List of large volcanic eruptions

This is a sortable summary of the pages Timeline of volcanism on Earth, List of Quaternary volcanic eruptions, and Large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province. Uncertainties as to dates and tephra volumes are not restated, and references are not repeated. Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) values for events in the Miocene epoch sometimes lack references. They are given as VEI-equivalent, as orientation of the erupted tephra volume. This is not a comprehensive list.

Overview

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km³)	Historical date	Age in Ma[1]	Tephra or eruption name	Comments
5	Puyehue-Cordón Caulle	Andean Volcanic Belt	1	2011-06-04	-0.000061
5	Mount Hudson	Andean Volcanic Belt	7.6	1991-08-08	-0.000041
6	Mount Pinatubo[2]	Luzon Volcanic Arc	13	1991-06-15	-0.000041	1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
5	El Chichón[2]	Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc	2	1982-04-04	-0.000032	tephra unit A
5	Mount St. Helens[2]	Cascade Volcanic Arc	1.3	1980-05-18	-0.00003	1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens	landslide volume 0.7 mi³ (2.9km³)
5	Mount Awu	Sangihe Volcanic Arc	3	1966-08-12	-0.000016		More than 8,000 dead
5	Mount Agung	Sunda Arc, Bali	1	1963-03-17	-0.000013
5	Bezymianny	Kamchatka	0.45	1955	-0.000005
5	Kharimkotan	Kuril Islands	1	1933	0.000017
6	Novarupta[2]	Aleutian Range	31.2	1912-06-06	0.000038
5	Ksudach	Kamchatka	1.75	1907-03-28	0.000043
6	Santa María[2]	Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala	20	1902-10-24	0.000048
5	Mount Tarawera	Taupo Volcanic Zone	2	1886-06-15	0.000064	1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera
6	Krakatoa[2]	Sunda Arc	26	1883-08-26	0.000067	1883 eruption of Krakatoa	The eruption of Krakatoa caused the loudest sound in recorded history
5	Askja	Iceland	1.83	1875-03-28	0.000473
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	2	1854-02-18	0.000096
5	Cosigüina	Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua	4.25	1835-01-20	0.000115
5	Mount Galunggung	Sunda Arc, Java	2	1822-10-08	0.000128		killed over 4,000 people
7	Mount Tambora[2]	Sunda Arc, Sumbawa	160-213	1815-04-10	0.000135	1815 eruption of Mount Tambora	Caused the year without a summer, which caused crops to fail and killed over 100,000-200,000 people
6?	Source unknown	Source unknown		1808/1809	0.000141	Undocumented 1808 eruption[3]
5	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc		1800	0.00015
5	Katla	Iceland	1	1755-10-17	0.000195
5	Mount Tarumae	Hokkaidō	4	1739-08-18	0.000211	Ta-a
5	Katla	Iceland	1	1721-05-11	0.000229
5	Mount Fuji	Honshū	1.7	1707-12-16 / 1708-2-24	0.000243	Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji
5	Tangkoko	Sangihe Volcanic Arc	1	1680	0.00027
5	Mount Gamkonora	Halmahera Volcanic Arc	1	1673-05-20	0.000277
5	Mount Tarumae	Hokkaidō	2.8	1667-09-24	0.000283	Ta-b
5	Mount Usu	Hokkaidō	2.78	1663-08-16	0.000287
6	Long Island, PNG	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	> 30	1660 AD	0.00029	Tibito tephra
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	≥ 2	1650 AD ±10	0.0003	SH1
6	Mount Melibengoy,[4] Philippines	Mindanao		1641 AD	0.000309
5	Komagatake	Hokkaidō	2.9	1640-07-31	0.00031	Ko-d	landslide volume 1.72 - 2 km³
5	Furnas	São Miguel Island, Azores	2.1	1630-09-03	0.00032
5	Katla	Iceland	1	1625-09-02	0.000325
6	Huaynaputina	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone		1600-02-19	0.00035
5	Raung	Sunda Arc, Java	1	1593 AD	0.000357
5	Kelud	Sunda Arc, Java	1	1586 AD	0.000364
6	Billy Mitchell	Bougainville & Solomon Is.	13.5	1580 AD	0.00037	BM2
5	Água de Pau	São Miguel Island, Azores	1.3	1563-06-28 / 1563-07-26	0.000387
6	Bárðarbunga	Iceland		1477 AD	0.000473	Veidivatnahraun
7	Kuwae[2]	Vanuatu	108	1452 - 1453	0.000498
5	Öraefajökull	Iceland	2.3	1362-06-05	0.000588
6	Quilotoa	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone		1280 AD	0.00067
5	Katla	Iceland	1	1262 AD	0.000688
7	Mt. Rinjani	Lombok Island	>200	1257 AD	0.000693	1257 Samalas eruption;	May have triggered the Little Ice Age[5]
5	Mount Asama	Honshū	1.3	1108-08-29 / 1108-10-11	0.000842	Asama-B, Tennin eruption
5	Hekla	Iceland	1.2	1104-10-15	0.000846	H1 tephra
5	Lake Mashū	Hokkaidō	4.6	1080 ±100	0.00087	Ma-b
5	Billy Mitchell	Bougainville & Solomon Is.	7	1030 AD	0.00092	BM1
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	≥ 2	1030 AD ±100	0.00092	SH2
7	Baekdu Mountain[2]	Balhae (China – North Korea border)	120	~946 AD	0.001004	Tianchi eruption
5	Katla	Iceland	4.5	934-940 AD	0.001016	Eldgjá eruption	over 18 km³ of basalt erupted from a fissure vents
6	Ceboruco	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt		930 AD	0.00102
5	Towada[6]	Honshū	6.54	915-08-17	0.001035	eruption episode A
5	Tolbachik	Kamchatka	1	900 AD	0.00105	Peschanie Gorky
6	Pago	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	20	710 AD ±75	0.00124	Witori-Galilo tephra
6	Mount Churchill	Eastern Alaska		700 AD	0.00125		Formed the Pumice Terrace
5	Pago	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	6	690 AD ±90	0.00126	Witori-Kimbe 4 tephra
6	Rabaul	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	24	683 AD	0.001267	Rabaul Pyroclastics
6	Dakataua	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	10	653 AD	0.001297	Dk
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	≥ 2	650 AD ±40	0.0013	SH3
5	Opala	Kamchatka	3.7	610 AD ±50	0.00134	Baranii Amphitheatre crater
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	≥ 2	600 AD	0.00135
5	Mount Haruna	Honshū	1.6	537 AD ±13	0.001413	Futatsudake-Ikaho eruption
7?	Lake Ilopango	Central America Volcanic Arc, El Salvador	104	535 AD	0.001415
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	1.2	472-11-05	0.001478	Pollena
6	Krakatoa	Sunda Arc		416 AD	0.001534		According to the Javanese book of Kings, a huge explosion was heard at Krakatoa splitting the main island of Indonesia, into the two largest islands, Java and Sumatra.
5	Pago	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	6	310 AD ±100	0.00164	Witori-Kimbe 3 tephra
6	Ksudach	Kamchatka	18.5	240 AD ±100	0.00171	KS1
7	Taupo Volcano[2]	Taupo Volcanic Zone	110	230 AD	0.00172	Hatepe eruption
5	Furnas	São Miguel Island, Azores	1.54	165 AD ±157	0.001785	Tephra layer C
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	3.25	79-10-24?	0.001871	Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79
6	Mount Churchill	eastern Alaska, USA		60 AD	0.00189
6	Ambrym	Vanuatu	70	50 AD	0.0019	Ambrym Pyroclastic Series
6	Apoyeque	Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua		50 BC	0.002
6	Mount Okmok	Aleutian Islands		100 BC	0.00205
6	Raoul Island	Kermadec Islands	28.8	250 BC	0.0022	Fleetwood
5	Mount Meager massif	Garibaldi Volcanic Belt		400 BC	0.00235	Bridge River eruption
5	Mount Tarumae	Hokkaidō	3.3	500 BC	0.00245	Ta-c
5	Mount Tongariro	Taupo Volcanic Zone		550 BC	0.0025
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	1	780 BC	0.00273	SH5
5	Khodutka	Kamchatka	1.25	930 BC ±100	0.00288	KHD tephra
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	> 1	950 BC	0.0029
6	Mount Pinatubo	Luzon Volcanic Arc	12.5	1050 BC	0.003	Maraunot eruptive period
5	Hekla	Iceland	7.5	1100 BC ±50	0.00305	H3 tephra
5	Avachinsky	Kamchatka	1.75	1350 BC	0.0033	Tephra layer IIAV3
6	Pago	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	30	1370 BC ±160	0.00332	Witori-Kimbe 2 tephra
6	Taupo Volcano	Taupo Volcanic Zone		1460 BC	0.003410
5	Avachinsky	Kamchatka	≥ 3.6	1500 BC	0.00345	Tephra layer AV1
5	Etna	Campanian volcanic arc	1	1500 BC ±50	0.00345
7	Youngest Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	123	1610 BC	0.00356	Minoan eruption	The eruption of the Thera volcano is said to be linked to the fabled atlantis
6	Mount Aniakchak	Aleutian Range		1645 BC	0.003595
6	Mount Veniaminof	Aleutian Range		1750 BC	0.0037
6	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	15.3	1860 BC	0.00381
6	Mount Hudson	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone		1890 BC	0.00384
6	Black Peak	Aleutian Range		1900 BC	0.00385
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	2.0	2420 BC ±40	0.00437	Avellino eruption
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	> 1	2000 BC	0.00395	SHsp
6	Deception Island[7]	South Shetland Islands		2030 BC	0.00398
6	Long Island, PNG	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	> 10	2040 BC	0.00399	biliau beds
5	Rungwe	Great Rift Valley, Tanzania	2.2	2050 BC	0.004	Rungwe pumice
5	Nishiyama, Hachijō-jima	Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc	1.2	2050 BC	0.004	Mitsune-7 scoria
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	> 1	2100 BC	0.00405	SHsp
5	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	1.8	2150 BC ±4000	0.0041	Agnano Monte Spina
7	Paektu Mountain	Balhae (China – North Korea border)		2264 BC?	0.004214 - 0.051[8]	Tianwenfeng eruption
7	Cerro Blanco (Argentina)	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone		2300 BC	0.00425
5	Hekla	Iceland	5.6	2310 BC ±20	0.00426	H4 tephra
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	> 1	2620 BC	0.00457	SHdv
5	Mount Galunggung	Sunda Arc, Java	1	2695 BC ±203	0.004645
5	Água de Pau	São Miguel Island, Azores	5.4	2995 BC	0.004945	Fogo A
5	Rabaul	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	2?	3081 BC ±182	0.005031	Talili Pyroclastics
5	Avachinsky	Kamchatka	1.5	3200 BC ±150	0.00515	Tephra layer IAv20; AV3
5	Mount Kirishima	Kyūshū	3.1	3269 BC ±688	0.005219	Mi-ike pyroclastic fall
5	Tolmachev Dol	Kamchatka	1	3366 BC	0.005316	Optr
5	Lake Numazawa[6]	Honshū	4.71	3400 BC	0.00535
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	≥ 2	3500 BC	0.00545
5	Água de Pau	São Miguel Island, Azores	1	3510 BC	0.00546	Pisão Formation
6	Mount Pinatubo	Luzon Volcanic Arc	12.5	3550 BC	0.0055	Crow Valley eruptive period
6	Taal Volcano	Luzon Volcanic Arc	50	3580 BC	0.00553	Taal scoria pyroclastic flow
5	Haroharo Caldera	Taupo Volcanic Zone		3580 BC	0.00553
5	Ilyinsky	Kamchatka	1.3	3594 BC ±718	0.005544	ZLT-tephra; IL-tephra
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	≥ 2	3650 BC	0.0056
6	Pago	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	10	4000 BC ±210	0.00595	Witori-Kimbe 1 tephra
6	Masaya Volcano	Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua		4050 BC	0.006
5	Hekla	Iceland	1	4110 BC ±100	0.00606	Hekla Ö tephra
5	Towada	Honshū	9.18	4150 BC	0.0061	eruption episode C
5	Vestmannaeyjar	Iceland	1.3	4270 BC ±180	0.00622	Saefell
5	Avachinsky	Kamchatka	≥ 4	4340 BC	0.00629	Tephra layer IAv12; AV4
6-7	Macauley Island	Kermadec Islands	⩽ 100	4360 BC	0.00631
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	≥ 2	4400 BC	0.00635
5	Lake Ikeda	Kyūshū	2.3	4450 BC	0.0064	Ikeda pumice
5	Nishiyama, Hachijō-jima	Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc	1.2	4650 BC	0.0066	Mitsune-5 scoria
6	Mount Hudson	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone		4750 BC	0.0067
5	Komagatake	Hokkaidō	2 - 4	4850 BC	0.0068	Ko-g
5	Ksudach	Kamchatka	7.5	4900 BC	0.00685	KS2
5	Tavui	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	5.75	4946 BC ±40	0.0069	Raluan Pyroclastics
5	Hekla	Iceland	1.7	5150 BC	0.0071	H5 tephra
5	Ksudach	Kamchatka	3	5200 BC	0.00715	KS3
6	Mount Aniakchak	Aleutian Range		5250 BC	0.0072
7	Kikai Caldera	Ryukyu Islands	> 170	5284 BC ±69	0.007234[9]	Akahoya eruption
5	Ichinsky	Kamchatka	2.5	5400 BC	0.00735
5	Mount Kirishima	Kyūshū	1.2	5400 BC ±250	0.00735	Ushinosune ash
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	1.2	5500 BC	0.00745
6	Lake Mashū	Hokkaidō	18.6	5550 BC	0.0075	Ma-f/g/h/i/j
5	Mayor Island/Tuhua	Taupo Volcanic Zone		5560 BC	0.00751
7	Crater Lake (as Mount Mazama)	Cascade Volcanic Arc		5677 BC	0.007627
6	Khangar	Kamchatka		5700 BC	0.00765
?	Puy de Dôme	Chaîne des Puys		5760 BC	0.00771
6	Crater Lake	Cascade Volcanic Arc		5900 BC	0.00785
6	Khangar	Kamchatka	15	5922 BC ±50	0.007872	KHG tephra
5	Avachinsky	Kamchatka	9	5980 BC	0.00793	Tephra layer IAv2
6	Menengai	East African Rift		6050 BC	0.008
5	Haroharo Caldera	Taupo Volcanic Zone		6060 BC	0.00801
5	Lake Ngozi	Great Rift Valley, Tanzania	7	6300 BC	0.00825	Kitulo pumice
6	Karkar Island	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	20	6318 BC	0.008268	Wadau deposit
6	Tao-Rusyr Caldera	Onekotan, Kuril Islands	55	6348 BC ±90	0.008298
5	Kizimen	Kamchatka	4.9	6400 BC ±50	0.00835	KZII
7	Kurile Lake	Kamchatka	155	6439 BC ±23	0.008387	Ilinsky eruption
6	Karymsky	Kamchatka	14.5	6600 BC	0.00855	Tephra layer KRM
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	1?	6800 BC	0.00875
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	5.1	6940 BC ±100	0.00889	Mercato eruption
5	Mount Tarumae	Hokkaidō	1.9	7000 BC	0.00895	Ta-d
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	≥ 2	7150 BC	0.0091
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	≥ 1	7300 BC	0.00925
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	≥ 2	7400 BC	0.00935
5	Towada	Honshū	2.51	7250 BC	0.0092	eruption episode E
6	Fisher Caldera	Aleutian Islands		7420 BC	0.00937
6	Mount Pinatubo	Luzon Volcanic Arc	⩾10	7460 BC	0.00941	Tayawan caldera, Pasbul eruptive period
5	Lake Rotoma	Taupo Volcanic Zone		7560 BC	0.00951
6	Água de Pau	São Miguel Island, Azores	11.5	8000 BC	0.00995	Inner Caldera Formation
5	Ko'olau Range	Honolulu Volcanic Series		8000 BC	0.00995
7	Semisopochnoi Island	Aleutian Islands	120	8000 BC	0.00995
5	Tolbachik	Kamchatka	1.8	8050 BC	0.001
5	Kizimen	Kamchatka	4	8050 BC	0.01	KZI
5	Taupo Volcano	Taupo Volcanic Zone		8130 BC	0.01008
6	Grímsvötn	Iceland	15	8230 BC	0.01018		Saksunarvatn tephra
5	Towada	Honshū	1.3	8250 BC	0.0102	eruption episode F
6	Ulleung	South Korea	28.5	8266 BC ±39[9]	0.010216	Ulleungdo-Oki tephra
?	Puy de Dôme[10]	Chaîne des Puys		8680 BC	0.01063
6	Lvinaya Past	Kuril Islands	75	8685 BC ±71	0.010635
5	Askja	Iceland	3.45	8880 BC ±57	0.001083	Dyngjufjöll Tephra
6	Longonot	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	50	8910 BC	0.01086
5	Mount Tongariro	Taupo Volcanic Zone		9450 BC	0.0114
5	Taupo Volcano	Taupo Volcanic Zone		9460 BC	0.01141
5	Hijiori	Honshū	2.3	9550 BC	0.0115
5	Mount Tongariro	Taupo Volcanic Zone		9650 BC	0.0116
5	Ksudach	Kamchatka	1.75		0.011706	KS4
6	Lolobau Island	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	50		0.0012	caldera formation
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	79		0.0149	Neapolitan Yellow Tuff
6	Menengai	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	< 25		0.012345	Ruplax Tuff
6	Nevado de Toluca	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	20		0.01245	Upper Toluca Pumice
6	Sakurajima	Kyūshū	11		0.0128	Satsuma Tuff
6	Laacher See	Eifel hotspot	20		0.0129
6	Nigorigawa	Hokkaidō	10.9		0.0146
6	Maly Semyachik	Kamchatka	17.5		0.015
6	Towada	Honshū	56		0.0155	eruption episode L
6	Emmons Lake caldera	Aleutian Range			0.017
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	1.3		0.019265	Green Pumice
7	Long Island, PNG	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	100		0.019278	Kiau Ignimbrite
7	Zavaritzki Caldera	Simushir, Kuril Islands	200		0.02
6	Rabaul	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	> 10		0.020982	Kulau Ignimbrite
6	Cape Riva Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	> 20		0.0218	Cape Riva
6	Menengai	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	26.1		0.021	Caldera formation 2
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	1.9		0.02203	Basal Pumice
6	Mount Batur	Sunda Arc, Bali	24		0.02438	Gunungkawi / Batur Ignimbrite
?	Puy de Sancy				0.025
8	Taupo Volcano	Taupo Volcanic Zone			0.0265	Oruanui eruption	First documented Supervolcanic eruption
?	Laguna Caldera	Luzon Volcanic Arc			0.027-29
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	2.2		0.028555	Codola Pumice
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	≥ 10		0.02905	Y3
6	Nemrut yanardağı	Turkey	65.4		0.0297
7-8	Aira Caldera	Kyūshū	940 - 1,040[11]		0.03[9]	Ito Ignimbrite
6	Morne Diablotins	Lesser Antilles island arc			0.03	Grand Savanne Ignimbrite
6	Nemo Peak	Onekotan, Kuril Islands	10		0.03083	Nemo III
6	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	> 30		0.032161	caldera formation
7	Lake Ranau	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	150		0.03364	Ranau Tuff
6	Nemo Peak	Onekotan, Kuril Islands	31.25		0.034	Nemo II
6	Mount Batur	Sunda Arc, Bali	84		0.034565	Ubud Ignimbrite
6	Ksudach	Kamchatka	25		0.035	Caldera II
6	Lake Mashū	Hokkaidō	10		0.03525[6]	Nu-p
6	Menengai	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	26.1		0.03562	Menengai Tuff
6	Towada	Honshū	46		0.036	eruption episode N
7	Gorely	Kamchatka	120		0.038981	Southern sea cliffs
6	Lake Mashū	Hokkaidō	10		0.03829[6]	Nu-r
7	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	320		0.03985	Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption
7	Kussharo	Hokkaidō	170		0.03931	Kp-1, Kutcharo Shoro Ash
5	Galeras	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone			0.04
6	Ksudach	Kamchatka	40		0.04	Caldera I
6?	Ulleung	South Korea	10?		0.04[9]	Ulleungdo-Yamato tephra
6	Irosin Caldera	Bicol-Leyte Volcanic Arc	70		0.041	Irosin Ignimbrites
7	Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas	Kamchatka	150		0.43603	Uzon ignimbrite - northern field
6	Golovnin	Kunashir, Kuril Islands	15		0.043683	Kn III-5 Tephra
6	Mount Akagi	Honshū	25.9		0.044	Akagi-Kanuma pumice
6	Mendeleev	Kunashir, Kuril Islands	60		0.044114	caldera formation
7	Opala	Kamchatka	225		0.044484	caldera formation
5-6	Naruko	Honshū	5 - 10[6]		0.045	Yanagisawa Tuff
7	Nemo Peak	Onekotan, Kuril Islands	> 115		0.045	Nemo I
6	Smith Island	Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc	49		0.045
7	Shikotsu	Hokkaidō	350 - 390[12]		0.046	caldera formation
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	14.4 DRE[6]		> 0.043[14]	Kt-1
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	10.2 DRE		0.05	Kt-2
7	Okataina Volcanic Complex	Taupo Volcanic Zone			0.05	Rotoiti Ignimbrite
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	13.1		0.05095	Santa Lucia Tephra
7	Lake Maninjau	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	235		0.052	Maninjau paroxysmal welded and unwelded tuffs
6	Skaros Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	13.75		0.054	Upper Scoriae 2
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	20.1 DRE		0.05 - 0.06	Kt-3
6	Ischia	Campanian volcanic arc	≥ 10		0.056	X2
6	Daisen	Honshū	40		0.05957[9]	Daisen-Kurayoshi Pumice
6	Shikotsu	Hokkaidō	50		0.06	Shadai eruption
6	Towada	Honshū	10		0.061	eruption episode Q
6	Hakone	Honshū	20		0.066	Hakone-Tokyo Pumice
6	Akademia Nauk	Kamchatka	12.5		0.0694	Odnoboky O2 tuffs
6	Los Humeros	Central America Volcanic Arc, México	37		0.069	Zaragoza Tuff
6	Ischia	Campanian volcanic arc	40		0.056	Monte Epomeo Green Tuff
6	Los Humeros	Central America Volcanic Arc, México	24		0.07	Faby Tuff
6	Pico do Fogo	Cape Verde			0.073
5-6	Naruko	Honshū	5 - 10		0.073	Nisaka Tuff
8	Lake Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	2800 (DRE) - 13,200[15]	73000 BC	0.074	Youngest Toba Tuff	The eruption of Lake Toba was the biggest volcanic eruption in the Quaternary period, and plunged the world into a 12 year volcanic winter followed by a 1000 year Ice Age, which may have bought the human race very close to extinction.[16]
6	Barrier Volcano	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	10		0.074	caldera formation
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	> 11 DRE		0.075	Kt-4
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	12.35		0.08	CA-1a Tephra
6	Bolshoy Semyachik	Kamchatka	42		0.08	Bol'shoi Semiachik Caldera II
6	Hakone	Honshū	10		0.08	Hakone-Obaradai Pumice
6	Mount Pinatubo	Luzon Volcanic Arc	25		0.081	Inararo Tuff
6	Etna	Campanian volcanic arc	10		0.00828	X4; I-7
7-8	Lago de Atitlán	Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala	300		0.084	Los Chocoyos eruption	This eruption gave way for the Lake Atitlan
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	16.8 DRE		0.084	Kt-6
6	Kussharo	Hokkaidō	25		0.085	Kp-2/3
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	10.8 DRE		0.084 - 0.087	Kt-7
7-8	Mount Aso	Kyūshū	930 - 1,860[11]		0.087	Aso-4 Ignimbrite
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	9.9 DRE		0.087 - 0.106	Kt-8
7	Kikai Caldera	Ryukyu Islands			0.095	Tozurahara eruption
6	Sierra la Primavera	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt			0.095	Tala Tuff
6	Skaros Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	14		0.1	Middle Pumice
6	Ontake	Honshū	50		0.0957	Ontake-1 Pumice
6	Rabaul	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	10?		0.01	Boroi Ignimbrites
6	Rabaul	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	10?		0.01	Malaguna Pyroclastics
7	Ata Caldera	Kyūshū	350		0.1[9]	Ata pyroclastic deposits
6	Sanbe	Honshū	20		0.105	Sanbe-Kisuki pumice
6	Tangkuban Perahu	Sunda Arc, Java	≥ 10		0.105	Sunda Caldera
7	Lake Tōya	Hokkaidō	230 – 310[11]		0.106
6	Santo Antão	Cape Verde	10.33		0.106	Cão Grande I
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	≥ 10		0.1062	X5
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	≥ 10		0.1089	X6
7	Kussharo	Hokkaidō	175		0.1175	Kp-4, Kutcharo Haboro Ash
7	Mount Aso	Kyūshū			0.13	Aso-3 Ignimbrite
6	Mount Aso	Kyūshū			0.141	Aso-2 Ignimbrite
7	Calabozos	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone			0.15	Loma Seca Tuff-Unit S
5	Galeras	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone			0.15
7	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc			0.157
7	Kos-Nisyros Caldera	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	110		0.1613	Kos Plateau Tuff
7	Los Humeros	Central America Volcanic Arc, México	290 DRE[17]		0.164	Xáltipan Ignimbrite
7	Yellowstone Caldera	Yellowstone hotspot			0.17	Bluff Point Tuff
7	Lake Akan	Hokkaidō			0.175
7	Southern Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc			0.18
7	Awasa Caldera	Main Ethiopian Rift	103.5		0.18229
7	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc			0.205
7	Rotorua Caldera	Taupo Volcanic Zone			0.23	Mamaku Ignimbrite
7	Maroa Caldera	Taupo Volcanic Zone			0.23	Ohakuri Ignimbrite
7	Reporoa Caldera	Taupo Volcanic Zone			0.23	Kaingaroa Ignimbrite
6	Emmons Lake caldera	Aleutian Range			0.233
7	Ata Caldera	Kyūshū	> 150		0.24	Torihama eruption
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupo Volcanic Zone			0.24	Ohakui Ignimbrite
7	O'a Caldera	Ethiopia	276		0.24	Qi3 Pumice
?	Puy de Sancy	Chaîne des Puys			0.025
8	Maroa Caldera	Taupo Volcanic Zone			0.254	Whakamaru Ignimbrite
6	Mount Aso	Kyūshū			0.266	Aso-1 Ignimbrite
6	Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas	Kamchatka	46		0.278	Uzon ignimbrite - southern field
7	Haroharo Caldera	Taupo Volcanic Zone			0.28	Matahina Ignimbrite
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupo Volcanic Zone			0.28	Pakai Ignimbrite
7	Lake Maninjau	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	175		0.28
7	Calabozos	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone			0.3	Loma Seca Tuff-Unit V
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupo Volcanic Zone			0.3	Chimpanzee Ignimbrite
7	Vulsini	Campanian volcanic arc	460		0.3	Bolsena Caldera
7	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc			0.315
7	Kakutō Caldera	Kyūshū			0.325	Kakuto Ignimbrite
7?	Suiendani	Honshū			0.37	Okuhida Pyroclastics
7	Lake Bracciano	Lazio, Italy	> 200		0.374	Mophi Tephra
6	Roccamonfina Caldera	Campanian volcanic arc			0.385
6-7	Medvezhia	Iturup, Kuril Islands	90		0.41	Medvezhia Ignimbrite
7	Toussidé	Tibesti Mountains	150		0.43	Yirrigué Ignimbrite
7	Pauzhetka Caldera	Kamchatka	375		0.443	Golygin Ignimbrite
7	Tumalo	Oregon			0.44	Tumalo tuff
7	Aira Caldera	Kyūshū			0.45	Oda Ignimbrite
7	Diamante Caldera	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone			0.45
7	Aira Caldera	Kyūshū			0.5	Yoshino Ignimbrite
7	Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	138		0.501	Middle Toba Tuff
7	Kobayashi Caldera	Kyūshū			0.52	Kobayashi Ignimbrite
6	Galeras	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone			0.56
7	Mount Kirishima	Kyūshū			0.58	Hiwaki Ignimbrite
6	Hōhi Volcanic Zone	Kyūshū			0.6	Yufugawa Ignimbrite
8	Yellowstone Caldera	Yellowstone hotspot	1000		0.64	Lava Creek Tuff
7	Acatlán Volcanic Field	Central America Volcanic Arc, México			0.65	Acatlán Ignimbrite
7	Hōhi Volcanic Zone	Kyūshū			0.65	Seiganji-Toga Tephra
7	Kamitakara	Honshū			0.65
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupo Volcanic Zone			0.68	Matahana A
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupo Volcanic Zone			0.71	Waiotapu Ignimbrite
7	Long Valley Caldera	eastern California, USA			0.76	Bishop Tuff
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupo Volcanic Zone			0.83	Matahana B
7	Calabozos	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone			0.84	Loma Seca Tuff-Unit L
8	Lake Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	5,290[15]		0.84	Oldest Toba Tuff
7	Shishimuta Caldera	Kyūshū			0.87	Imaichi Ignimbrite
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupo Volcanic Zone			0.95	Marshall Ignimbrite
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupo Volcanic Zone			0.97	Unit E
7	North Vate	Vanuatu			1	Efaté Pumice Formation
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupo Volcanic Zone			1	Rocky Hill Ignimbrite
7	Shishimuta Caldera	Kyūshū			1	Yabakei Ignimbrite
7	Tamagawa Caldera	Honshū			1
7	Tōnohetsuri Calderas	Honshū			1	Saigō Ignimbrite
7	Tokachi-Mitsumata Caldera	Hokkaidō	> 130		1
8	Mangakino Caldera	Taupo Volcanic Zone			1.01	Kidnappers Ignimbrite
8	Awasa Caldera	Main Ethiopian Rift	1,000		1.09
7	Kulshan	Cascade Volcanic Arc			1.12	Lake Tapps Tephra
7	Akademia Nauk	Kamchatka	100		1.13	Stena-Soboliny Ignimbrite
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupo Volcanic Zone			1.18	Ahuroa Ignimbrite
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupo Volcanic Zone			1.2	Unit D
7	Hōhi Volcanic Zone	Kyūshū			1.2	Shikido Ignimbrite
6	Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra			1.2	Haranggoal Dacite Tuff
7	Tōnohetsuri Calderas	Honshū			1.2	Ashino Ignimbrite
8	Mangakino Caldera	Taupo Volcanic Zone			1.21	Ongatiti Ignimbrite
7	Valles Caldera	New Mexico, USA (Raton hotspot)			1.22	Upper Bandelier eruption
7	Henry's Fork Caldera	Yellowstone hotspot			1.3	Mesa Falls Tuff
7	Puricó Complex	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone			1.3	Puricó Ignimbrite
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupo Volcanic Zone			1.4	Unit C
7	Tōnohetsuri Calderas	Honshū			1.4	Kumado Ignimbrite
7	Mount Tokachi	Hokkaidō			1.4	Tokachi Ignimbrite
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupo Volcanic Zone			1.53	Unit B
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupo Volcanic Zone			1.55	Unit A
7	Mount Jiigatake[18]	Honshū			1.6	Ōmine Ignimbrite
7	Valles Caldera	New Mexico, USA			1.61	Lower Bandelier eruption
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū			1.65
6	Cerro Guacha	Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex			1.7	Puripica Ch0ico ignimbrite
7	Bolshe-Bannaya	Kamchatka	800		1.705
7	Mount Hotakadake[18]	Honshū			1.75	Ebisutōge-Fukuda tephras
7	Mount Hotakadake	Honshū			1.76	Nyūkawa Ignimbrite
7	Karymshina	Kamchatka			1.78
7	Valles Caldera	New Mexico, USA			1.78	San Diego Canyon Ignimbrite
7	Lago de Atitlán	Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala			1.8
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū			1.88	Kitazawa Ignimbrite
7	Mount Tokachi	Hokkaidō			1.9	Biei Ignimbrite
7	Tamagawa Caldera	Honshū			2
7	Mount Hotakadake	Honshū			2	Sonehara Ignimbrite
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū			2	Nyūnomi Ignimbrite
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū			2	Ichiuda Ignimbrite
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū			2	Reishōji Ignimbrite
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū			2	Ht-3 Ignimbrite
8	Island Park Caldera	Yellowstone hotspot	2500		2.1	Huckleberry Ridge Tuff
7	Mount Jiigatake[18]	Honshū			2.18	Taniguchi Ignimbrite
8	Cerro Galán	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	1030		2.2	Cerro Galán Ignimbrite
7?	Mount Erciyes	Turkey			2.52	Valibabatepe Ignimbrite
7	Hiwada Caldera	Honshū			2.8	Hotokezawa Ignimbrite
8	Pastos Grandes Caldera	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	1500		2.9	Pastos Grandes Ignimbrite
7	Cerro Guacha	Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex			3.5	Tara Ignimbrite
7	Yunosawa Caldera	Honshū			3.5	Obirakiyama Tuff
8	Pacana Caldera	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	2800		4	Atana Ignimbrite
8	Heise volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot			4.45	Kilgore Tuff
?	Heise volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot			5.51	Conant Creek Tuff
8	Cerro Guacha	Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex	1300		5.7	Guacha ignimbrite
7	Cerro Panizos	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone			6.1	Panizos Ignimbrite
?	Heise volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot			6.27	Walcott Tuff
8	Heise volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot			6.62	Blacktail Tuff
7	Black Mountain Caldera	Southwest Nevada volcanic field			7	Thirsty Canyon Tuff
7	Pastos Grandes Caldera or Vilama Caldera	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone			8.3	Sifon Ignimbrite
?	Twin Falls volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot			10-8.6
?	Picabo volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot			10.09 & 10.21	Arbon Valley Tuffs
8?	Bruneau-Jarbidge caldera	Yellowstone hotspot	950		10.0 to 12.5	Ashfall Fossil Beds eruption
7	Timber Mountain caldera complex	Southwest Nevada volcanic field			11.45	Timber Mountain Tuff - Ammonia Tanks member
8	Timber Mountain caldera complex	Southwest Nevada volcanic field			11.6	Timber Mountain Tuff - Rainer Mesa member
8	Paintbrush Caldera	Southwest Nevada volcanic field			12.7	Paintbrush Tuff - Topopah Spring member
8	Paintbrush Caldera	Southwest Nevada volcanic field			12.8	Paintbrush Tuff - Tiva Canyon member
7	Mount Sobo	Kyūshū			12.8
7	Mount Katamuki	Kyūshū			13
7	Silent Canyon caldera complex	Southwest Nevada volcanic field			13	Belted Range Tuff
7	Crater Flat Group	Southwest Nevada volcanic field			13.25	Crater Flat Tuff, Bullfrog member
?	Owyhee-Humboldt volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot			13.9-12.8
8	Ōdai Caldera	Honshū			13.7	Murō Ignimbrite
8	Mount Ōkue	Kyūshū			13.7	Okueyama volcano-plutonic complex
7	Mount Ishizuchi	Shikoku			14
7	Shitara Caldera	Honshū			15.1-13.1
8	Kumano Caldera	Honshū			14.4	Kumano Acidic rocks
8	Source unknown	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	1100		15	Huaylillas Ignimbrite
7	McDermitt volcanic field, North	Yellowstone hotspot			15	Whitehorse Creek Tuff
8	Mount Osuzu	Kyūshū			15.1	Osuzuyama volcano-plutonic complex
?	Lake Owyhee volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot?			15.5-15
7	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot			15.6	Longridge Tuff member 2-3
7	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot			15.6	Longridge Tuff member 5
7	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot			15.7	Double H Tuff
7	McDermitt volcanic field, North	Yellowstone hotspot			15.8	Trout Creek Mountains Tuff
?	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot			16	Hoppin Peaks Tuff
7	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot			16.548	Oregon Canyon Tuff
?	Northwest Nevada volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot?			16.5-15.5
8	Oxoya Formation	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	3000		19	Oxaya Ignimbrites
7	Mount Belknap Caldera	Marysvale volcanic field			19	Joe Lott member
7	Monroe Peak Caldera	Marysvale volcanic field			23	Osiris Tuff
8	La Garita Caldera	San Juan volcanic field	5000		27.8	Fish Canyon Tuff	Second biggest explosive eruption in the last 100 million years
8	Bachelor	San Juan volcanic field	1000		28	Carpenter Ridge Tuff
8	San Juan	San Juan volcanic field			28	Sapinero Mesa Tuff
8	Uncompahgre	San Juan volcanic field	1000		28.1	Dillon & Sapinero Mesa Tuffs
8	Platoro	San Juan volcanic field	1000		28.2	Chiquito Peak Tuff
8	Bursum	Southern New Mexico			28.5	Apache Springs Tuff
8	White Rock Caldera	Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex			29.2	Lund Tuff
8	Sana'a Ignimbrite	Afro-Arabian			29.5	Tephra 2W63
8	Iftar Alkalb	Afro-Arabian			29.5	Tephra 4 W
8	Sam Ignimbrite	Yemen			29.5	Green Tuff
8	Jabal Kura'a Ignimbrite	Yemen			29.6
8	Wah Wah Springs	Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex	5900		30.06	Wah Wah Springs Tuff	The biggest explosive eruption in the last 100 million years
8	Windows Butte Tuff	Central Nevada			33	Windows Butte Tuff
8	Emory Caldera	Southwestern New Mexico			34.9	Kneeling Nun Tuff	City of Rocks State Park
8	Mount Princeton	Thirtynine Mile volcanic area, Colorado			35.3	Wall Mountain Tuff
7	Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex	Skukum Group			50
?	Deccan Traps	West-central India			65		This volcanic episode occurred about 300,000 years after the meteor impact, and may have been another contributing factor towards the extinction of the dinosaurs
8	Source unknown	Honshū			70	Noi Rhyolite
8	Guarapuava-Tamarana-Sarusas	Paraná and Etendeka traps			132		Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	Santa Maria Fria	Paraná and Etendeka traps			132		Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	Guarapuava-Ventura	Paraná and Etendeka traps			132		Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	High Island Caldera	Hong Kong			140
7	Altenberg–Teplice Caldera[19]	The Altenberg-Teplice Volcanic Complex			325-317	Teplice Rhyolite intra-caldera deposits
8	Cerberean Caldera	Rubicon Valley			365
8	Glen Coe	Scotland			420
8	Flat Landing Brook Formation	Telagouche Group			466-465
8	Scafells	Lake District			488-443
8	Misema Caldera	Canada			2704

References

start from 1950 CE
Oppenheimer, Clive (2003). "Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815". Progress in Physical Geography. 27 (2): 230–259. doi:10.1191/0309133303pp379ra. S2CID 131663534.
South Dakota State University (December 7, 2009). "Undocumented volcano contributed to extremely cold decade from 1810-1819". ScienceDaily.
Briffa, K. R.; Jones, P. D.; Schweingruber, F. H.; Osborn, T. J. (1998-06-04). "Influence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemisphere summer temperature over the past 600 years". Nature. 393 (6684): 450–455. Bibcode:1998Natur.393..450B. doi:10.1038/30943. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4392636.
Klemetti, Erik (September 30, 2013). "Samalas in Indonesia Identified as Source of the 1257 A.D. 'Missing' Eruption". WIRED. Archived from the original on March 30, 2014.
Yamamoto, Takahiro (2014). "Cumulative volume step-diagrams for eruptive magmas from major Quaternary volcanoes in Japan". gsj.jp (in Japanese). National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
Antoniades, Dermot; Giralt, Santiago; Geyer, Adelina; Álvarez-Valero, Antonio M.; Pla-Rabes, Sergi; Granados, Ignacio; Liu, Emma J.; Toro, Manuel; Smellie, John L.; Oliva, Marc (22 November 2018). "The timing and widespread effects of the largest Holocene volcanic eruption in Antarctica". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 17279. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35460-x. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6250685. PMID 30467408.
Bo Pan; Shanaka L. de Silva; Jiandong Xu; Songjun Liu; Dan Xu (2020). "Late Pleistocene to present day eruptive history of the Changbaishan-Tianchi Volcano, China/DPRK: New field, geochronological and chemical constraints". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 399. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106870.
Victoria C. Smith; et al. (2013-05-01). "Identification and correlation of visible tephras in the Lake Suigetsu SG06 sedimentary archive, Japan: chronostratigraphic markers for synchronising of east Asian/west Pacific palaeoclimatic records across the last 150 ka". Quaternary Science Reviews. 67: 121–137. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.026.
Miallier, Didier; Boivin, Pierre; Deniel, Catherine; Gourgaud, Alain; Lanos, Philippe; Sforna, Marie; Pilleyre, Thierry (November 2010). "The ultimate summit eruption of Puy de Dôme volcano (Chaîne des Puys, French Massif Central) about 10,700 years ago". Comptes Rendus Geoscience. 342 (11): 847–854. doi:10.1016/j.crte.2010.09.004.
Shinji Takarada; Hideo Hoshizumi (2020). "Distribution and Eruptive Volume of Aso-4 Pyroclastic Density Current and Tephra Fall Deposits, Japan: A M8 Super-Eruption". Frontiers in Earth Science. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00170.
"Volcanic activities and eruption sequence of the large-scale eruption at Shikotsu, Toya, Nigorikawa and Daisen Volcanoes" (PDF) (in Japanese). Geological Survey of Japan, AIST. 2020. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
Mitsuhiro Nakagawa; Mizuho Amma-Miyasaka; Daisuke Miura; Shimpei Uesawa (2018). "Tephrostratigraphy in Ishikari Lowland, Southwestern Hokkaido". The Journal of the Geological Society of Japan (in Japanese). 124 (7): 473–489. doi:10.5575/geosoc.2018.0038.
The up is covered with Shikotsu caldera formation deposits.[13]
Antonio Costa; Victoria C. Smith; Giovanni Macedonio; Naomi E. Matthews (2014). "The magnitude and impact of the Youngest Toba Tuff super-eruption". Frontiers in Earth Science. doi:10.3389/feart.2014.00016.
Chad L.Yost; Lily J.Jackson; Jeffery R.Stone; Andrew S.Cohen (2018). "Subdecadal phytolith and charcoal records from Lake Malawi, East Africa imply minimal effects on human evolution from the ∼74 ka Toba supereruption". Journal of Human Evolution. 116: 75–94. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.11.005.
Jaime Alberto Cavazos-Álvarez; Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez (2020). "Anatomy of the Xáltipan ignimbrite at Los Humeros Volcanic Complex; the largest eruption of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 392. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106755.
Teruki Oikawa (2003). "The Spatial and Temporal Relationship between Uplifting and Magmatism in the Hida Mountain Range, Central Japan". The Quaternary Research (in Japanese). 42 (3): 141–156. doi:10.4116/jaqua.42.141. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
Casas-García, Raymundo; Rapprich, Vladislav; Breitkreuz, Christoph; Svojtka, Martin; Lapp, Manuel; Stanek, Klaus; Hofmann, Mandy; Linnemann, Ulf (2019-11-15). "Lithofacies architecture, composition, and age of the Carboniferous Teplice Rhyolite (German–Czech border): Insights into the evolution of the Altenberg-Teplice Caldera". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 386: 106662. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106662. ISSN 0377-0273.

Bibliography

Ward, Peter L. (2 April 2009). "Sulfur Dioxide Initiates Global Climate Change in Four Ways" (PDF). Thin Solid Films. 517 (11): 3188–3203. Bibcode:2009TSF...517.3188W. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2009.01.005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
- Supplementary Table I: "Supplementary Table to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009) Major volcanic eruptions and provinces" (PDF). Teton Tectonics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-20. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
- Supplementary Table II: "Supplementary References to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009)" (PDF). Teton Tectonics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-20. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
"Large Holocene Eruptions". Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2010-04-17.

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