Neo-futurism

Beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s by architects such as Buckminster Fuller[5] and John C. Portman Jr.;[6][7][8] architect and industrial designer Eero Saarinen,[9] Archigram, an avant-garde architectural group (Peter Cook, Warren Chalk, Ron Herron, Dennis Crompton, Michael Webb and David Greene, Jan Kaplický and others);[10][11][12] [13][14][15] it is considered in part an evolution out of high-tech architecture, developing many of the same themes and ideas.[16]

Although it was never built, the Fun Palace (1961) interpreted by architect Cedric Price as a "giant neo-futurist machine"[17][18] influenced other architects, notably Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano, whose Pompidou Centre extended many of Price's ideas.

Neo-futurism was revitalised in 2007 after the publication of "The Neo-Futuristic City Manifesto"[19][20][21] included in the candidature presented to the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE)[22] and written by innovation designer Vito Di Bari [23][24] (a former executive director at UNESCO),[25] to outline his vision for the city of Milan at the time of the Universal Expo 2015. Di Bari defined his neo-futuristic vision as the "cross-pollination of art, cutting edge technologies and ethical values combined to create a pervasively higher quality of life"; [26] he referenced the Fourth Pillar of Sustainable Development Theory[27] and reported that the name had been inspired by the United Nations report Our Common Future.[28]

Soon after Di Bari’s manifesto, a collective in the UK called The Neo-Futurist Collective, launched their own version of the Neo-futurist manifesto, written by Rowena Easton, on the streets of Brighton on Feb 20th 2008, to mark the 99th anniversary of the publication of the Futurist manifesto by FT Marinetti in 1909.[29] The collective’s take on Neo-Futurism was much different to Di Bari’s, in a sense that it focussed on acknowledging the legacy of the Italian Futurists as well as criticising our current state of despair over climate change and the financial system. On their introduction to their manifesto, The Neo-Futurist Collective noted: “In an age of mass despair over the state of the planet and the financial system, the futurist legacy of optimism for the power of technology uniting with the imagination of humanity has a powerful resonance for our modern age”[30] This shows an interpretation of Neo-Futurism that is more socially involved – one that speaks directly to its followers rather than denoting certain outlooks through actions (e.g. choice of eco-aware materials in Neo-Futurist architecture).

Jean-Louis Cohen has defined neo-futurism[31][32] as a corollary to technology, noting that a large amount of the structures built today are byproducts of new materials and concepts about the function of large-scale constructions in society. Etan J. Ilfeld wrote that in the contemporary neo-futurist aesthetic "the machine becomes an integral element of the creative process itself, and generates the emergence of artistic modes that would have been impossible prior to computer technology."[33] Reyner Banham's definition of "une architecture autre" is a call for an architecture that technologically overcomes all previous architectures but possessing an expressive form,[34] as Banham stated about neo-futuristic "Archigram's Plug-in Computerized City, form does not have to follow function into oblivion."[35]

Matthew Phillips defined the Neo-Futurist aesthetic as a "manipulation of time, space, and subject against a backdrop of technological innovation and domination, [that] posits new approaches to the future contrary to those of past avant-gardes and current technocratic philosophies"[36] This definition agrees with the work of Neo-Futurist architects whose approach is situated in the context of technological innovation, but does not mention the ecological mindfulness that stems from architectural Neo-Futurism.

Neo-futurism was inspired partly by Futurist architect Antonio Sant'Elia and pioneered from the early 1960s and the late 1970s by Hal Foster,[37] with architects such as William Pereira,[38][39]Charles Luckman[40][41] and Henning Larsen.[42]

The relaunch of neo-futurism in the 21st century has been creatively inspired by the Pritzker Architecture Prize-winning architect Zaha Hadid,[43] architect Santiago Calatrava.[44][45]

Neo-futurist architects, designers and artists include people like Denis Laming,[46][47][48] Patrick Jouin,[49] Yuima Nakazato,[50][51]artist Simon Stålenhag[52] and artist Charis Tsevis.[53][54][55] Neo-futurism has absorbed some high-tech architectural themes and ideas, incorporating elements of high-tech industry and technology іnto building design: Technology and context has been a focus for some architects such as Buckminster Fuller, Norman Foster,[56][57] Kenzo Tange, Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers.[45]

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  The Pavilions of Futuroscope in Poitiers by Denis Laming, 1984
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  The Tour de Montréal in Montreal by Roger Taillibert, 1987
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  L'Hemisfèric in the City of Arts and Sciences, Valencia by Santiago Calatrava, 1998
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  The British Library of Political and Economic Science in London by Norman Foster, 2000
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  L'Oceanogràfic in the City of Arts and Sciences, Valencia by Félix Candela, 2003
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  Kunsthaus Graz in Graz by Peter Cook and Colin Fournier, 2003
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  Auditorio de Tenerife in Santa Cruz de Tenerife by Santiago Calatrava, 2003
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  El Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía in the City of Arts and Sciences, Valencia by Santiago Calatrava, 2005
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  The Turning Torso in Malmö by Santiago Calatrava, 2005
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  Hungerburgbahn top station in Hungerburg by Zaha Hadid, 2007
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  Liège-Guillemins railway station in Liège by Santiago Calatrava, 2009
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  L'Àgora in the City of Arts and Sciences, Valencia by Santiago Calatrava, 2009
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  The Burj Khalifa in Dubai by Adrian Smith, 2010
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  Iceberg Palace in Sochi by Andrey Bokov, 2012
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  Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center in Baku by Zaha Hadid, 2012
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  The Shard in London by Renzo Piano, 2012
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  Jockey Club Innovation Tower in Hong Kong by Zaha Hadid, 2013
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  The Evolution Tower in Moscow by RMJM and Philipp Nikandrov, 2014
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  Museum of Tomorrow in Rio de Janeiro by Santiago Calatrava, 2015
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  The World Trade Center Hub in New York City by Santiago Calatrava, 2016
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  Aerial view of Apple Park in Cupertino by Norman Foster, 2017
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  520 West 28th Street in New York City by Zaha Hadid, 2017