List of neurosteroids

This is a list of neurosteroids, or natural and synthetic steroids that are active on the mammalian nervous system through receptors other than steroid hormone receptors. It includes inhibitory, excitatory, and neurotrophic neurosteroids as well as pheromones and vomeropherines. In contrast to steroid hormones, neurosteroids have rapid, non-genomic effects through interactions with membrane steroid receptors and can quickly influence central nervous system function.

Allopregnanolone, a major endogenous inhibitory neurosteroid.
Steroid ring system.

Inhibitory

Cholestanes

Androstanes

The following are proneurosteroids:

  • Dihydrotestosterone (DHT; androstanolone, stanolone): 5α-androst-17β-ol-3-one – of the above-listed inhibitory androstane neurosteroids
  • Testosterone: androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one – of the above-listed inhibitory androstane neurosteroids

Pregnanes

  • 3α-Dihydroprogesterone (3α-DHP): pregn-4-en-3α-ol-20-one – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator
  • 5α-Dihydroprogesterone (5α-DHP; allopregnanedione): 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator
  • 5β-Dihydroprogesterone (5β-DHP; pregnanedione): 5β-pregnane-3,20-dione – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator
  • Allopregnanediol: 5α-pregnane-3α,20α-diol – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator[4]
  • Allopregnanolone (brexanolone; SAGE-547): 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator
  • Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone (DHDOC): 21-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator
  • Pregnanediol: 5β-pregnan-3α,20α-diol – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator[4]
  • Pregnanolone (eltanolone): 5β-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator
  • Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC): 3α,21-dihydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator

The following are proneurosteroids:

Cholestanes

  • Acebrochol (cholesteryl acetate dibromide): 5α,6β-dibromocholestan-3β-ol 3β-acetate – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator

Pregnanes

  • Alfadolone: 3α,21-dihydroxy-5α-pregnane-11,20-dione – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator
  • Alfadolone acetate: 3α,21-dihydroxy-5α-pregnane-11,20-dione 21-acetate – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator
  • Alfaxalone: 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnane-11,20-dione – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator
  • EIDD-036 (P4-20-O): 20-(hydroxyimino)pregn-4-en-3-one – progesterone-like inhibitory neurosteroid[5]
  • Ganaxolone: 3β-methyl-5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator
  • Hydroxydione: 21-hydroxy-5β-pregnane-3,20-dione – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator
  • Minaxolone: 11α-(dimethylamino)-2β-ethoxy-5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator
  • ORG-20599: 21-chloro-2β-morpholin-4-yl-5β-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator
  • ORG-21465: 2β-(2,2-dimethyl-4-morpholinyl)-3α-hydroxy-11,20-dioxo-5α-pregnan-21-yl methanesulfonate – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator
  • Renanolone: 5β-pregnan-3α-ol-11,20-dione – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator
  • SGE-516 – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator[6]
  • SGE-872 – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator[6]
  • SAGE-217, Zuranolone: 3α-hydroxy-3β-methyl-21-(4-cyano-1H-pyrazol-1'-yl)-19-nor-5β-pregnan-20-one – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator[7][6]

The following are proneurosteroids:

Excitatory

Cholestanes

  • Cerebrosterol (24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol): cholest-5-en-3β,24S-diol – NMDA receptor positive allosteric modulator[12]

Pregnanes

  • 3β-Dihydroprogesterone (3β-DHP): pregn-4-en-3β-ol-20-one – GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulator
  • Epipregnanolone: 5β-pregnan-3β-ol-20-one – GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulator
  • Isopregnanolone (sepranolone): 5α-pregnan-3β-ol-20-one – GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulator
  • Pregnenolone sulfate (PS): pregn-5-en-3β-ol-20-one 3β-sulfate – GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulator, NMDA receptor positive allosteric modulator, sigma-1 receptor agonist, TRPM3 agonist, other actions

The following are proneurosteroids:

  • Pregnenolone (P5): pregn-5-en-3β-ol-20-one – of pregnenolone sulfate

Androstanes

  • Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA; prasterone): androst-5-en-3β-ol-17-one – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator, NMDA receptor positive allosteric modulator, sigma-1 receptor agonist, other actions
  • Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S; prasterone sulfate): androst-5-en-3β-ol-17-one 3β-sulfate – GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulator, NMDA receptor positive allosteric modulator, other actions

Androstanes

  • 17-Phenylandrostenol (17-PA): 17-phenyl-5α-androst-16-en-3α-ol – GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulator
  • Golexanolone (GR-3027): 3α-ethynyl-3β-hydroxyandrostan-17E-one oxime – GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulator

Others

  • SGE-201 - oxysterol/cholesterol analogue – NMDA receptor positive allosteric modulator[6]
  • SGE-301 - oxysterol/cholesterol analogue – NMDA receptor positive allosteric modulator[6]
  • SAGE-718: oxysterol/cholesterol analogue; exact chemical structure undisclosed – NMDA receptor positive allosteric modulator[6]

Mixed

Cholestanes

  • Cholesterol: cholest-5-en-3β-ol – NMDA receptor positive allosteric modulator, possible GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator, many other actions[13][14][15]

Pregnanes

  • Epipregnanolone sulfate: 5β-pregnan-3β-ol-20-one 3β-sulfate – GABAA and NMDA receptor negative allosteric modulator, TRPM3 agonist

Neurotrophic

Androstanes

Ergostanes

  • Anicequol (NGA0187, NGD-187): 16β-acetoxy-3β,7β,11β-trihydroxy-5α-ergost-22(E)-en-6-one – non-endogenous; fungi-derived; undefined mechanism of action; shows neurotrophic activity in vitro; was formerly under development for the treatment of cognitive disorders[16]

Androstanes

  • BNN-20: 17β-spiro-(androst-5-en-17,2'-oxiran)-3β-ol – TrkA, TrkB, and p75NTR agonist

Pregnanes

  • BNN-27: 17α,20R-epoxypregn-5-ene-3β,21-diol – TrkA and p75NTR agonist

Antineurotrophic

Androstanes

  • Testosterone: androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one – TrkA and p75NTR antagonist

Pregnanes

  • Dexamethasone: 9α-fluoro-11β,17α,21-trihydroxy-16α-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione – TrkA and p75NTR antagonist

Pheromones and pherines

Androstanes

Estranes

Androstanes

Estranes

  • Estratetraenyl acetate (ETA): estra-1,3,5(10),16-tetraen-3-yl acetate

Pregnanes

Others

  • PH10, PH15, PH30, PH56, PH78, PH84, Salubrin (PH80) – pherines with undefined structures developed by a company called Pherin Pharmaceuticals

Others

Pregnanes

Spirostanes

  • Caprospinol (SP-233; diosgenin 3-caproate): (22R,25R)-20α-spirost-5-en-3β-yl hexanoate – β-amyloid ligand, sigma-1 receptor ligand, other actions; found naturally in Gynura japonica; under development as a neuroprotective against Alzheimer's disease[17][18]

Pregnanes

Androstanes

  • Cetadiol: androst-5-ene-3β,16α-diol – undefined mechanism of action; developed as a "tranquilizer" and for the treatment of alcoholism in the 1950s

See also

References

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  2. Kaminski RM, Marini H, Ortinski PI, Vicini S, Rogawski MA (2006). "The pheromone androstenol (5 alpha-androst-16-en-3 alpha-ol) is a neurosteroid positive modulator of GABAA receptors". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 317 (2): 694–703. doi:10.1124/jpet.105.098319. PMID 16415088.
  3. Kaminski RM, Marini H, Kim WJ, Rogawski MA (2005). "Anticonvulsant activity of androsterone and etiocholanolone". Epilepsia. 46 (6): 819–27. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.00705.x. PMC 1181535. PMID 15946323.
  4. Belelli D, Lambert JJ, Peters JA, Gee KW, Lan NC (1996). "Modulation of human recombinant GABAA receptors by pregnanediols". Neuropharmacology. 35 (9–10): 1223–31. doi:10.1016/s0028-3908(96)00066-4. PMID 9014137.
  5. Wali B, Sayeed I, Guthrie DB, Natchus MG, Turan N, Liotta DC, Stein DG (October 2016). "Evaluating the neurotherapeutic potential of a water-soluble progesterone analog after traumatic brain injury in rats". Neuropharmacology. 109: 148–158. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.05.017. PMID 27267687.
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  10. Basu, Krishnakali; Mitra, Ashim K. (1990). "Effects of 3-hydrazone modification on the metabolism and protein binding of progesterone". International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 65 (1–2): 109–114. doi:10.1016/0378-5173(90)90015-V. ISSN 0378-5173.
  11. Basu, Krishnakali; Kildsig, Dane O.; Mitra, Ashim K. (1988). "Synthesis and kinetic stability studies of progesterone derivatives". International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 47 (1–3): 195–203. doi:10.1016/0378-5173(88)90231-1. ISSN 0378-5173.
  12. Paul SM, Doherty JJ, Robichaud AJ, Belfort GM, Chow BY, Hammond RS, Crawford DC, Linsenbardt AJ, Shu HJ, Izumi Y, Mennerick SJ, Zorumski CF (2013). "The major brain cholesterol metabolite 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol is a potent allosteric modulator of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors". J. Neurosci. 33 (44): 17290–300. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2619-13.2013. PMC 3812502. PMID 24174662.
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  15. Lange Y, Steck TL (2016). "Active membrane cholesterol as a physiological effector". Chem. Phys. Lipids. 199: 74–93. doi:10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2016.02.003. PMID 26874289.
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  17. Papadopoulos V, Lecanu L (2012). "Caprospinol: discovery of a steroid drug candidate to treat Alzheimer's disease based on 22R-hydroxycholesterol structure and properties". J. Neuroendocrinol. 24 (1): 93–101. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02167.x. PMID 21623958.
  18. http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800017449


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