance	Notes
Navajodactylus[16]	N. boerei[16]	Partial phalanx and ulna fragment[16]	Hunter Wash Member[16]

Saurischians

Saurischians of the Kirtland Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Member	Abundance	Notes	Images
Alamosaurus[17]	A. sanjuanensis[17]				Erroneously identified as a member of the Willow Wash fauna, specimens actually from the Naashoibito member of the Ojo Alamo Formation[18]	Bistahieversor sealeyi Ornithomimus Saurornitholestes sullivani
Aublysodon[19]	A. mirandus[19]				Remains once attributed to the dubious tooth genus Aublysodon (and later Daspletosaurus)[19] are now referred to Bistahieversor, although these remains (OMNH 10131) may possibly have come from the Fruitland Formation.[20]
Bistahieversor[21]	B. sealeyi[21]		Farmington[20] Hunter Wash[21]
Daspletosaurus[19]	Unnamed[19]		De-na-zin[4] Farmington[20] Hunter Wash[21]		Remains formerly referred to an unidentified or undescribed species of Daspletosaurus were originally attributed to the dubious tooth genus Aublysodon.[19] These remains were later reclassified as belonging to the new genus Bistahieversor. Some of these remains (OMNH 10131), however, may have originated in the Fruitland Formation.[20]
Ornithomimus[8]	O. sp.[8]		De-na-zin[4]		Member of the Willow Wash local fauna.[4]
Saurornitholestes	S. sullivani[22]		De-na-zin
"Saurornitholestes"	"S." robustus[23]		De-na-zin[23]		Member of the Willow Wash local fauna.[4] Originally assigned to Saurornitholestes, actually a troodontid.[24]
Troodontidae	Indeterminate[25]
Tyrannosauridae	Indeterminate[8][26]

Turtles

Turtles of the Kirtland Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Member	Abundance	Notes
Basilemys[4]	B. nobilis[4]		De-na-zin[4]		Member of the Willow Wash local fauna.[4]
Denazinemys[4]	D. nodosa[4]		De-na-zin[4]		Member of the Willow Wash local fauna.[4]
Neurankylus[4]	N. baueri[4]		De-na-zin[4]		Member of the Willow Wash local fauna.[4]
Plastomenus[4]	P. robustus[4]		De-na-zin[4]		Member of the Willow Wash local fauna.[4]
Thescelus[4]	T. hemispherica[4]		De-na-zin[4]		Member of the Willow Wash local fauna.[4]

Bony fish

Bony fishes of the Kirtland Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Member	Abundance	Notes
Melvius[4]	M. chauliodous[4]		De-na-zin[4]		Member of the Willow Wash local fauna.[4]

Cartilaginous fish

Cartilaginous fish of the Kirtland Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Member	Abundance	Notes
Myledaphus[4]	M. bipartitus[4]		De-na-zin[4]		Member of the Willow Wash local fauna.[4]

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

References

Sullivan and Lucas 2006
Fowler 2017
C. M. Bauer, 1916, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 98-P
"Table 1," in Sullivan and Lucas (2006). Page 11. Note that the Willow Wash local fauna is entirely within the De-na-zin member; see "Biostratigraphy" page 8.
Listed as "cf. Leidyosuchus sp." in "Table 1," in Sullivan and Lucas (2006). Page 11. Note that the Willow Wash local fauna is entirely within the De-na-zin member; see "Biostratigraphy" page 8.
Burns and Sullivan 2011
"Table 20.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 439.
"3.3 New Mexico, United States; 10. Lower Kirtland Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 580.
"Table 20.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 440.
"Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 365.
"Table 20.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 442.
"Kirtlandian Index Fossils," in Sullivan and Lucas (2006). Page 10.
Jasinski and Sullivan 2011
Sullivan, R.M.; Lucas, S.G. (2015). "Cretaceous Vertebrates of New Mexico". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 68: 97–129.
Arbour et al. 2014
Sullivan and Fowler 2011
"3.3 New Mexico, United States; 10. Lower Kirtland Formation and 11. Upper Kirtland Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pages 580-581.
Jasinski et al. 2011
"Systematic Paleontology," in Carr and Williamson. (2010). Page 1.
"Systematic Paleontology; Referred Specimens," in Carr and Williamson. (2010). Page 1.
"Systematic Paleontology; Holotype," in Carr and Williamson. (2010). Page 1.
Jasinski, Steven. "A new dromaeosaurid (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of New Mexico (B&W)". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
"Abstract," in Sullivan. (2006). Page 253.
Evans et al. 2014
Listed as "cf. Troodon sp." in "3.3 New Mexico, United States; 11. Upper Kirtland Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pages 580-581.
Listed as "cf. Tyrannosaurus sp." in "3.3 New Mexico, United States; 11. Upper Kirtland Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pages 580-581.

Bibliography

Burns, Michael E. (2008). "Taxonomic utility of ankylosaur (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) osteoderms: Glyptodontopelta mimus Ford, 2000: a test case". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (4): 1102–1109. doi:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1102. S2CID 140672072.
Michael E. Burns and Robert M. Sullivan (2011). "A new ankylosaurid from the Upper Cretaceous Kirtland Formation, San Juan Basin, with comments on the diversity of ankylosaurids in New Mexico" (PDF). Fossil Record 3. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin. 53: 169–178.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
Carr, T.D.; Williamson, T.E. (2010). "Bistahieversor sealeyi, gen. et sp. nov., a new tyrannosauroid from New Mexico and the origin of deep snouts in Tyrannosauroidea". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1080/02724630903413032. S2CID 54029279.
Evans, David C.; Larson, Derek W.; Cullen, Thomas M.; Sullivan, Robert M.; Sues, Hans-Dieter (2014). ""Saurornitholestes" robustus is a troodontid (Dinosauria: Theropoda)". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 51 (7): 730–734. Bibcode:2014CaJES..51..730E. doi:10.1139/cjes-2014-0073.
Fowler, Denver Warwick (22 November 2017). "Revised geochronology, correlation, and dinosaur stratigraphic ranges of the Santonian-Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) formations of the Western Interior of North America". PLOS ONE. 12 (11): e0188426. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188426. PMC 5699823. PMID 29166406.
Steven E. Jasinski and Robert M. Sullivan (2011). "Re-evaluation of pachycephalosaurids from the Fruitland-Kirtland transition (Kirtlandian, late Campanian), San Juan Basin, New Mexico, with a description of a new species of Stegoceras and a reassessment of Texascephale langstoni" (PDF). Fossil Record 3. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin. 53: 202–215.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
Jasinski, S. E.; Sullivan, R. M.; Lucas, S. G. (2011). "Taxonomic composition of the Alamo Wash local fauna from the Upper Cretaceous Ojo Alamo Formation (Naashoibito Member) San Juan Basin, New Mexico". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 53: 216–271. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
Sullivan, R.M. (2006). "Saurornitholestes robustus, n. sp. (Theropoda:Dromaeosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous Kirtland Formation (De-Na-Zin member_), San Juan Basin, New Mexico" (PDF). NMMNH Bulletin. 35: 253–256.
Robert M. Sullivan and Denver W. Fowler (2011). "Navajodactylus boerei, n. gen., n. sp., (Pterosauria, ?Azhdarchidae) from the Upper Cretaceous Kirtland Formation (upper Campanian) of New Mexico" (PDF). Fossil Record 3. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin. 53: 393–404.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
Sullivan, R.M., and Lucas, S.G. 2006. "The Kirtlandian land-vertebrate "age" – faunal composition, temporal position and biostratigraphic correlation in the nonmarine Upper Cretaceous of western North America." New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 35:7-29.
Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.

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[sullivan2006-1] Sullivan and Lucas 2006

[fowler2017-2] Fowler 2017

[3] C. M. Bauer, 1916, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 98-P

[wwlf-4] "Table 1," in Sullivan and Lucas (2006). Page 11. Note that the Willow Wash local fauna is entirely within the De-na-zin member; see "Biostratigraphy" page 8.

[wwlf-leidy-5] Listed as "cf. Leidyosuchus sp." in "Table 1," in Sullivan and Lucas (2006). Page 11. Note that the Willow Wash local fauna is entirely within the De-na-zin member; see "Biostratigraphy" page 8.

[Ahshislepelta-6] Burns and Sullivan 2011

[table-20-1-439-7] "Table 20.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 439.

[lower-kirtland-8] "3.3 New Mexico, United States; 10. Lower Kirtland Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 580.

[table-20-1-440-9] "Table 20.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 440.

[table-17-1-365-10] "Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 365.

[table-20-1-442-11] "Table 20.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 442.

[kirt-index-12] "Kirtlandian Index Fossils," in Sullivan and Lucas (2006). Page 10.

[S.novomexicanum-13] Jasinski and Sullivan 2011

[14] Sullivan, R.M.; Lucas, S.G. (2015). "Cretaceous Vertebrates of New Mexico". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 68: 97–129.

[PLOS_ONE-15] Arbour et al. 2014

[Navajodactylus-16] Sullivan and Fowler 2011

[upper-lower-17] "3.3 New Mexico, United States; 10. Lower Kirtland Formation and 11. Upper Kirtland Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pages 580-581.

[18] Jasinski et al. 2011

[systematic-19] "Systematic Paleontology," in Carr and Williamson. (2010). Page 1.

[bistahieversor-referred-20] "Systematic Paleontology; Referred Specimens," in Carr and Williamson. (2010). Page 1.

[bistahieversor-21] "Systematic Paleontology; Holotype," in Carr and Williamson. (2010). Page 1.

[22] Jasinski, Steven. "A new dromaeosaurid (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of New Mexico (B&W)". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[robustus-23] "Abstract," in Sullivan. (2006). Page 253.

[24] Evans et al. 2014

[upper-troodon-25] Listed as "cf. Troodon sp." in "3.3 New Mexico, United States; 11. Upper Kirtland Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pages 580-581.

[upper-tyrannosaurus-26] Listed as "cf. Tyrannosaurus sp." in "3.3 New Mexico, United States; 11. Upper Kirtland Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pages 580-581.