List of transport megaprojects

This is a list of megaprojects. Care should be taken in comparing the cost of projects from different times, even a few years apart due to inflation; comparing nominal costs without taking this into account can be highly misleading.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

According to the Oxford Handbook of Megaproject Management in 2017, "Megaprojects are large-scale, complex ventures that typically cost $1 billion or more, take many years to develop and build, involve multiple public and private stakeholders, are transformational, and impact millions of people".[1]

Completed projects
Project Description Location Approximate cost (in billions USD) Start of construction Year of completion Image Notes
La Línea Tunnel Tunnel Cordillera Central, Colombia 0.27 2009 2020
Karachi-Lahore Motorway Motorway Pakistan 11.5 2015 2019
Otoyol 5 Highway Istanbul to İzmir, Turkey 7[2] 2013 2016(Phase I)
2019(Phase II)
Including Osman Gazi Bridge.[3]
Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel Road Tunnel Seattle, Washington, United States 3.1[4] 2013 2019
Confederation Line Rapid transit Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 3.9 2013[5] 2019 (stage 1)
2024 (stage 2)		 $2.1 billion + $3.0 billion CA$[6]
Santiago Metro Line 3 Rapid Transit Line Santiago, Chile 1.7 2012 2019
Crimean Bridge Rail/road bridge  Russia (one end is recognized internationally as being owned by Ukraine, but is de facto controlled by Russia) 3.7[7] 2015 2018 (road bridge)
2019 (rail bridge)
Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge Bridge–tunnel Hong Kong, Zhuhai and Macau 17 2009 2018
New Tappan Zee Bridge Bridge Replacement South Nyack to Tarrytown New York, USA 3.9 2013 2018
Abuja Light Rail (phase 1 nearing completion)[8] Light Rail, Commuter Rail Abuja, FCT, Nigeria 2.7[8][9] 2007 2018 (phases ongoing)
Noord/Zuidlijn Rapid transit line Amsterdam, Netherlands 4.4[10] 2002 2018 (€3.1bn)
Klang Valley MRT Line 1 Rapid Transit Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 11.7[11] 2012 2017 (MYR36B)
Ionia Odos Freeway Western Greece 1.8[12] 2007 2017 (€1.4bn)
German Unification Transport Projects (Verkehrsprojekt Deutsche Einheit) Transport project to achieve the German Unity  Germany 42[13] 1991 2016 – continues expansion until 2020
AVE - Spain's high-speed railway network High-speed railway  Spain 44[14] 1992 2016 - continues expansion 40[14] billion euros
Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge Bridge Istanbul, Turkey 2[15] 2013 2016
Evergreen Point Floating Bridge Road Bridge Seattle and Medina, Washington, United States 4.56[16] 2012 2016
Eurasia Tunnel Undersea tunnel Istanbul, Turkey 1.3[17] 2011 2016
Gotthard Base Tunnel Railway tunnel Swiss Alps, Switzerland 10.6[18] 1999 2016 (CHF 9.56 billion)
World Trade Center Transportation Hub Transit center and retail New York City, New York, USA 3.9[19] 2006 2016
Blanka tunnel complex Road tunnel Prague, Czech Republic 1.75[20] 2006 2015
Adler–Krasnaya Polyana road and railway Freeway and railway  Russia 9.4[21] 2014
Budapest Metro Line 4 Rapid Transit line Budapest, Hungary 2.1[22][23] 2004 2014 (HUF 452bn)
Marina Coastal Expressway Highway  Singapore 3.4[24][25] 2008 2013[26] (S$4.3 bn)
Marmaray Tunnel Undersea railway tunnel Istanbul, Turkey 4.5[27] 2004 2008(Phase I)
2013(Phase II)		 Deepest immersed tube tunnel in the world.
Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge Road bridge San Francisco, California 6.4 2002 2013
Russky Bridge Road Bridge Vladivostok (Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula) and Russky Island, Russia 1.1[28] 2008 2012
Freeway Durango-Mazatlán and Baluarte Bridge Freeway and road bridge Durango-Sinaloa, Mexico 1.46[29][30] 2008 2012
Jiaozhou Bay Bridge Bridge Shandong, China 1.5[31] 2007 2011
Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway High-speed rail Eastern China, PRC (Beijing to Shanghai, via Tianjin and Nanjing) 33.1[32] 2008 2011 (RMB 220.9bn)
Clem Jones Tunnel Road tunnel Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 3.4[33] 2006 2010 (AUD3.2bn)
CBD and South East Light Rail Light Rail Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 1.58 2019
Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway High-speed rail  China 18.5[34] 2005 2009 (RMB 116.6bn)
Egnatia Odos Freeway Northern Greece 8.4[35] 1994 2009 (€5.9bn)
Incheon Bridge Bridge South Korea 1.4 2005 2009 (KRW 1.25tn)
Sound Transit Light rail, Commuter rail, Express bus service Seattle metropolitan area, Washington, USA 3.9 1997 2009 - continues expansion
Bologna–Florence high-speed railway High-speed rail  Italy 6.9 1996 2009 (€5.2 billion)
Milan–Bologna high-speed railway High-speed rail  Italy 9.1 1993 2008 (€6.9 billion)
Beijing–Tianjin intercity railway High-speed rail Beijing and Tianjin, China[36] 3.2 2005 2008 (RMB 20.42bn)
High Speed 1 High-speed rail South East England, United Kingdom 8.4[37] 1998 2007 (GBP5.2bn)
Lötschberg Base Tunnel Railway tunnel Swiss Alps, Switzerland 4.6 1999 2007 (CHF 4.3 billion)
Copenhagen Metro phase 1-3 Metro system Copenhagen, Denmark 1.47[38] 1996 2007 11,400,000,000 DKK
"Big Dig" Central Artery/Tunnel Project Road tunnel Boston, Massachusetts, United States 22[39] 1991 2007 14.6 billion USD
Colorado T-REX Project (TRansportation EXpansion) Highway & light rail upgrade Denver, Colorado 1.7[40] 2001 2006
Shanghai Maglev Train Maglev Shanghai, China 1.33 2001 2004 (RMB 10bn)
Red Line and Purple Line Rapid Transit Los Angeles, United States 4.5[41] 1986 2000 represents expenditure prior to the Purple Line Extension
Toei Ōedo Line Rapid Transit Tokyo, Japan 18.4[42] 1988 2000 (¥1.400 billion)
Jubilee Line Extension Metro line London, United Kingdom 6.83 (2010USD)[43] 1993 1999 3.5 billion GBP
Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Project 17 bridges connecting the islands of Honshū and Shikoku  Japan 48[44] 1978 1999 4 trillion Yen
Øresund Bridge Rail/road bridge/tunnel Denmark- Sweden 5.7[45] 1995 1999 (DKK30.1bn)
Great Belt Fixed Link Rail/road bridge/tunnel Denmark 3.5 1988 1998 (DKK21.4bn)
Vasco da Gama Bridge Road bridge Lisbon, Portugal 1.3[46] 1995 1998 (€897m / 180bn PTE)
Akashi-Kaikyō Bridge Road bridge Kobe, Japan 5[47] 1988 1998
Channel Tunnel Continental railway tunnel Strait of Dover, English Channel between the  United Kingdom and  France 15.4[48] 1988 1994 (GBP9.5bn)
International Space Station Manufacturing of the International Space Station Low Earth Orbit,
 United Nations Outer Space Treaty		 100-150[49] 1998 2000 Proposed for replacement by the Axiom Orbital Segment
Interstate Highway System Network of limited-access roadways  United States 114[50] 1956 1992[51][52] 425 billion in 2006 dollars[53] 548 billion in 2021 dollars[54]
Baikal–Amur Mainline Railway (Sovetskaya Gavan, Khabarovsk Krai) to (Tayshet Irkutsk Oblast), Russia 15[55] 1974 1984
Bay Area Rapid Transit Rapid transit system San Francisco Bay Area 1.586[56] 1964 1976 - continues expansion $9.69 billion adjusted for inflation
Saint Lawrence Seaway Canal system St Lawrence River and North American Great Lakes between the  United States and  Canada 0.470[57] 1954 1959
Caracas-La Guaira highway Highway Greater Caracas, Venezuela 0.06[58][59] 1950 1953
Trans-Siberian Railway Railroad Moscow to Russian Far East(Vladivostok) 0.770[60] 1891 1916
Panama Canal Canal  Panama 0.375[61] 1881 1914
First Transcontinental Railroad Railroad Omaha, Nebraska to Sacramento, California 0.1[62] 1863 1869 $1.92 billion adjusted for inflation
Suez Canal Canal Sinai Peninsula, Egypt 0.082[63] 1859 1869

Under construction
Project Description Location Approximate cost (in billions USD) Start of construction Planned year of completion Image Notes
Çanakkale 1915 Bridge Bridge Çanakkale, Turkey 4[64] 2017 2022
Will span two continents.
Green Line Extension Light Rail Greater Boston 1[65] 2012 2021
Red-Purple Modernization Phase One Heavy Rail Chicago, Il 2.1[66] 2019 2025
Kınalı-Balıkesir Motorway Motorway Tekirdağ to Balıkesir, Turkey 2[67] 2017 2023
Thessaloniki Metro Rapid transit Thessaloniki, Greece 1.83[68] 2006 2023
Crossrail 1 Railway, Commuter rail, Rapid transit Greater London, United Kingdom 23.0[69] 2007

2021

 A new 73m (117 km) railway line in England, serving London, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire & Essex.
Sha Tin to Central Link Railway Hong Kong, From Tai Wai, New Territories to Admiralty, Hong Kong Island 12 2012 2020-2021
Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link Undersea tunnel Denmark, Germany 8.45[70] 2019[70] 2028[70]
Lagos-Kano Standard Gauge Railway (under construction, phase 1 completed) Railway From Lagos, Lagos to Kano, Kano State in Nigeria 8.3[71] 2011 2020 (phase 2)
Lagos-Calabar Railway Railway From Lagos, Lagos to Calabar, Cross River 11.9[72] 2020 (expected) TBA
Lagos Rail Mass Transit Rapid Transit, Commuter Rail Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria 3.6[73][74] 2009 2022
Badagry Deep Sea Port Seaport Badagry, Lagos State, Nigeria 2.3[75] 2016 2018 (phase 1)[76]
Fourth Mainland Bridge Bridge Across the lagoon to connect Ikorodu and Lekki cities of Lagos State 4.2[77] 2018 (expected) TBA
Northern Latitudinal Railway railway Labytnangi(Obskaya )- Korotchaevo, Russia 3.03[78] 2018 2023
Lekki Port Seaport Lekki, Lagos State, Nigeria 1.6[79] 2015 2018 (phase 1)
Honolulu Rail Transit Railway Oahu, Hawaii 10 2011 2021 (Phase 1) 2022 (Phase 2)

2025 (Phase 3)
California High-Speed Rail High-speed railway California 80.3[80] 2015 2033
(Phase I)
Locations of planned California High-Speed Rail route. Phase I: black; Phase II: dark blue. (The separate Brightline West system is shown in light blue.) Route is approximate in some places.
China Pakistan Economic Corridor Economic corridor Gwadar, Pakistan to Kashgar, China 46 2015 2020
Barcelona Metro line 9

(under construction)

 Rapid transit line Barcelona, Spain 26.3[81][82] 2009 2026 (€19bn)
Santiago Metro Line 7 Rapid transit line Santiago, Chile 2.9 2017 2025
Cross River Rail (under construction) Rapid transit Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4.3[83][84] 2017 2024[83] AUD $5.4 billion
Sydney Metro Rapid transit Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 13 2013 Northwest: 2019

City and Southwest: 2024

 AUD $20.3 billion (Stage 1 and 2)
Second Avenue Subway Phase 2

(under construction)

 Rapid transit line New York City, New York, United States 6[85] 2021 (expected) 2026 Phase 2
Orange Line (Lahore Metro) (Under Construction) Rapid Transit Lahore, Pakistan 1.6 2015 2020
Thameslink Programme Commuter rail upgrade Southeast England, UK 8.9-9.7[86] 2009 2021 (GBP5.5-6.0bn)
NHDP Highway upgrade  India 71[87] 2000 2018
NH 47 between Coimbatore and Salem in Tamil Nadu, India.
 (INR 4.5 trillion).This project will be completed by early 2018 and will be supersized by Bharatmala project.
Highway Vespucio Oriente Road tunnel Santiago, Chile 1.1 2017 2022
Highway Costanera Central Road tunnel Santiago, Chile 1.2 2017 2024
Tel Aviv–Jerusalem railway Railway Jerusalem, Israel 2 2001 2018
Tunnel Agua Negra Pass Road tunnel San Juan, Argentina, Coquimbo Region, Chile 1.5 2018 2025
WestConnex Road tunnel Sydney, Australia 11.3 ($15 billion AUD) 2015 Stage 1 & 2- 2019 (expected)

Stage 3- 2023 (expected)
Fastracks Light Rail, Commuter Rail Denver, Colorado 6.5[88] 2006 2044 (expected)
City Rail Link Commuter rail Auckland, New Zealand 2.4[89] 2015 2024

(expected)

 (NZD$3.5bn)
Eglinton Crosstown Light rail Toronto, Ontario, Canada 5.230[90] 2010 2022
Bar-Boljare highway Highway  Montenegro 3.7[91][92] 2015[93] 2019 (2.77 billion €)
Grand Paris Express Automated rapid transit Paris, Ile de France, France 27 2014 from 2020 to 2030 4 new lines, 200 km, 72 new stations
Scarborough Subway Extension Rapid transit Toronto, Ontario, Canada 3[94] 2022 2029-2030 CA$3.982 billion, 3 stops, 7.8 km [95]
Ohio River Bridges Project Road bridges and interchange reconfiguration Louisville metropolitan area, Kentucky and Indiana, United States 2.3[96] 2014 2024
Tehran-Shomal Freeway, 121 km Freeway Tehran and Mazandaran Province, Iran 1.7[97] 2017 (HUF 452bn)
Stuttgart 21 Railway & Urban Development Stuttgart, Germany 7.4 2010 2025 estimates up to 6.8 bn €
Birmingham Northern Beltline (I-422) Highway Birmingham, Alabama, United States 5.445 2014 2047
Brenner Base Tunnel Railway tunnel Innsbruck, Austria to Franzensfeste, Italy 10.7 2008 2026 (€8.7 bn)
Koralm Tunnel Railway tunnel Styria / Carinthia, Austria 6.6 2009 2022-26 (€5.4 bn, est. 10+ bn[98])
Semmering Base Tunnel Railway tunnel Lower Austria / Styria, Austria 4.0 2012 2024 (€3.3 bn)
Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor High Speed Railway From Ahmedabad, Gujarat to Mumbai, Maharashtra 16 2019 2022
Bharatmala Highway building and upgradation  India 100 2017 2022
Sagarmala Port Coastal areas of India 120 2017 2025
Réseau express Métropolitain (REM) Light Metro Montreal, Quebec, Canada 4.8 2018 2023
67 km of rails, 26 stations, automated light metro at $CDN 6.4bn
Metro: All Change Rapid transit Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom 1.3 2010[99] 2024
High Speed 2 High Speed Railway England, United Kingdom 106.4[100] 2017[101] 2033 330 mi/530 km of High Speed track,[102] 5 stations and West Coast Mainline integration
Northern Powerhouse Rail Railway & Urban renewal United Kingdom 39[103] 2018[104] 2026[105] Links Liverpool, Sheffield, Kingston-upon-Hull & Newcastle-upon-Tyne to High Speed 2.
Link light rail Blue Line Light rail line Eastside King County, Washington, USA 3.7 2016 2023-4
Regional Connector Light rail tunnel Downtown Los Angeles, California, USA 1.245 2014 2022
Bogotá Metro Rapid Transit Bogotá D.C, Colombia 3.7 2020 2028

Proposed
Project Description Location Approximate cost (in billions USD) Proposed start of construction Proposed year of completion Notes
Great Istanbul Tunnel Railway, Undersea tunnel Istanbul $3.5bn[106] TBD TBD After Marmaray and Eurasia Tunnel's, it will be the third tunnel to connect Istanbul's sides.
Arctic Railway Railway  Finland,  Norway 3.31[107] TBD TBD A connecting line between Kirkenes port and the Finnish railway network.
Bridge of the Horns Bridge  Djibouti,  Yemen 20 TBD TBD A bridge across the Red Sea.
Crossrail 2 Railway, Commuter rail, Rapid transit Greater London, United Kingdom 31.2[108] 2023 2030s[108] A new railway line in England, serving London, Surrey & Hertfordshire to interlink with Crossrail (above).
Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link Undersea tunnel  Denmark,  Germany 8.45[70] 2021 2029
Helsinki City Rail Loop Railway tunnel  Finland 1.71[109] TBD TBD An underground rail loop in Helsinki.
Helsinki–Tallinn Tunnel Railway, Undersea tunnel  Finland,  Estonia 17.13[110] 2020 2024[111]
Irish Sea Bridge Bridge  United Kingdom 19.23[112] TBD TBD A proposed bridge between Scotland and Northern Ireland, supported by the Johnson ministry.[113]
Lentorata Railway tunnel  Finland 6.28[114] TBD TBD An airport rail link for Helsinki Airport.
Malacca Strait Bridge Bridge  Indonesia,  Malaysia 14[115] TBD TBD A proposed 48 kilometer bridge over the Strait of Malacca.
Saudi–Egypt Causeway Causeway  Saudi Arabia,  Egypt 4 TBD TBD
Strait of Messina Bridge Bridge  Italy 6.6 TBD TBD
Sunda Strait Bridge Bridge  Indonesia 18.87[116] TBD TBD The project has been indefinitely postponed.[117]
Singapore Strait crossing Undersea tunnel  Singapore,  Indonesia TBD TBD TBD A proposed tunnel between Singapore and Indonesia.
Suburban Rail Loop Mass transit  Australia 35.71-71.43[118] 2022 2050 A proposed extension of the Melbourne rail system.
Qatar–Bahrain Causeway Causeway  Qatar,  Bahrain 5 TBD TBD
Brightline West High-speed rail  USA 8[119] 2020 2024
Texas Central Railway High-speed rail  USA 5.9 2021 2026
Ontario Line Rapid transit  Canada 7.3-8.7[120] TBD TBD 16 km, 15 stop line with at-grade, elevated and underground sections operated with driverless trains.[121]

Airport projects
AirportLocationIATA CodePassengers (total)Year completedCost (in US Dollars)
Abu Dhabi International Airport Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesAUH20,000,0001982 6.8 billion
Adolfo Suarez Madrid-Barajas International Airport Terminals 4 and 4S Madrid, SpainMAD57,891,3402006 8.7 billion
Al Maktoum International Airport Jebel Ali, UAEDWC410,278 (expected: 260 million)2010 32 billion
Athens International Airport Athens, GreeceATH16,225,8852001 3 billion
Bandung Majalengka International Airport Majalengka Regency, West Java, IndonesiaKJT29,000,000 (expected)2018 15 billion
Barcelona–El Prat Airport Barcelona, SpainBCN50,172,457 4 billion
Berlin-Brandenburg International Airport Berlin, GermanyBER28,000,000 (expected)[122] 2020 10 billion (as of 2018)[123]
Changi Airport Terminal 3 SingaporeSIN22,000,0002008 1.4 billion[124]
Changi Airport Terminal 4 SingaporeSIN65,628,0002017 1 billion[125]
Ciudad Real Central Airport Ciudad Real, SpainCQM Ceased operations in 2012 (expected: 10 million)2009 1.41 billion
Clark International Airport Angeles, PhilippinesCRK2,664,378 10 billion
Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport Santiago, ChileSCL30,000,000 2021 (expected) 1 billion
Denver International Airport Denver, Colorado, United StatesDEN50,167,4851995 4.8 billion
Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Guangzhou, ChinaCAN59,732,1472004 3 billion
Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok, Hong KongHKG70,502,0001998 20 billion[126]
Incheon International Airport Incheon, South KoreaICN28,677,1612001 5 billion (Phase 1)

2.6 billion (Phase 2)

Istanbul New Airport Istanbul, TurkeyIST52,578,008[127]2018 29 billion (including side projects)[128]
Kansai International Airport Greater Osaka Area, JapanKIX27,987,5641994 20 billion
King Abdulaziz International Airport Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaJED18,000,0001981 7.2 billion[129]
King Shaka International Airport Durban, South AfricaDUR7,500,0002010 1 billion
Kuala Lumpur International Airport Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaKUL52,643,5111998 3.5 billion
Kuala Namu International Airport Medan, IndonesiaKNO12,245,1162013 4.4 billion[130]
Long Thanh International Airport Ho Chi Minh City, VietnamN/A100,000,000 (expected) 2020 (expected) 10 billion
Navi Mumbai International Airport Mumbai, IndiaNMU60,000,000 (expected) 2023 (expected) 2 billion
New Chennai International Airport Chennai, IndiaN/A35,000,000 (expected) 2021 (expected) 1 billion
Newark Liberty International Airport Terminal C Newark, New Jersey, United StatesEWR33,399,2072003 1.2 billion
New Islamabad International Airport Islamabad, PakistanIBD5,140,5852018 3.91 billion
New Lisbon Airport Lisbon, PortugalN/A50,000,000 (expected) 2022 (expected) 4.5 billion
New Mexico City International Airport Mexico City, MexicoMEX Ceased operations in 2018 (expected: 125 million)2018 13 billion
Suvarnabhumi Airport Bangkok, ThailandBKK55,892,4282006 3.8 billion
Central Transport Hub Baranów, PolandN/A ~ 45,000,000 (expected) 2027 (expected) 4.2-5.0 billion (expected, without rail component and road component)
Western Sydney Airport Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSWZ 10,000,000 (initially) 82,000,000 (by 2036)2026 (expected)3.3 billion

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