Political parties in Russia
This article discusses political parties in Russia.
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The Russian Federation has a multi-party system. As of 2020 six parties have members in the federal parliament, the State Duma, with one dominant party (United Russia).
After the Perestroika reforms in the 1980s Russia had over 100 registered parties, but the people elected to the State Duma represented only a small number of parties. After 2000, during Vladimir Putin's first presidency (2000–2008), the number of parties quickly decreased. From 2008 to 2012 there were only seven parties in Russia, and every new attempt to register new, independent parties was blocked. The last-registered party of this period was the government-organized Right Cause (now the Party of Growth) which was registered on 18 February 2009. Before the 2011 parliamentary election, about 10 opposition parties were denied registration. However, after a series of mass protests and a 2011 European Court decision on the case of the Republican Party of Russia (now the People's Freedom Party), the law changed and the number of registered parties quickly increased to more than 48 as of December 2012.
History
Party of power
In Russian politics, a "party of power" is a specially established party which unconditionally supports the current president or prime minister in the parliament.
These parties have been considered parties of power:
- Interregional Group of Deputies/Democratic Russia (1990–1993, Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union/Congress of People's Deputies of Russia/Supreme Soviet of Russia)
- Choice of Russia (1993–1995) and Party of Russian Unity and Accord headed by Sergey Shakhray
- Our Home – Russia (1995–1999)
- Ivan Rybkin Bloc (considered as a potential left "party of power", during 1995 Russian legislative election)
- Unity (1999–2001/2003)
- A Just Russia (2006–2008/2010, the second "party of power", supporting Vladimir Putin and opposing United Russia)
- United Russia (2001–present)
Legislation
Certificate of state registration of political parties in Russia, issued by the Ministry of Justice of Russia
Social composition of voters
According to studies, United Russia voters in 2007 were younger and more market-oriented than the average voter. The party's electorate includes a substantial share of government employees, pensioners and military personnel, who are dependent on the state for their livelihood.[1] Sixty-four percent of United Russia supporters are female. According to researchers, this could be because women place a great value on stability. In the run-up to the 2011 Duma elections, it was reported that support for United Russia was growing among young people.[2]
Registered parties
All parties registered by the Ministry of Justice have the right to participate in any elections all over the country. The list is placed on the Justice Ministry website. In December 2012, there were 48 registered parties in Russia; 6 of them are currently represented in the State Duma as of 2017.
Currently represented in the State Duma
- United Russia (340)
- Communist Party (42)
- Liberal Democratic Party (40)
- A Just Russia (23)
- Rodina (1)
- Civic Platform (1)
List of registered parties
| No.[3] | Full name | Short name | Abbr. | Ideology | Position | Leader(s) | Created | Registration | Last federal elections results | Free access to the next legislative election |
Note | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Presidential | Legislative | |||||||||||
| 1 | All-Russian political party "United Russia" Всероссийская политическая партия "Единая Россия" |
United Russia | UR (ЕР) | Statism Conservatism Russian nationalism |
centrism | Dmitry Medvedev | 2001 | 2003 | DNP (endorsed Vladimir Putin) |
55.23% (Party list) 50.12% (SMC) (343 seats) |
✓ | MJ profile Website |
| 2 | Political party "Communist Party of the Russian Federation" Политическая партия "Коммунистическая партия Российской Федерации" |
Communist Party | CPRF (КПРФ) | Communism Marxism–Leninism |
Far-left | Gennady Zyuganov | 1990 | 2002 | 11.77% (Pavel Grudinin) |
13.59% (Party list) 12.93% (SMC) (42 seats) |
✓ | MJ profile Website |
| 3 | Political party LDPR — Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Политическая партия ЛДПР – Либерально-демократическая партия Россия |
Liberal Democratic Party | LDPR (ЛДПР) | Russian ultranationalism Pan-Slavism Imperialism Mixed economy |
Far-right | Vladimir Zhirinovsky | 1992 | 2002 | 5.65% (Vladimir Zhirinovsky) |
13.39% (Party list) 10.09% (SMC) (39 seats) |
✓ | MJ profile Website |
| 4 | Political party "Patriots of Russia" Политическая партия "Патриоты России" |
Patriots of Russia | PR (ПР) | Social democracy Democratic socialism Left-wing nationalism |
Centre-left to left-wing | Gennady Semigin | 2003 | 2003 | DNP (endorsed Vladimir Putin) |
0.60% (Party list) 1.40% (SMC) (0 seats) |
✓ | MJ profile Website |
| 5 | Political party "Russian United Democratic Party "Yabloko"" Политическая партия "Российская объединенная демократическая партия "Яблоко" |
Yabloko | Social liberalism Environmentalism Pro-Europeanism |
Centre to centre-left | Nikolay Rybakov | 1995 | 2003 | 1.05% (Grigory Yavlinsky) |
2.04% (Party list) 2.64% (SMC) (0 seats) |
✓ | MJ profile Website | |
| 6 | Political party "A Just Russia" Политическая партия "Справедливая Россия" |
A Just Russia | JR (СР) | Social democracy Democratic socialism |
Centre-left | Sergey Mironov | 2006 | 2006 | DNP (endorsed Vladimir Putin) |
6.34% (Party list) 10.00% (SMC) (23 seats) |
✓ | MJ profile Website |
| 7 | All-Russian political party "Party of Growth" Всероссийская политическая партия "Партия Роста" |
Party of Growth | PG (ПР) | Liberal conservatism | Centre-right | Boris Titov | 2008 | 2009 | 0.76% (Boris Titov) |
1.31% (Party list) 2.33% (SMC) (0 seats) |
✓ | MJ profile Website |
| 8 | Political party "People's Freedom Party" (PARNAS) Политическая партия "Партия народной свободы" (ПАРНАС) |
People's Freedom Party | PARNAS (ПАРНАС) | Conservative liberalism Liberal democracy Federalism |
Centre-right | Mikhail Kasyanov | 1990 | 2002 | DNP (endorsed Ksenia Sobchak and Grigory Yavlinsky) |
0.74% (Party list) 1.06% (SMC) (0 seats) |
✘ | MJ profile Website |
| 9 | Political party "Democratic Party of Russia" Политическая партия "Демократическая партия России" |
Democratic Party | DPR (ДПР) | Conservatism | Centre-right to right-wing | Timur Bogdanov | 1990 | 2012 | DNP | DNP | ✘ | MJ profile |
| 10 | Political party "Party of Progress" Политическая партия "Партия прогресса" |
Party of Progress | PP (ПП) | Nikolay Pakin | 2012 | 2012 | DNP | DNP | ✘ | MJ profile | ||
| 11 | Political party "Communist Party of Social Justice" Политическая партия "Коммунистическая партия социальной справедливости" |
Communist Party of Social Justice | CPSJ (КПСС) | Communism Socialism |
Far-left | Andrey Bogdanov | 2012 | 2012 | DNP | DNP | ✓ | MJ profile |
| 12 | Political party "Russian Ecological Party "The Greens" Политическая Партия "Российская экологическая партия «Зелёные» |
The Greens | Environmentalism Centrism Green politics |
Centre-left | Anatoly Panfilov | 1993 | 2012 | DNP (endorsed Vladimir Putin) |
0.77% (Party list) 1.53% (SMC) (0 seats) |
✓ | MJ profile Website | |
| 13 | Political party Communist Party Communists of Russia Политическая Партия Коммунистическая партия Коммунисты России |
Communists of Russia | CR (КР) | Communism Marxism–Leninism |
Far-left | Maxim Suraykin | 2009 | 2012 | 0.68% (Maxim Suraykin) |
2.31% (Party list) 3.68% (SMC) (0 seats) |
✓ | MJ profile Website |
| 14 | Public organization — political party "Russian All-People's Union" Общественная организация — политическая партия "Российский общенародный союз" |
Russian All-People's Union | ROS (РОС) | Russian nationalism Pochvennichestvo Social conservatism Right-wing socialism |
Economic: Left-wing Social: Right-wing |
Sergey Baburin | 1991 | 2012 | 0.65% (Sergey Baburin) |
DNP | ✘ | MJ profile Website |
| 15 | All-Russian political party "Party for Fairness!" Всероссийская политическая партия "Партия за справедливость!" |
Party for Fairness! | PF! (ПС!) | Vladimir Ponomarenko | 2012 | 2012 | DNP (endorsed Vladimir Putin) |
DNP | ✘ | MJ profile Website | ||
| 16 | Political party of Social Protection Политическая партия социальной защиты |
Party of Social Protection | PSP (ПСЗ) | Vladimir Mikhailov | 2012 | 2012 | DNP | DNP | ✘ | MJ profile Website | ||
| 17 | Public organization All-Russian political party "Civilian Power" Общественная организация Всероссийская политическая партия "Гражданская сила" |
Civilian Power | CP (ГС) | Green liberalism | Centre-right | Kirill Bykanin | 2002 | 2012 | DNP (endorsed Vladimir Putin) |
0.14% (Party list) 0.16% (SMC) (0 seats) |
✘ | MJ profile Website |
| 18 | Political party "Russian Party of Pensioners for Social Justice" Политическая партия "Российская партия пенсионеров за социальную справедливость" |
Party of Pensioners | RPPSJ (РППСС) | Pensioners' interests Elderly interests Social justice Social conservatism |
Centre-left | Vladimir Burakov | 1997 | 2012 | DNP (endorsed Vladimir Putin) |
1.76% (Party list) DNP (SMC) (0 seats) |
✓ | MJ profile Website |
| 19 | Political party "Civic Platform" Политическая партия "Гражданская платформа" |
Civic Platform | CP (ГП) | Conservatism Liberal conservatism Economic liberalism |
Right-wing | Rifat Shaykhutdinov | 2012 | 2012 | DNP (endorsed Vladimir Putin) |
0.22% (Party list) 0.73% (SMC) (1 seat) |
✓ | MJ profile Website |
| 20 | All-Russian political party "Party of Business" Всероссийская политическая партия "Партия дела" |
Party of Business | PB (ПД) | Centre-left | Konstantin Babkin | 2010 | 2012 | DNP (endorsed Vladimir Putin) |
DNP | ✘ | MJ profile Website | |
| 21 | All-Russian political party "Rodina" Всероссийская политическая партия "Родина" |
Rodina | Russian nationalism National conservatism |
Far-right | Aleksey Zhuravlyov | 2003 | 2012 | DNP (endorsed Vladimir Putin) |
1.53% (Party list) 2.47% (SMC) (1 seat) |
✓ | MJ profile Website | |
| 22 | Political party "Cossack Party of the Russian Federation" Политическая партия "Казачья партия Российской Федерации" |
Cossack Party | CoPRF (КаПРФ) | Cossack interests | Nikolay Konstantinov | 2013 | 2013 | DNP | DNP | ✘ | MJ profile Website | |
| 23 | All-Russian political party "Civic Initiative" Всероссийская политическая партия "Гражданская инициатива"[a 1] |
Civic Initiative | GRANI (ГРАНИ) | Liberalism Conservative liberalism |
Centre-right | Dmitry Gudkov | 2013 | 2013 | 1.68% (Ksenia Sobchak) |
DNP | ✘ | MJ profile Website |
| 24 | Political party "Party of Russia's Rebirth" Политическая партия "Партия возрождения России" |
Party of Russia's Rebirth | PRR (ПВР) | Democratic socialism | Centre-left | Igor Ashurbeyli | 2002 | 2013 | DNP | DNP | ✘ | MJ profile Website |
| 25 | All-Russian political party "People Against Corruption" Общероссийская политическая партия "Народ против коррупции" |
People Against Corruption | PAC (НПК) | Anti-corruption | Roman Putin | 2013 | 2013 | DNP | DNP | ✘ | MJ profile Website | |
| 26 | Political party "Native Party" Политическая партия "Родная партия" |
Native Party | NP (РП) | Alexander Samokhin | 2013 | 2013 | DNP | DNP | ✘ | MJ profile Website | ||
| 27 | All-Russian political party "International Party of Russia" Всероссийская политическая партия "Интернациональная партия России" |
International Party | IPR (ИПР) | Januko Rafailov Gavriil Rafailov Damir Serajetdinov |
2014 | 2014 | DNP | DNP | ✘ | MJ profile | ||
| 28 | Political party "Party of Social Reforms - Profit from Natural Resources – to the People" Политическая партия "Партия социальных реформ - Прибыль от природных ресурсов – Народу" |
Party of Social Reforms | PSR (ПСР) | Stanislav Polischuk | 2014 | 2014 | DNP (endorsed Vladimir Putin) |
DNP | ✘ | MJ profile Website | ||
| 29 | Political party "United Party of People of Limited Working Capacity of Russia" Политическая партия "Объединённая партия людей ограниченной трудоспособности России" |
Party of People of Limited Working Capacity | OPLOT (ОПЛОТ) | Vladimir Maltsev | 2014 | 2014 | DNP | DNP | ✘ | MJ profile Website | ||
| 30 | Political party "Good Deeds, Protection of Children, Women, Freedom, Nature and Pensioners, Against Violence Against Animals" Политическая партия Добрых дел, защиты детей, женщин, свободы, природы и пенсионеров, против насилия над животными» |
Party of Good Deeds | PGD (ПДД) | Andrey Kirillov | 2014 | 2014 | DNP | DNP | ✘ | MJ profile | ||
| 31 | Public organization political party "Revival of Agrarian Russia" Общественная организация политическая партия «Возрождение аграрной России» |
Revival of Agrarian Russia | RAR (ВАР) | Agrarianism | Vasily Krylov | 2015 | 2015 | DNP | DNP | ✘ | MJ profile Website | |
| 32 | Political party "Alternative for Russia (Party of Socialist Choice)" Политическая партия «Альтернатива для России (Партия Социалистического выбора)» |
Alternative for Russia | AfR (АДР) | Socialism | Left | Antonina Serova | 2015 | 2015 | DNP | DNP | ✘ | MJ profile |
| 33 | Public organization – political party "Parents of Future Party" Общественная организация – политическая партия «Партия родителей будущего» |
Parents of Future Party | PFP (ПРБ) | Marina Voronova | 2015 | 2015 | DNP | DNP | ✘ | MJ profile | ||
| 34 | Political party "Party of Small Business of Russia" Политическая партия «Партия малого бизнеса России» |
Party of Small Business | PSB (ПМБ) | Yury Sidorov | 2016 | 2016 | DNP | DNP | ✘ | MJ profile Website | ||
| 35 | Political party "People's Patriotic Party of Russia – Power to the People" Политическая партия «Народно-патриотическая партия России – Власть Народу» |
People's Patriotic Party | PPPR (НППР) | Vladimir Miloserdov | 2018 | 2018 | DNP | New | ✘ | MJ profile Website | ||
| 36 | Political party "New People" Политическая партия «Новые люди» |
New People | NP (НЛ) | Communitarism Progressivism |
Centre-right | Alexey Nechayev | 2020 | 2020 | New | New | ✓ | MJ profile Website |
| 37 | Political party "For Truth" Политическая партия «За правду» |
For Truth | FT (ЗП) | Conservatism | Left-wing | Zakhar Prilepin | 2020 | 2020 | New | New | ✓ | MJ profile Website |
| 38 | Political party "Green Alternative" Политическая партия «Зелёная альтернатива» |
Green Alternative | GA (ЗА) | Environmentalism Green politics |
Left-wing | Ruslan Khvostov | 2020 | 2020 | New | New | ✓ | MJ profile Website |
| 39 | Political party "Party of Direct Democracy" Политическая партия «Партия прямой демократии» |
Party of Direct Democracy | PDD (ППД) | Direct democracy E-democracy |
Centre-right | Oleg Artamonov | 2020 | 2020 | New | New | ✘ | MJ profile Website |
Historical parties (1992–present)
- Merged into United Russia:
- Our Home – Russia (1995–2001)
- Fatherland – All Russia (1998–2002)
- Unity (1999–2001)
- Merged into A Just Russia:
- People's Party of the Russian Federation (2000–2007) (Народная партия Российской Федерации, Narodnaya partiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii)
- Russian Party of Life (2002–2006) (Российская партия жизни, Rossiyskaya Partiya Zhizni)
- Party of Social Justice (2002–2008) (Партия социальной справедливости, Partiya Sotsial'noy Spravedlivosti)
- United Socialist Party of Russia (2003–2008) (Социалистическая единая партия России, Sotsialisticheskaya yedinaya partiya Rossii)
- Merged into Patriots of Russia:
- Party of Peace and Unity (1996–2008) (Российская политическая партия Мира и Единства, Rossiyskaya politicheskaya partiya Mira i Edinstva)
- Other
- Russian Democratic Reform Movement (1991–1993)
- Russian Communist Workers Party (1991–2001)
- Party of Russian Unity and Accord (1992–1995)
- Civic Union (Russia) (1992–1993)
- Future of Russia–New Names (1993)
- Dignity and Charity (1993)
- Democratic Choice of Russia (1993–2001)
- Women of Russia party (1993–1999)
- Beer Lovers Party (1993–1998) (Партия любителей пива, Partiâ lûbitelej piva)
- Derzhava (Russian party) (1994)
- Party of Workers' Self-Government (1995–1996)
- Conceptual Party Unity (2000–2007) (Yedineniye)
- People's Union (2001–2008)(Народный Союз, Narodnyi Soyuz)
- Green Russia (Зеленая Россия) (2005–2006)
- Russian Section of the Committee for a Workers' International (Социалистическое Сопротивление)
- Social Democratic Party of Russia (Социал-демократическая партия России, Social-Demokraticheskaya partiya Rossii)
- Christian Democratic Party of Russia (Российская Христианско-Демократическая партия)
- Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Коммунистическая партия Советского Союза, KPSS '92)
- Conservative Party of Russia (Консервативная партия России)
- Eurasia Party (Евразия, Yevraziya)
- Green Alternative (Зелёная Альтернатива)
Banned parties in Russia
- Communist Party of the Soviet Union
- National Bolshevik Party (Национал-большевистская партия, Natsional-bol'shevitskaya partiya)
- Hizb ut-Tahrir (Хизб ут-Тахрир)
Soviet parties, 1917–1992
- Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1912–1991) (Коммунисти́ческая Па́ртия Сове́тского Сою́за, Kommunističeskaja Partija Sovetskogo Soujuza). Factions:
- Left Communists (1907-1921)
- Group of Democratic Centralism (1919-1923)
- Workers' Opposition (1920-1922)
- Workers' Truth (1921-1923)
- Right Opposition (1921-1933)
- Left Opposition (1923-1927)
- Workers Group of the Russian Communist Party (1923-1930)
- United Opposition (1926-1933)
- Anti-Party Group (1956-1958)
- Democratic Union (1988-1991)
- Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union (1989–1992)
Parties of the Russian Empire, 1721–1917
- Party of Return to Serfdom (c. 1860s-1900s)
- Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (1898-1912) (Росси́йская Социа́л-Демократи́ческая Рабо́чая Па́ртия, Rossijskaja Social-demokrastičeskaja Rabočaja Partija). Factions:
- Mensheviks (1912-1917)
- Bolsheviks (1912-1918)
- Mezhraiontsy (1913-1917)
- Yedinstvo (1914-1918)
- Socialist-Revolutionary Party (1902–1921) (Партия Социалистов-революционеров, Partija Socialistov-revoljucionerov)
- Trudoviks (1906-1917)
- Left Socialist-Revolutionaries (1917-1923)
- Union of the Muslims of Russia (1905-1907) (Иттифак әл-мөслимин, İttifaq âl-Möslimin)
- Constitutional Democratic Party (1905–1917) (Российская Конституционно-демократическая партия, Rossiyskaya Konstitutsionno-demokraticheskaya partiya)
- Union of October 17 (1905–1917)
- Party of Democratic Reform (1906–1907)
- Popular Socialists (1906-1918)
- Polish Socialist Party (1892-1918)
- Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (1893-1918)
- General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia (1897-1921)
- Jewish Socialist Workers Party (1906-1917)
- Union of the Russian People (1905-1917)
Other historical parties
- For Holy Russia (За Русь Святую, Za Rus’ Svyatuyu)
- Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party (Poalei Zion), a 1906–1928 Zionist socialist political party in Russia
- Pamyat (Память, Pamyat)
- People's National Party (Народная национальная партия, Narodnaya natsional'naya partiya)
- Russian Maoist Party (Российская маоистская партия, Rossiyskaya maoistskaya partiya)
- Russian Movement
- Russian National Socialist Party (previously Russian National Union) (Русская Национальная Социалистическая Партия, Russkaya Natsional'naya Socialisticheskaya partiya)
- Russian National Unity (Русское Национальное Единство, Russkoye Natsional'noye Yedinstvo)
- Union of Social Democrats (Союз социал-демократов)
- Communists of Russia (Коммунисты России)
- Russian Section of the Committee for a Workers' International (Социалистическое Сопротивление)
Footnotes
- Currently, the party is in the process of renaming to the "Party of Changes". The new name has not yet been approved by the Ministry of Justice.
References
- "Russia Analytical Digest" (PDF) (102). University of Basel, Center for Security Studies Zürich, Forschungsstelle Osteuropa Bremen. 26 November 2011: 2–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 May 2012. Cite journal requires
|journal=(help) - Yevgeny Utkin. Seven parties, one virtually certain outcome Russia Beyond the Headlines. (2011-11-23)
- "Список зарегистрированных политических партий - Минюст России". minjust.ru.
Further reading
- Gel′man, Vladimir (2013). Party Politics in Russia: From Competition to Hierarchy. Politics In Russia: A Reader. CQ Press. pp. 273–289.
- Hale, Henry E. (2006). Why Not Parties in Russia?: Democracy, Federalism, and the State. Cambridge University Press.
- Smyth, Regina (2012). Political parties. Routledge Handbook of Russian Politics and Society. Routledge. pp. 115–128.
- White, Stephen (2013). Russia's Client Party System. Politics In Russia: A Reader. CQ Press. pp. 306–330.
External links
- Justice Ministry webpage about Russian political parties
- Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation webpage about Russian political parties
List of political parties in Asia | |
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