List of political parties in the Netherlands
This article lists political parties in the Netherlands, which has a multi-party system with numerous political parties, in which any one party has little chance of gaining power alone, and parties often work with each other to form coalition governments.
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The lower house of the legislature, the House of Representatives, is elected by a national party-list system of proportional representation. There is no threshold for getting a seat, making it possible for a party to get a seat with only two-thirds percent of the vote—roughly one seat for every 67,000 votes.
No party has won a majority of seats since the election of 1894,[1] and no party has even approached the seats needed for a majority since the current proportional representation system was implemented in 1918. All Dutch governments since then have been coalitions between two or more parties. However, there is a broad consensus on the basic principles of the political system, and all parties must adjust their goals to some extent in order to have a realistic chance at being part of the government.
General overview
Members of four Dutch political parties (PvdA, D66, CDA and VVD) campaigning in Ulft, shortly before the 2010 municipal elections
- The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) is a conservative-liberal party.[2] As a centre-right movement, it attaches great importance to private enterprise, economic liberalism[3] and the freedom of the individual in political, social, and economic affairs. The party is generally supportive of European economic integration, but is less supportive of political integration. The party's leader is Mark Rutte. VVD is a member of the Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party.
- The Labour Party (PvdA), a social democratic party, and centre-left in orientation.[2] Its program is based on more social, political, and economic equality for all citizens. Former PvdA-prime minister Joop den Uyl has called it an "equal distribution of knowledge, income and power." In recent years the PvdA has espoused a centrist Third Way programme. The PvdA is generally supportive of European integration. Although called the Labour Party, it has no formal links to the trade unions. In practice, however, strong links exist, with PvdA politicians often beginning their careers in the FNV trade union. The party is led by Lilianne Ploumen. The PvdA was a member of the Socialist International until it delisted in 2014.[4] Nowadays the party is a member of the Progressive Alliance and the Party of European Socialists.
- The Party for Freedom (PVV) is a right-wing populist[2] and national-liberal[5] party. It was founded by Geert Wilders, who split from the VVD in 2004. The PVV seeks to lower taxation. It is Eurosceptical and seeks to limit immigration, especially from Islamic and non-Western countries. The party is part of the Identity and Democracy group.
- The Christian Democratic Appeal is a Christian democratic party on the centre to centre-right.[2] It supports free enterprise and holds to the principle that government activity should supplement but not supplant communal action by citizens. On the political spectrum, the CDA sees its philosophy as standing between the "individualism" of the VVD and the "statism" of the Labour Party. The CDA favours European economic, cultural, and political integration. The CDA is a member of the Centrist Democrat International and the European People's Party.
- The Socialist Party (SP) is a left-wing populist party.[6] In the 1970s and 1980s, it was a Maoist party supported by the People's Republic of China (PRC). But in 1991 the SP dropped its Communist course, and chose a more independent and less radical democratic socialist[2] course, having long since denounced Maoism and the PRC. The party itself has called it a move "from socialism to a social-ism." The party opposes what it sees as the European Superstate. The SP operated as an independent party within the European United Left-Nordic Green Left group until the 2019 European elections, when it lost all seats in the European Parliament. Lilian Marijnissen is the leader of the SP.
- GreenLeft combines green politics[2] with left-wing ideals. The party was founded in 1990 as a merger of the Radical, Pacifist, Communist, and Evangelical Left parties. The current leader Jesse Klaver opposes what he calls "economism", where important values seem to be secondary to economic growth. GreenLeft is a member of the Global Greens and the European Green Party.
- The Christian Union (CU) is a socially conservative[2] Christian democratic party, which mostly concentrates on ethical issues, such as a resistance against abortion, euthanasia, and gay marriage. In other areas (e.g. immigration and the environment), the party often is closer to the left-wing parties. It is sceptical about European integration. The CU was operating within the European Conservatives and Reformists group until after the 2019 European elections when it joined the European People's Party group. The party is a founding member of the European Christian Political Movement.
- Democrats 66 (D66) has had widely fluctuating electoral fortunes since the party's founding in 1966. The party was founded as a movement that advocated direct democracy and electoral reform. Today's it is a centrist social liberal[2][3] party, professing a pro-European platform, progressive views on, for example, euthanasia, organ donation, ecological sustainability and ethnic and religious tolerance. Sigrid Kaag leads the party. D66 is a member of the Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party.
- Party for the Animals (PvdD) is an animal rights party, which can be labeled as a one issue-party, though it claims not to be. The focus of the party is on animal welfare, protecting the environment and conservation. The party also has distinctive points of view about education, privacy, health care and the economy. Its founder is Marianne Thieme. Its current leader is Esther Ouwehand. The party is currently part of the European United Left–Nordic Green Left group.
- The Reformed Political Party (SGP) is a party of the Christian right,[2] with stronger ethical points of view than the ChristianUnion. Although a small party on a national level, it is an important political power in some orthodox reformed municipalities. The party sees governments (local, regional, national and international) as unconditional servants of God. The party bases all of its views directly on the Bible. The party opposes European integration and operates within the European Conservatives and Reformists group and is a member of the European Christian Political Movement. Kees van der Staaij leads the SGP.
- 50PLUS (50+) is a populist Pensioners' Party. The party takes a centrist position in the political spectrum which combines social democratic, social liberal and social conservative positions. It was led by Henk Krol who left the party in May 2020 due to internal quarrel. He then started the Party for the Future.[7] The party was part of the European People's Party group until the party's only MEP joined the Christian Democratic Appeal.
- DENK, a small political party mainly focusing on and promoting multiculturalism and social integration. The party also supports environmentalism and international justice. Tunahan Kuzu founded the party after splitting from the PvdA in 2014. The current leader is Farid Azarkan.
- Forum for Democracy, a right-wing, populist, national conservative party. In favour of lower taxes, military investment and expansion, electoral reform, offering a referendum on European Union membership, reinstating border controls and ending what it perceives as mass immigration. The party was founded and led by Thierry Baudet until he resigned in November 2020. The party is a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party and part of the ERC-group.
- The Independent Senate Group (OSF) is a parliamentary party in the Dutch Senate with one senator, representing several provincial parties and advocating a regionalist agenda. The party's current senator Gerben Gerbrandy is a member of the civic nationalistic Frisian National Party.
National political parties
Parties represented in the States General
Parties without representation in the States General
Regional and local political parties
Regional parties
| Political party | Active in | Main ideology | Position | Leader | European affiliation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FNP | Frisian National Party Fryske Nasjonale Partij |
 Friesland |
Civic nationalism | Big tent[39] | Sijbe Knol | EFA | |
| GB | Groninger Interest Groninger Belang |
 Groningen |
Regionalism | Centre | Bram Schmaal | — | |
| LB | Local Brabant Lokaal Brabant |
 North Brabant |
Regionalism | Centre | Harold van den Broek | — | |
| LL | Local Limburg Lokaal-Limburg |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Limburg |
Regionalism | Centre | Raimond Franssen | — | |
| PvhN | Party for the North Partij voor het Noorden |
Groningen Friesland Drenthe |
Regionalism | Centre | Dries Zwart | — | |
| PvZ | Party for Zeeland Partij voor Zeeland |
 Zeeland |
Regionalism | Centre | François Babijn | — | |
| OPNH | Elderly Party NH Ouderenpartij NH |
 North Holland |
Pensioners' interests | Centre | Jeff Leever | — | |
| SL | Strong Local Drenthe Sterk Lokaal Drenthe |
Drenthe |
Regionalism | Centre | Alfred Schoenmaker | — | |
Local parties
Water board parties
| Political party | Main ideology | Position | Leader | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AWP | General Water Board Party Algemene Waterschapspartij |
Apoliticism | Syncretic | Ron van Megen | |
| WN | Water Natuurlijk | Green politics | Centre-left | Peter Snoeren | |
Bonaire
| Political party | Main ideology | Position | Leader | Affiliation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| American | Intl. | ||||||
| PDB | Bonaire Democratic Party Partido Demokrátiko Boneriano |
Social democracy | Centre-left | Clark Abraham | — | — | |
| UPB | Bonaire Patriotic Union Union Patriótiko Boneriano |
Christian democracy | Centre | James Kroon | ODCA | CDI | |
| MPB | Movement of Bonaire People Movementu di Pueblo Boneriano |
Christian socialism | Centre | Elvis Tjin Asjoe | — | — | |
| FSP | Social Progressive Front Frente Sosial Progresivo |
Social democracy | Centre-left | Robby Beukenboom | — | — | |
Saba
| Political party | Main ideology | Position | Leader | American affiliation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SLP | Saba Labour Party | Social democracy | Centre-left | Monique Wilson | — | |
| WIPM | Windward Islands People's Movement | Christian democracy | Centre | Rolando Wilson | ODCA | |
Sint Eustatius
| Political party | Main ideology | Position | Leader | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DP | Democratic Party | Christian democracy | Centre | Adelka Spanner | |
| PLP | Progressive Labour Party | Social democracy | Centre-left | Rechelline Leerdam | |
Defunct political parties
History and evolution of all Dutch political parties to ever have had seats in the House of Representatives.
- Algemeen Ouderen Verbond (AOV, General Elderly Alliance)
- Algemeene Bond van RK-kiesverenigingen (General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses; became the RKSP)
- Alliantie voor Vernieuwing en Democratie (Alliance for Renewal and Democracy)
- Artikel 50 (Article 50; merged with For the Netherlands)
- Algemeene Nederlandsche Fascisten Bond (General Dutch Fascist League)
- Anti-Revolutionaire Partij (ARP, Anti-Revolutionary Party, 1879–1980; merged into Christen Democratisch Appèl, CDA)
- Arab European League (Arabisch-Europese Liga, AEL; initially founded in Belgium, active in the Netherlands between 2003 and 2005; now MDP)
- Arbeiderspartij van Nederland (APN, Workers Party of the Netherlands)
- Boerenpartij (BP, Farmers' Party)
- Bond Christen Socialisten (BCS, League of Christian Socialists)
- Bond van Nederlandse Marxisten-Leninisten (BNML, League of Dutch Marxist-Leninists; merged into the KAO)
- Bond van Vrije Liberalen (Association of Free Liberals; merged into Liberale Staatspartij)
- Brabant Party (Brabantse Partij, active in North Brabant)
- Continue Directe Democratie Partij (CDDP)
- Centrumdemocraten (CD, Centre Democrats; split from the Centrumpartij)
- Centrumpartij (CP, Centre Party; later Centrumpartij '86)
- Centrumpartij '86 (CP'86; Centre Party '86)
- Christen Democratische Partij (Christian Democratic Party)
- Christelijk-Democratische Unie (Christian-Democratic Union; CDU; merged into Partij van de Arbeid (PvdA))
- Christelijk-Historische Unie (CHU) (Christian-Historical Union; merged into Christen Democratisch Appèl (CDA))
- Christelijk Sociale Party (CSP)
- Christelijk-Historische Kiezersbond (CHK) (Christian Historical Voters' League; merged into the Christelijk-Historische Partij)
- 'Christelijk-Historische Partij (CHP) (Christian Historical Party; merged into the Christian Historical Union)
- Christian Organisation of Self-employed Persons
- Communistische Partij Nederland (CPN) (Communist Party Netherlands; merged into GroenLinks, some members formed the NCPN)
- deConservatieven (The Conservatives)
- Democratisch Socialisten '70 (DS'70) (Democratic Socialists '70)
- Duurzaam Nederland (Sustainable Netherlands)
- Economische Bond (EB) (Economic League)
- Entrepreneurs Party (OP) (OndernemersPartij)
- Europa Transparant (ET) (Europe Transparant)
- Evangelische Volkspartij (EVP) (Evangelical Peoples Party; merged into GroenLinks)
- Fatherland League (Netherlands) (Vaderlandsch Verbond)
- Friesche Bond (Frisian League; merged into the Christian Historican Union
- Gereformeerd Politiek Verbond (GPV) (Reformed Political Union; merged into ChristenUnie)
- Hervormd Gereformeerde Staatspartij {dissolved in 1946}
- Independent Socialist Party (OSP)
- Islamitische Partij Nederland (Islamic Party Netherlands; founded in 1998)
- Katholieke Nationale Partij (KNP) (Catholic National Party) {merged into the KVP}
- Katholieke Volkspartij (KVP) (Catholic People's Party) {merged into Christen Democratisch Appèl (CDA)}
- Kommunistische Arbeidersorganisatie (marxistisch-leninistisch) (KAO(ml) (Communist Workers Organisation (Marxist-Leninist); dissolved around 1980)
- Kommunistische Eenheidsbeweging Nederland (marxistisch-leninistisch) (KEN(ml); Communist Unity Movement of the Netherlands) {dissolved in mid-1980s)
- The Independent Citizen Party (Dutch: Onafhankelijke Burger Partij, OBP)
- Leefbaar Nederland (LN) (Liveable Netherlands)
- Liberale Staatspartij (LSP; Liberal State Party; merged into Partij van de Vrijheid (PvdV))
- Liberale Partij (Liberal Party; merged into the Vaderlandsch Verbond)
- Liberale Unie (Liberal Union; merged into Liberale Staatspartij)
- Lijst Pim Fortuyn (LPF) (Pim Fortuyn List; disbanded in 2007)
- Lijst Ratelband (Ratelband List)
- Lijst Veldhoen (Veldhoen List)
- Marxistisch-Leninistische Partij Nederland (MLPN; a fake party founded in 1970 by the Dutch Intelligence Service BVD and the CIA, to research support for Maoism and to fool the People's Republic of China)
- Middenpartij voor Stad en Land (MPSL) (Middle Party for City and Country)
- Middenstandspartij (MP) (Middle Class Party)
- Moslimpartij (Muslim Party; founded in 1993)
- Nationaal-Socialistische Nederlandsche Arbeiderspartij (NSNAP) (National Socialist Dutch Workers Party) {1931–1941}
- Nationale Alliantie (NA) (National Alliance)
- Nederlands Blok (NB) (Dutch Block)
- Neutrale Partij (Neutral Party)
- Nieuwe Nationale Partij (NNP) (New National Party)
- Nieuw Rechts (NR) (New Right)
- Nieuwe Wegen (NiWe) (New Ways)
- O O Den Haag (O O The Hague; {was initially registered for 2003 elections but withdrew)
- Pacifistisch-Socialistische Partij (PSP; Pacifist-Socialist Party; merged into GroenLinks)
- New Limburg Party (PNL; Partij Nieuw Limburg, has been active in Limburg
- Party of the Future (PvdT) (Partij van de Toekomst)
- Partij van de Vrijheid (PvdV) (Freedom Party; became Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie")
- Partij Voor De Mens en alle overige aardbewoners
- Partij voor Rechtvaardigheid, Daadkracht en Vooruitgang (Party for Justice, Action and Progress)
- Plattelandersbond (Peasants' League)
- Politieke Partij Radicalen (PPR) (Political Party of Radicals; merged into GroenLinks)
- Progressive Integration Party
- Radicale Bond (RB) (Radical League; merged into VDB)
- Reformatorische Politieke Federatie (RPF) (Reforming Political Federation) {merged into ChristenUnie}
- Roomsch-Katholieke Staatspartij(RKSP) (Roman Catholic Political Party; predecessor of KVP)
- Senioren 2000 (Seniors 2000)
- Solide Multiculturele Partij (SMP)
- Sociaal-Democratische Arbeiders Partij (SDAP) (Social Democratic Workers Party; merged into Partij van de Arbeid (PvdA))
- Sociaal-Democratische Bond (Social Democratic League; merged into the SDAP)
- Sociaal Liberale Partij (SLP) (Social Liberal Party)
- Socialistische Party (Socialist Party active before World War II, not the current Socialist Party)
- Solidair '93 (Solidarity '93; appears not to have contested elections after 1998)
- Unie 55+ (General Senior Union/Union 55+)
- Verbond tot Democratisering der Weermacht (Alliance for the Democratization of the Army)
- Verbond van Communisten in Nederland (VCN) (League of Communists in the Netherlands; split from the Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN) in 1983 and merged with the remains of the CPN in 1992 to form the New Communist Party of the Netherlands (NCPN))
- Verbond voor Nationaal Herstel (Alliance for National Reconstruction)
- VoorNederland (VNL) (For Netherlands)
- Vrijzinnig Democratische Bond (VDB) (Freethinking Democratic League; merged into Partij van de Arbeid (PvdA))
- Vrij Antirevolutionaire Partij (Free Anti Revolutionary Party; merged into Christelijk-Historische Partij)
See also
References
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- Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Retrieved 8 June 2015.
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- https://www.ad.nl/politiek/henk-krol-verlaat-50plus-start-met-partij-voor-de-toekomst~a02a5a35
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- Rudy B. Andeweg; Galen A. Irwin (2014). Governance and Politics of the Netherlands (4th ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 74.
- Hans Keman (2008), "The Low Countries: Confrontation and Coalition in Segmented Societies", Comparative European Politics, Taylor & Francis, p. 221, ISBN 9780203946091
- Andeweg, R. and G. Irwin Politics and Governance in the Netherlands, Basingstoke (Palgrave) p.49
- "Standpunten" (in Dutch). Forum voor Democratie. 15 November 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- "Forum voor Democratie: Why has the Dutch far right surged?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
- Tierolf, Bas; Drost, Lisanne; van Kapel, Maaike (December 2018). Zevende rapportage racisme, antisemitisme en extreemrechts geweld in Nederland (PDF) (Report) (in Dutch). Verwey-Jonker Instituut. p. 35. ISBN 978-90-5830-912-9. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
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- Tjitske Akkerman (2015). "Gender and the radical right in Western Europe: a comparative analysis of policy agendas". Patterns of Prejudice. 49 (1–2): 37–60. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2015.1023655. S2CID 144264153.
- "Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV) — Europe Politique". www.europe-politique.eu. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
- "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu.
- Sean Lusk; Nick Birks (2014). Rethinking Public Strategy. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-137-37758-6.
- "Far-right MEPs form group in European Parliament". EurActiv. 2 July 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
- José Magone (3 July 2013). Contemporary European Politics: A Comparative Introduction. Routledge. p. 533. ISBN 978-1-136-93397-4.
- "European Social Survey 2012 - Appendix 3 (in English)" (PDF). European Science Foundation. 1 January 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
- Watkins, Susan (May–June 2005). "Continental tremors". New Left Review. New Left Review. II (33).
- "Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe", published November 2008, retrieved 18 November 2016: http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/ipa/05818.pdf
- "A Pro-Immigrant Party Rises in the Netherlands". The New York Times. 29 July 2016.
- "Ethnic minorities desert Labour, turn to Denk ahead of March vote". Dutch News. 6 February 2017.
- "Standpunten". GO Realisme & Daadkracht. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- "We zijn de luis in de pels, houden iedereen scherp" (PDF) (in Dutch). De Kanttekening. Archived from the original on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- "Verkiezingsprogramma 2017 – 2021" (in Dutch). Libertarische Partij. 10 November 2016. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- "Doelstellingen" (in Dutch). Partij voor Mens en Spirit. 5 May 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- Piratenpartij (13 April 2010). "Structuur" [Structure] (in Dutch). Retrieved 14 April 2010.
- Stagni, Federica; 2018 (6 December 2018). "Time For Change: How Volt Wants To Fix Europe". Italics Magazine. Retrieved 9 June 2019.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
- https://pureportal.strath.ac.uk/en/datasets/frisian-national-party-membership-survey
External links
- Documentation Centre for Dutch Political Parties (DNPP) at University of Groningen
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