Androstenediol

Androstenediol, or 5-androstenediol (abbreviated as A5 or Δ5-diol), also known as androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol, is an endogenous weak androgen and estrogen steroid hormone and intermediate in the biosynthesis of testosterone from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). It is closely related to androstenedione (androst-4-ene-3,17-dione).

This article is about androstenediol the hormone. For other uses, see Androstenediol (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with androstanediol or androstenedione.
Androstenediol
Clinical data
Other namesA5; Δ5-Diol; Androstenediol; Androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol; Hermaphrodiol; HE2100
Routes of
administration		By mouth
Drug classAndrogen; Anabolic steroid
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.007.553
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC19H30O2
Molar mass290.447 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  (verify)

Biological activity

Androstenediol is a direct metabolite of the most abundant steroid produced by the human adrenal cortex, DHEA. It is less androgenic than the related compound, Δ4-androstenediol, and has been found to stimulate the immune system. When administered to rats, androstenediol, in vivo, has approximately 1.4% of the androgenicity of DHEA, 0.54% of the androgenicity of androstenedione, and 0.21% of the androgenicity of testosterone.[1]

Androstenediol possesses potent estrogenic activity, similarly to DHEA and 3β-androstanediol.[2] It has approximately 6% and 17% of the affinity of estradiol at the ERα and ERβ, respectively.[3] Although androstenediol has far lower affinity for the ERs compared to the major estrogen estradiol, it circulates at approximately 100-fold higher concentrations, and so is thought may play a significant role as an estrogen in the body.[4]

Affinities of estrogen receptor ligands for the ERα and ERβ
LigandOther namesRelative binding affinities (RBA, %)aAbsolute binding affinities (Ki, nM)aAction
ERαERβERαERβ
EstradiolE2; 17β-Estradiol1001000.115 (0.04–0.24)0.15 (0.10–2.08)Estrogen
EstroneE1; 17-Ketoestradiol16.39 (0.7–60)6.5 (1.36–52)0.445 (0.3–1.01)1.75 (0.35–9.24)Estrogen
EstriolE3; 16α-OH-17β-E212.65 (4.03–56)26 (14.0–44.6)0.45 (0.35–1.4)0.7 (0.63–0.7)Estrogen
EstetrolE4; 15α,16α-Di-OH-17β-E24.03.04.919Estrogen
Alfatradiol17α-Estradiol20.5 (7–80.1)8.195 (2–42)0.2–0.520.43–1.2Metabolite
16-Epiestriol16β-Hydroxy-17β-estradiol7.795 (4.94–63)50??Metabolite
17-Epiestriol16α-Hydroxy-17α-estradiol55.45 (29–103)79–80??Metabolite
16,17-Epiestriol16β-Hydroxy-17α-estradiol1.013??Metabolite
2-Hydroxyestradiol2-OH-E222 (7–81)11–352.51.3Metabolite
2-Methoxyestradiol2-MeO-E20.0027–2.01.0??Metabolite
4-Hydroxyestradiol4-OH-E213 (8–70)7–561.01.9Metabolite
4-Methoxyestradiol4-MeO-E22.01.0??Metabolite
2-Hydroxyestrone2-OH-E12.0–4.00.2–0.4??Metabolite
2-Methoxyestrone2-MeO-E1<0.001–<1<1??Metabolite
4-Hydroxyestrone4-OH-E11.0–2.01.0??Metabolite
4-Methoxyestrone4-MeO-E1<1<1??Metabolite
16α-Hydroxyestrone16α-OH-E1; 17-Ketoestriol2.0–6.535??Metabolite
2-Hydroxyestriol2-OH-E32.01.0??Metabolite
4-Methoxyestriol4-MeO-E31.01.0??Metabolite
Estradiol sulfateE2S; Estradiol 3-sulfate<1<1??Metabolite
Estradiol disulfateEstradiol 3,17β-disulfate0.0004???Metabolite
Estradiol 3-glucuronideE2-3G0.0079???Metabolite
Estradiol 17β-glucuronideE2-17G0.0015???Metabolite
Estradiol 3-gluc. 17β-sulfateE2-3G-17S0.0001???Metabolite
Estrone sulfateE1S; Estrone 3-sulfate<1<1>10>10Metabolite
Estradiol benzoateEB; Estradiol 3-benzoate10???Estrogen
Estradiol 17β-benzoateE2-17B11.332.6??Estrogen
Estrone methyl etherEstrone 3-methyl ether0.145???Estrogen
ent-Estradiol1-Estradiol1.31–12.349.44–80.07??Estrogen
Equilin7-Dehydroestrone13 (4.0–28.9)13.0–490.790.36Estrogen
Equilenin6,8-Didehydroestrone2.0–157.0–200.640.62Estrogen
17β-Dihydroequilin7-Dehydro-17β-estradiol7.9–1137.9–1080.090.17Estrogen
17α-Dihydroequilin7-Dehydro-17α-estradiol18.6 (18–41)14–320.240.57Estrogen
17β-Dihydroequilenin6,8-Didehydro-17β-estradiol35–6890–1000.150.20Estrogen
17α-Dihydroequilenin6,8-Didehydro-17α-estradiol20490.500.37Estrogen
Δ8-Estradiol8,9-Dehydro-17β-estradiol68720.150.25Estrogen
Δ8-Estrone8,9-Dehydroestrone19320.520.57Estrogen
EthinylestradiolEE; 17α-Ethynyl-17β-E2120.9 (68.8–480)44.4 (2.0–144)0.02–0.050.29–0.81Estrogen
MestranolEE 3-methyl ether?2.5??Estrogen
MoxestrolRU-2858; 11β-Methoxy-EE35–435–200.52.6Estrogen
Methylestradiol17α-Methyl-17β-estradiol7044??Estrogen
DiethylstilbestrolDES; Stilbestrol129.5 (89.1–468)219.63 (61.2–295)0.040.05Estrogen
HexestrolDihydrodiethylstilbestrol153.6 (31–302)60–2340.060.06Estrogen
DienestrolDehydrostilbestrol37 (20.4–223)56–4040.050.03Estrogen
Benzestrol (B2)–114???Estrogen
ChlorotrianiseneTACE1.74?15.30?Estrogen
TriphenylethyleneTPE0.074???Estrogen
TriphenylbromoethyleneTPBE2.69???Estrogen
TamoxifenICI-46,4743 (0.1–47)3.33 (0.28–6)3.4–9.692.5SERM
Afimoxifene4-Hydroxytamoxifen; 4-OHT100.1 (1.7–257)10 (0.98–339)2.3 (0.1–3.61)0.04–4.8SERM
Toremifene4-Chlorotamoxifen; 4-CT??7.14–20.315.4SERM
ClomifeneMRL-4125 (19.2–37.2)120.91.2SERM
CyclofenilF-6066; Sexovid151–152243??SERM
NafoxidineU-11,000A30.9–44160.30.8SERM
Raloxifene–41.2 (7.8–69)5.34 (0.54–16)0.188–0.5220.2SERM
ArzoxifeneLY-353,381??0.179?SERM
LasofoxifeneCP-336,15610.2–16619.00.229?SERM
OrmeloxifeneCentchroman??0.313?SERM
Levormeloxifene6720-CDRI; NNC-460,0201.551.88??SERM
OspemifeneDeaminohydroxytoremifene0.82–2.630.59–1.22??SERM
Bazedoxifene–??0.053?SERM
EtacstilGW-56384.3011.5??SERM
ICI-164,384–63.5 (3.70–97.7)1660.20.08Antiestrogen
FulvestrantICI-182,78043.5 (9.4–325)21.65 (2.05–40.5)0.421.3Antiestrogen
PropylpyrazoletriolPPT49 (10.0–89.1)0.120.4092.8ERα agonist
16α-LE216α-Lactone-17β-estradiol14.6–570.0890.27131ERα agonist
16α-Iodo-E216α-Iodo-17β-estradiol30.22.30??ERα agonist
MethylpiperidinopyrazoleMPP110.05??ERα antagonist
DiarylpropionitrileDPN0.12–0.256.6–1832.41.7ERβ agonist
8β-VE28β-Vinyl-17β-estradiol0.3522.0–8312.90.50ERβ agonist
PrinaberelERB-041; WAY-202,0410.2767–72??ERβ agonist
ERB-196WAY-202,196?180??ERβ agonist
ErteberelSERBA-1; LY-500,307??2.680.19ERβ agonist
SERBA-2–??14.51.54ERβ agonist
Coumestrol–9.225 (0.0117–94)64.125 (0.41–185)0.14–80.00.07–27.0Xenoestrogen
Genistein–0.445 (0.0012–16)33.42 (0.86–87)2.6–1260.3–12.8Xenoestrogen
Equol–0.2–0.2870.85 (0.10–2.85)??Xenoestrogen
Daidzein–0.07 (0.0018–9.3)0.7865 (0.04–17.1)2.085.3Xenoestrogen
Biochanin A–0.04 (0.022–0.15)0.6225 (0.010–1.2)1748.9Xenoestrogen
Kaempferol–0.07 (0.029–0.10)2.2 (0.002–3.00)??Xenoestrogen
Naringenin–0.0054 (<0.001–0.01)0.15 (0.11–0.33)??Xenoestrogen
8-Prenylnaringenin8-PN4.4???Xenoestrogen
Quercetin–<0.001–0.010.002–0.040??Xenoestrogen
Ipriflavone–<0.01<0.01??Xenoestrogen
Miroestrol–0.39???Xenoestrogen
Deoxymiroestrol–2.0???Xenoestrogen
β-Sitosterol–<0.001–0.0875<0.001–0.016??Xenoestrogen
Resveratrol–<0.001–0.0032???Xenoestrogen
α-Zearalenol–48 (13–52.5)???Xenoestrogen
β-Zearalenol–0.6 (0.032–13)???Xenoestrogen
Zeranolα-Zearalanol48–111???Xenoestrogen
Taleranolβ-Zearalanol16 (13–17.8)140.80.9Xenoestrogen
ZearalenoneZEN7.68 (2.04–28)9.45 (2.43–31.5)??Xenoestrogen
ZearalanoneZAN0.51???Xenoestrogen
Bisphenol ABPA0.0315 (0.008–1.0)0.135 (0.002–4.23)19535Xenoestrogen
EndosulfanEDS<0.001–<0.01<0.01??Xenoestrogen
KeponeChlordecone0.0069–0.2???Xenoestrogen
o,p'-DDT–0.0073–0.4???Xenoestrogen
p,p'-DDT–0.03???Xenoestrogen
Methoxychlorp,p'-Dimethoxy-DDT0.01 (<0.001–0.02)0.01–0.13??Xenoestrogen
HPTEHydroxychlor; p,p'-OH-DDT1.2–1.7???Xenoestrogen
TestosteroneT; 4-Androstenolone<0.0001–<0.01<0.002–0.040>5000>5000Androgen
DihydrotestosteroneDHT; 5α-Androstanolone0.01 (<0.001–0.05)0.0059–0.17221–>500073–1688Androgen
Nandrolone19-Nortestosterone; 19-NT0.010.2376553Androgen
DehydroepiandrosteroneDHEA; Prasterone0.038 (<0.001–0.04)0.019–0.07245–1053163–515Androgen
5-AndrostenediolA5; Androstenediol6173.60.9Androgen
4-Androstenediol–0.50.62319Androgen
4-AndrostenedioneA4; Androstenedione<0.01<0.01>10000>10000Androgen
3α-Androstanediol3α-Adiol0.070.326048Androgen
3β-Androstanediol3β-Adiol3762Androgen
Androstanedione5α-Androstanedione<0.01<0.01>10000>10000Androgen
Etiocholanedione5β-Androstanedione<0.01<0.01>10000>10000Androgen
Methyltestosterone17α-Methyltestosterone<0.0001???Androgen
Ethinyl-3α-androstanediol17α-Ethynyl-3α-adiol4.0<0.07??Estrogen
Ethinyl-3β-androstanediol17α-Ethynyl-3β-adiol505.6??Estrogen
ProgesteroneP4; 4-Pregnenedione<0.001–0.6<0.001–0.010??Progestogen
NorethisteroneNET; 17α-Ethynyl-19-NT0.085 (0.0015–<0.1)0.1 (0.01–0.3)1521084Progestogen
Norethynodrel5(10)-Norethisterone0.5 (0.3–0.7)<0.1–0.221453Progestogen
Tibolone7α-Methylnorethynodrel0.5 (0.45–2.0)0.2–0.076??Progestogen
Δ4-Tibolone7α-Methylnorethisterone0.069–<0.10.027–<0.1??Progestogen
3α-Hydroxytibolone–2.5 (1.06–5.0)0.6–0.8??Progestogen
3β-Hydroxytibolone–1.6 (0.75–1.9)0.070–0.1??Progestogen
Footnotes: a = (1) Binding affinity values are of the format "median (range)" (# (#–#)), "range" (#–#), or "value" (#) depending on the values available. The full sets of values within the ranges can be found in the Wiki code. (2) Binding affinities were determined via displacement studies in a variety of in-vitro systems with labeled estradiol and human ERα and ERβ proteins (except the ERβ values from Kuiper et al. (1997), which are rat ERβ). Sources: See template page.

Chemistry
See also: List of androgens/anabolic steroids § Testosterone derivatives, and List of androgen esters § Esters of other natural AAS

Androstenediol, also known as androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol, is a naturally occurring androstane steroid.[5] It is closely related structurally to androstenedione (A4; androst-4-ene-3,17-dione), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA; androst-5-en-3β-ol-17-one), and testosterone (androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one), as well as to 3β-androstanediol (5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol).[5]

Derivatives and analogues of androstenediol, such as the 17α-substituted methandriol (17α-methylandrostenediol) and ethinylandrostenediol (17α-ethynylandrostenediol) as well as the naturally occurring 19-norandrostane derivative norandostenediol (19-nor-5-androstenediol), have been synthesized and studied. Methandriol and its esters are androgens and anabolic steroids while ethinylandrostenediol is an estrogen.

Research

Radiation countermeasure

Androstenediol has been investigated for use as a radiation countermeasure. Its value as a radiation countermeasure is based mainly on its stimulation of production of white blood cells and platelets.[6] Its potential use as a radiation countermeasure was developed by the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute (AFRRI) and subsequently studied by AFRRI and Hollis-Eden Pharmaceuticals under the proposed brand name Neumune for the treatment of acute radiation syndrome.[6][7]

The clinical trials with rhesus monkeys were successful. According to the Hollis-Eden report, only 12.5% of the 40 Neumune-treated animals died versus 32.5% in the placebo group.[8]

Hollis-Eden had applied for a contract from the U.S. Government under the BioShield Request for Proposals (RFP) for radiation countermeasures. After being encouraged for 2.5 years that Neumune was in the competitive range, on March 9, 2007, the RFP was canceled by HHS. According to HHS, "the product was no longer in the competitive range".[9][10] No further explanation was given. As a result, Hollis-Eden has now withdrawn from the radiation countermeasure field.

Additional images
Steroidogenesis, with androstenediol at bottom left.

References
  1. Coffey, DS (1988) "Androgen action and the sex accessory tissues". In E Knobil, J Neill (eds), The Physiology of Reproduction. Raven Press, New York, pp 1081-1119.
  2. Hackenberg, Reinhard; Turgetto, Inga; Filmer, Angelika; Schulz, Klaus-Dieter (1993). "Estrogen and androgen receptor mediated stimulation and inhibition of proliferation by androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol in human mammary cancer cells". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 46 (5): 597–603. doi:10.1016/0960-0760(93)90187-2. ISSN 0960-0760. PMID 8240982. S2CID 54256515.
  3. Kuiper GG, Carlsson B, Grandien K, Enmark E, Häggblad J, Nilsson S, Gustafsson JA (1997). "Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors alpha and beta". Endocrinology. 138 (3): 863–70. doi:10.1210/endo.138.3.4979. PMID 9048584.
  4. Rob Bradbury (30 January 2007). Cancer. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 43–. ISBN 978-3-540-33120-9.
  5. J. Elks (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 86–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.
  6. Whitnall MH, Elliott TB, Harding RA, Inal CE, Landauer MR, Wilhelmsen CL, McKinney L, Miner VL, Jackson WE 3rd, Loria RM, Ledney GD, Seed TM (2000). "Androstenediol stimulates myelopoiesis and enhances resistance to infection in gamma-irradiated mice". Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 22 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1016/s0192-0561(99)00059-4. PMID 10684984.
  7. Grace MB, Singh VK, Rhee JG, Jackson WE 3rd, Kao TC, Whitnall MH (2012). "5-AED enhances survival of irradiated mice in a G-CSF-dependent manner, stimulates innate immune cell function, reduces radiation-induced DNA damage and induces genes that modulate cell cycle progression and apoptosis". J. Radiat. Res. 53 (6): 840–853. doi:10.1093/jrr/rrs060. PMC 3483857. PMID 22843381.
  8. Hollis-Eden Pharmaceuticals Reports Publication of Results Demonstrating the Ability of NEUMUNE(R) to Increase Survival in a Primate Model of Lethal Radiation Injury, February 26, 2007.
  9. Government Nukes Hollis-Eden's Radiation Drug, by Val Brickates Kennedy and Angela Moore, March 8, 2007
  10. US cancels radiation contract with Hollis-Eden Archived 2007-09-12 at Archive.today, March 9, 2007


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