Languages of Cameroon

Cameroon is home to at least 250 languages.[2][3] However, some accounts report around 600 languages.[4] These include 55 Afro-Asiatic languages, two Nilo-Saharan languages, four Ubangian languages, and 169 Niger–Congo languages. This latter group comprises one Senegambian language (Fulfulde), 28 Adamawa languages, and 142 Benue–Congo languages (130 of which are Bantu languages).[5] French and English are official languages, a heritage of Cameroon's colonial past as a colony of both France and the United Kingdom from 1916 to 1960. Eight out of the ten regions of Cameroon are primarily francophone, representing 83% of the country's population, and two are anglophone, representing 17%. The anglophone proportion of the country is in constant regression, having decreased from 21% in 1976 to 20% in 1987 and to 17% in 2005, and is estimated at 16% in 2015 (whose fourth census should take place in 2015).[6][7]

Languages of Cameroon
OfficialFrench, English
National55 Afro-Asiatic languages, two Nilo-Saharan languages, and 173 Niger–Congo languages
SignedAmerican Sign Language (Francophone African Sign Language)
Lingua franca(s)French, English, Camfranglais, Cameroonian Pidgin English, Fulfulde,
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Knowledge of French in Cameroon in 2005, according to the OIF.[1] In 2005 18% of the population were "real" French speakers and another 26.8% were "partial French speakers". Both figures are estimations.
Map of Cameroon's official languages. Blue: French speaking regions and countries. Red: English speaking regions and countries. Grey: Trilingual Spanish, Portuguese and French speaking country (Equatorial Guinea).
Map of the region's indigenous languages.

The nation strives toward bilingualism, but in reality very few (11.6%) Cameroonians are literate in both French and English, and 28.8% are literate in neither.[8] The government has established several bilingual schools in an effort to teach both languages more evenly; however, in reality most of these schools separate the anglophone and francophone sections and therefore do not provide a true bilingual experience.[9] Cameroon is a member of both the Commonwealth of Nations and La Francophonie. German, the country's official language during the German colonial period until World War I, has nowadays almost entirely yielded to its two successors. However, as a foreign language subject German still enjoys huge popularity among pupils and students, with 300,000 people learning or speaking German in Cameroon in 2010. Today, Cameroon is one of the African countries with the highest number of people with knowledge of German.[10]

Most people in the English-speaking Northwest and Southwest provinces speak Cameroonian Pidgin English as a lingua franca.[11] Fulfulde serves the same function in the north, and Ewondo in much of the Center, South, and East provinces.[12] Camfranglais (or Frananglais) is a relatively new pidgin communication form emerging in urban areas and other locations where Anglophone and Francophone Cameroonians meet and interact. Popular singers have used the hybrid language and added to its popularity.[13]

Education for the deaf in Cameroon uses American Sign Language, introduced by the deaf American missionary Andrew Foster.

There is little literature, radio, or television programming in native Cameroonian languages. Nevertheless, many Cameroonian languages have alphabets or other writing systems, many developed by the Christian missionary group SIL International, who have translated the Bible, Christian hymns, and other materials. The General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages was developed in the late 1970s as an orthographic system for all Cameroonian languages.

In the late 19th century, the Bamum script was developed by Sultan Ibrahim Njoya to write the Bamum language.[12]

Official languages
R.
1
2
-
-
-
-
Literacy in official languages
according to the 2005 census[8]
(population of age 12 and above)
Language%#
French (total)57.66,405,981
English (total)25.22,802,794
   French only46.05,112,479
   English only13.61,509,292
   French and English11.61,293,502
   Neither French nor English28.83,199,221
Total100,0011,114,495[14]
R.
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
Literacy in official languages
according to the 2005 census[8]
(population of age 15 and above)
Language%#
French (total)575,566,339
English (total)252,448,914
   French only454,401,333
   English only131,283,908
   French and English121,165,006
   Neither French nor English302,909,664
   Undetermined185,568
Total100,009,845,479[15]

Literacy in French for individuals of age 12 and above rose from 41.3% to 57.6%[16] between 1987 and 2005 while that of English rose from 13.4% to 25.3%.[17] The global proportion of individuals literate in official languages has thus markedly increased between 1987 and 2005, rising from 53.3% to 71.2%.[18]

In 2005, the probability to be literate in French while being anglophone was 0.46 while that of being literate in English while being francophone was 0.20, resulting from the predominant status of the French language in Cameroon as a whole.

Indigenous languages

Most of the 260 languages spoken in Cameroon are indigenous languages. With a population estimated in 25 million people, UNESCO classified the country as a distinctive cultural density. The National Institute of Statistics of Cameroon reported that four percent of the indigenous languages have disappeared since 1950. Currently, ten percent of them are neglected, and seven percent of them are considered as threatened.[19]

NameSpeakers
Abo
Afade
Aghem[20]26,700[21]
Akoose[22]100,000[21]
Akum
Ambele
Arabic, Chadian171,000
Atong[23]4,200[21]
Awing[24]19,000[21]
Baba[25] 24,500[21]
Babanki[26]22,500[21]
Bafanji[27]17,000[21]
Bafaw-balong[28]8,400[21]
Bafia[29]60,000[21]
Bafut[30]105,000[21]
Baka[31]40,000[21]
Bakaka[32] 30,000[21]
Bakoko[33]50,000[21]
Bakole
Bakundu-balue
Bakweri
Baldamu4
Balo
Balundu-bima[34]106,000[21]
Bamali[35]10,800[21]
Bambalang[36]29,000[21]
Bambili-Bambui[37]10,000[21]
Bamenyam[38]4,000[21]
Bamukumbit[39]12,000[21]
Bamoun[40]215,000[21]
Bamunka[41]31,000[21]
Bana[42]23,000[21]
Bangandu
Bangolan[43]13,500[21]
Bangwa
Bankon[44] 12,000[21]
Bansop
Barombi[45]3,000[21]
Bassa[46]230,000[21]
Bassossi[47]5,000[21]
Bata
Batanga6,000
Bati
Bayangam
Beba[48] 3,000[21]
Bebe
Bebele[49]24,000[21]
Bebil[50]6,000[21]
Beezen
Befang
Bekwel
Beti
Bikya
Bishuo
Bitare
Bokyi
Bomwali
Bu
Bubia
Buduma
Bulu[51]858,000[21]
Bum[52] 21,400[21]
Bumbung
Busam
Busuu3
Buwal[53]7,000[21]
Byep[54]9,500[21]
Caka[55]5,000[21]
Cung
Cuvok[56]5,000[21]
Daba[57]24,000[21]
Dama
Dek
Denya[58]11,200[21]
Dii[59]47,000[21]
Dimbong
Doyayo[60]18,000[21]
Duala[61]87,700[21]
Dugun[62] 7,000[21]
Dugwor[63]5,000[21]
Duli
Duupa[64]5,000[21]
Dzodinka2,600
Efik
Ejagham
Elip[65]6,400[21]
Eman
Esimbi[66]20,000[21]
Eton[67]52,000[21]
Evand
Ewondo[68]578,000[21]
Fali
Fang111,000
Fe'fe'[69]124,000[21]
Fulfulde12,000000
Fungom
Gaduwa
Gavar[70]7,000[21]
Gbaya-Mbodomo[71]20,000[21]
Ghomala[72]260,000[21]
Gidar[73] 54,000[21]
Gyele[74] 4,250[21]
Gimme[75] 3,000[21]
Gimnime[76] 3,000[21]
Hausa325,000
Hdi[77] 25,000[21]
Iceve-Maci[78] 7,000[21]
Isu[79] 10,400[21]
Jimi[80] 3,500[21]
Kako[81] 100,000[21]
Karang[82] 17,000[21]
Kemedzung[83] 4,500[21]
Kenswei Nsei[84] 25,000[21]
Kenyang[85]65,000[21]
Kol[86] 12,000[21]
Kom[87]233,000[21]
Koonzime[88] 30,000[21]
Kotoko
Kwasio / Ngumba[89]9,000[21]
Kwakum[90] 10,000[21]
Kwanja[91] 20,000[21]
Kuk[92] 3,000[21]
La’bi[93] 4,400[21]
Laimbue[94] 5,000[21]
Lefa[95] 10,000[21]
Limbum[96]73,000[21]
Ncane[97] 15,500[21]
Ngiemboon[98] 250,000
Ngomba[99] 63,000[21]
North Giziga[100]20,000[21]
North Mofu[101] 27,500[21]
Mafa[102]136,000[21]
Makaa[103] 80,000[21]
Malgbe[104] 6,000[21]
Mambai[105] 8,000[21]
Mambila[106]30,000[21]
Manta[107] 5,300[21]
Massa
Matal[108] 18,000[21]
Mazagway[109] 17,000[21]
Mbedam[110] 6,000[21]
Mbo[111] 45,000[21]
Mbum[112] 38,600[21]
Mbuko[113] 13,000[21]
Medumba[114]210,000[21]
Mefele[115] 11,000[21]
Mendankwe-Nkwen[116] 23,100[21]
Mengaka[117] 20,000[21]
Mengisa[118] 20,000[21]
Menka[119] 5,200[21]
Merey[120] 10,000[21]
Mesaka[121] 14,000[21]
Meta'[122] 87,000[21]
Mfumte[123] 24,700[21]
Mmaala[124] 5,300[21]
Mmen[125] 35,000[21]
Mokpwe[126] 32,200[21]
Mousgoum
Mousseye
Moghamo
Mofu-gudur[127] 60,000[21]
Moloko[128] 8,500[21]
Mpade[129] 16,000[21]
Mpongmpong[130] 45,000[21]
Mundang
Mundani[131] 34,000[21]
Musgu[132] 61,500[21]
Muyang[133] 30,000[21]
Nda'nda'[134]10,000[21]
Ndemli[135] 5,950[21]
Nga'ka[136] 50,100[21]
Ngamambo[137] 8,000[21]
Ngemba[138] 18,800[21]
Ngie[139] 37,000[21]
Ngombale[140] 45,000[21]
Ngoshie[141] 9,200[21]
Ngwo[142] 22,000[21]
Nomaande[143] 6,000[21]
Noone[144] 25,000[21]
North Fali[145] 16,000[21]
Nso'[146]125,000[21]
Nugunu[147] 35,000[21]
Nweh[148]73,200[21]
Nyong[149] 30,000[21]
Oku[150] 40,000[21]
Parkwa[151] 30,000[21]
Peere[152] 15,000[21]
Pinyin[153] 24,600[21]
Pol[154] 38,700[21]
Psikye[155] 40,500[21]
Saari[156] 7,000[21]
Sharwa[157] 5,100[21]
So[158] 9,000[21]
South Fali[159] 20,000[21]
South Giziga[160] 60 000[21]
Suga[161] 10,000[21]
Tikar[162]25,000[21]
Tigon Mbembe[163] 36,000[21]
Toupouri[164]125,000[21]
Tunen[165] 35,300[21]
Tuki[166] 26,000[21]
Usaghade[167] 10,000[21]
Vame[168] 8,500[21]
Vengo[169] 27,000[21]
Vute[170]20,000[21]
Wandala[171] 23,500[21]
Weh[172] 6,900[21]
Wushi[173] 25,000[21]
Wumboko[174] 4,000[21]
Wuzlam[175] 10,500[21]
Yabassi
Yamba[176]40,800[21]
Yambeta[177] 3,700[21]
Yemba[178] 300,000[21]
Zulgo-Gemzek[179] 26,000[21]

Mousgoum, Massa, Kotoko, and Mousseye are spoken on the Logone River in the Far North.

See also

References
  1. Estimation of number of French speakers worldwide. Archived 2010-01-20 at the Wayback Machine, Francophonie.org
  2. "Ethnologue: Languages of the World".
  3. Kouega, Jean-Paul. 'The Language Situation in Cameroon', Current Issues in Language Planning, vol. 8/no. 1, (2007), pp. 3-94.
  4. "What Languages are Spoken in Cameroon?". CETRA. 2012-02-01. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  5. Neba 65.
  6. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-03-16.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. "Portail de données du Cameroun, Analyse de Données". Cameroon.africadata.org. Archived from the original on 2017-02-25. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  8. "Troisième RGPH (2005) - Alphabétisation". Bucrep.cm (in French). p. 220. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  9. DeLancey and DeLancey 51.
  10. "Wenn Deutsch gleich Zukunft heißt", Dw.com, 29 Nov. 2010
  11. DeLancey and DeLancey 220.
  12. DeLancey and DeLancey 192.
  13. DeLancey and DeLancey 131.
  14. "Les dynamiques démolinguistiques au Cameroun de 1960 à 2005" (PDF). Odsef.fss.ulaval.ca. p. 77. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  15. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-07-15. Retrieved 2016-03-16.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. "Dynamique des langues nationales et officielles au Cameroun de 1987 à 2005" (PDF). Erudit.org. p. 13. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  17. "Dynamique des langues nationales et officielles au Cameroun de 1987 à 2005" (PDF). Erudit.org. p. 12. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  18. "Les dynamiques démolinguistiques au Cameroun de 1960 à 2005 : un éclairage à travers les données des recensements" (PDF). Odsef.fss.ulaval.ca. p. 56. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  19. Kindzeka, Moki Edwin (February 21, 2020). "How Cameroon Plans to Save Disappearing Languages | Voice of America - English". www.voanews.com. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  20. "Aghem". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  21. "Language Representative Counts". people.umass.edu. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  22. "Akoose". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  23. "Atong". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  24. "Awing". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  25. "Supapya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  26. "Babanki". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  27. "Bafanji". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  28. "Bafaw-Balong". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  29. "Bafia". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  30. "Bafut". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  31. "Baka". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  32. "Bakaka". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  33. "Bakoko". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  34. "Oroko". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  35. "Bamali". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  36. "Bambalang". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  37. "Bambili-Bambui". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  38. "Bamenyam". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  39. "Bamukumbit". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  40. "Bamun". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  41. "Bamunka". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  42. "Bana". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  43. "Bangolan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  44. "Bankon". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  45. "Barombi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  46. "Basaa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  47. "Bassossi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  48. "Beba". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  49. "Bebele". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  50. "Elip". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  51. "Bulu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  52. "Bum". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  53. "Buwal". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  54. "Byep". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  55. "Caka". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  56. "Cuvok". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  57. "Daba". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  58. "Denya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  59. "Dii". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  60. "Doyayo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  61. "Duala". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  62. "Dugun". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  63. "Dugwor". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  64. "Duupa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  65. "Elip". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  66. "Esimbi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  67. "Eton". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  68. "Ewondo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  69. "Fe'fe'". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  70. "Gavar". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  71. "Gbaya-Mbodomo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  72. "Ghomálá'". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  73. "Gidar". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  74. "Gyele". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  75. "Gimme". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  76. "Gimnime". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  77. "Hdi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  78. "Iceve-Maci". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  79. "Isu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  80. "Jimi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  81. "Kako". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  82. "Karang". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  83. "Kemedzung". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  84. "Kenswei Nsei". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  85. "Kenyang". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  86. "Kol". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  87. "Kom". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  88. "Koonzime". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  89. "Kwasio". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  90. "Kwakum". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  91. "Kwanja". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  92. "Kuk". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  93. "La'bi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  94. "Laimbue". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  95. "Lefa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  96. "Limbum". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  97. "Nchane". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  98. "Ngiemboon". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  99. "Ngomba". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  100. "Giziga, North". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  101. "Mofu, North". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  102. "Mafa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  103. "Makaa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  104. "Malgbe". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  105. "Mambai". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  106. "Mambila, Cameroon". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  107. "Manta". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  108. "Matal". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  109. "Mazagway-Hidi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  110. "Mbudum". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  111. "Mbo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  112. "Mbum". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  113. "Mbuko". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  114. "Medumba". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  115. "Mefele". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  116. "Mendankwe-Nkwen". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  117. "Mengaka". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  118. "Mengisa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  119. "Menka". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  120. "Merey". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  121. "Mesaka". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  122. "Meta'". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  123. "Mfumte". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  124. "Mmaala". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  125. "Mmen". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  126. "Mokpwe". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  127. "Mofu-Gudur". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  128. "Moloko". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  129. "Mpade". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  130. "Mpumpong". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  131. "Mundani". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  132. "Musgu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  133. "Muyang". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  134. "Nda'nda'". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  135. "Ndemli". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  136. "Mungaka". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  137. "Ngamambo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  138. "Ngemba". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  139. "Ngie". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  140. "Ngombale". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  141. "Ngoshie". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  142. "Ngwo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  143. "Nomaande". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  144. "Noone". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  145. "Fali, North". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  146. "Lamnso'". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  147. "Nugunu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  148. "Ngwe". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  149. "Mubako". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  150. "Oku". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  151. "Parkwa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  152. "Pere". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  153. "Pinyin". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  154. "Pol". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  155. "Psikye". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  156. "Sari". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  157. "Sharwa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  158. "Swo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  159. "Fali, South". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  160. "South Giziga". Ethnologue. 2019-11-19. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  161. "Nizaa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  162. "Tikar". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  163. "Mbembe, Tigon". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  164. "Tupuri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  165. "Tunen". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  166. "Tuki". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  167. "Usaghade". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  168. "Vame". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  169. "Vengo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  170. "Vute". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  171. "Wandala". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  172. "Weh". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  173. "Wushi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  174. "Wumboko". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  175. "Wuzlam". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  176. "Yamba". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  177. "Yambeta". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  178. "Yemba". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  179. "Zulgo-Gemzek". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.

Sources
  • DeLancey, Mark W., and DeLancey, Mark Dike (2000): Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon (3rd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press.
  • Neba, Aaron, Ph.D. (1999). Modern Geography of the Republic of Cameroon, 3rd ed. Bamenda: Neba Publishers.
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