Security Service of Ukraine

• Central Apparatus (consists of some 25 departments)
  • Main Directorate on Corruption and Organized Crime Counteraction
• Regional Departments (26 departments)
• Special Department
• Anti-Terrorist Center cooperates with numerous ministries and other state agencies such as the Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Emergencies, State Border Guard Service, and others.
• Educational Institutions
  • National Academy of Security Service of Ukraine
  • Institute in preparation of Service Personnel at the National Law Academy of Yaroslav the Wise.
  • Others
• State Archives of the SBU
• Special Group "Alpha"

On 14 January 1918 the Ukrainian People's Republic founded its Security Services.[7]

In May 1918 the Department of the State Guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State started to form a new intelligence service.[7] This was a much more effective agency than its predecessor due to the incorporation of former employees of Okhrana (the secret police force of the Russian Empire).[7] After the fall of the Ukrainian State and the return of power of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) in December 1918, the new UNR authorities destroyed virtually all of the state infrastructure of the Ukrainian State.[7] Therefore, the new secret services founded in January 1919 (with two divisions - domestic and foreign) had to start practically from scratch.[7][8] It never became as well lead, nor successful, as the security services of the Ukrainian State.[7][8] The security services of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on the other hand were well-organized.[7] The West Ukrainian People's Republic were formed in March 1919 as the Field Gendarmerie of the Ukrainian Galician Army (it also served as military police).[7] There was no cooperation between the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic security services.[7]

In 1924 former (April–July 1919) head of intelligence of the Ukrainian People's Republic Mykola Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian People's Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR.[9]

The All-Ukrainian Cheka was formed on December 3, 1918 in Kursk[10] on the initiative from Yakov Sverdlov and Lenin's orders. The commission was formed on the decree of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine and later adopted on May 30, 1919 by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee. To support the Soviet government in Ukraine, in Moscow was formed a corps of special assignment with 24,500 soldiers as part of the All-Ukrainian Cheka. In spring 1919 there was created the Council in fight against counterrevolution and consisted of Adolph Joffe, Stanislav Kosior, and Martin Latsis. In its early years the security agency fought against the "kulak-nationalistic banditry"[11] (peasants who resisted having their land confiscated and being forced into collective farms). On August 19, 1920 the All-Ukrainian Cheka arrested all members of the All-Ukrainian Conference of Mensheviks after accusing them in counterrevolution.[12] On December 10, 1934 the State Political Directorate of Ukraine was dissolved, becoming part of the NKVD of Ukraine.[10]

SSU Headquarters in Kyiv

The SBU is a successor of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch of the Soviet KGB, keeping the majority of its 1990s personnel.[13] Many of whom came from the KGB's 5th directorate.[13] It was created in September 1991 following the August 1991 independence of Ukraine.[7] The last Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch head Colonel-General Nikolai Golushko stayed on as chairman of the newly formed Security Service of Ukraine for four months before moving to Russia.[7] (Golushko headed the Russian Federal Counterintelligence Service in Golushko in 1993 and 1994.[7])

Since 1992, the agency has been competing in intelligence functions with the intelligence branch of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. Despite this, a former Military Intelligence Chief and career GRU technological espionage expert, Ihor Smeshko, served as an SBU chief until 2005.

According to Taras Kuzio during the 1990s in some regions of Ukraine (Donetsk) the SBU teamed up with local criminals taking part in privatization of state property (so-called prykhvatizatsiya) ignoring its operational objectives and sky-rocketing level of local violence. A notorious incident took place in December 1995 in Western Ukraine when a local citizen Yuriy Mozola was arrested by SBU agents, interrogated and brutally tortured for three days. He refused to confess in trumped up murder charges and died in SBU custody. Later it turned out that the real killer was Anatoly Onoprienko. He was arrested the next year.[6]

Reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s.[13] Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants.[13]

In 2004, the SBU's Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine. It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security. As of 2004, the exact functions of the new service, and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet. On November 7, 2005 the President of Ukraine created the Ukraine State Service of special communications and protection of information, also known as Derzhspetszvyazok (StateSpecCom) in place of one of the departments of SBU and making it an autonomous agency. The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Управління державної охорони України), the personal protection agency for the most senior government officials, which was the former Ninth Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB.

The SBU's State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major Mykola Mel'nychenko, the communications protection agent in President Leonid Kuchma's bodyguard team. Mel'nychenko was the central figure of the Cassette Scandal (2000)—one of the main events in Ukraine's post-independence history. SBU became involved in the case when Mel'nychenko accused Leonid Derkach, SBU Chief at the time, of several crimes, e.g., of clandestine relations with Russian mafia leader Semyon Mogilevich. However, the UDO was subsumed into the SBU after the scandal, so Mel'nychenko himself has never been an SBU agent.

Later, the SBU played a significant role in the investigation of the Georgiy Gongadze murder case,[14] the crime that caused the Cassette Scandal itself.

In 2004, General Valeriy Kravchenko, SBU's intelligence representative in Germany, publicly accused his agency of political involvement, including overseas spying on Ukrainian opposition politicians and German TV journalists. He was fired without returning home. After a half-year of hiding in Germany, Kravchenko returned to Ukraine and surrendered in October 2004 (an investigation is underway).

Later, the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko, at the home of Smeshko's first deputy. However, neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers. It is also important to note that the Personal Protection department has been officially responsible for Yushchenko's personal security since he became a candidate. During the Orange Revolution, several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect, while the agency as a whole remained neutral.

In 2005, soon after the elections, sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolution's events. They claimed to have prevented militsiya from violently suppressing the protests, contradicting the orders of President Kuchma and threatening militsiya with armed involvement of SBU's special forces units. This story was first described by the American journalist C.J. Chivers of The New York Times and has never been supported with documents or legally.

The SBU is widely suspected of illegal surveillance and eavesdropping of offices and phones.

An episode of human rights abuse by SBU happened during the case of serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko. Yuriy Mozola, an initial suspect in the investigation, died in SBU custody in Lviv as a result of torture. Several agents were convicted in the case.[15] The SBU remains a political controversial subject in Ukrainian politics.[16]

The former Security Service of Ukraine Head Valeriy Khoroshkovsky was involved in several controversies during his tenure. The rector of the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv Borys Gudziak heavily criticized a visit from the SBU, forcing Khoroshkovskiy to apologize. Later the head of the Kyiv Bureau of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Nico Lange, was detained for a short while and released only after several high-ranking officials from the German Chancellery vouched for him. The Security Service described the incident as a misunderstanding.[17] Khoroshkovskiy, as the Chairman of the SBU, eliminated the main competition of Ukrainian TV-giant Inter, officially owned by his wife Olena Khoroshkovskiy, in the face of TVi and Channel 5. In July 2010, Konrad Schuller of the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung wrote that Khoroshkovskiy had connections with RosUkrEnergo.[18][19][20] The most important source of Khoroshkovskiy's came from RosUkrEnergo. The President's spokesperson, Hanna Herman, in an interview with this newspaper, did not dispute that Dmytro Firtash was one of the sponsors of the Presidential Party of Regions, with the help of which Khoroshkovskiy was appointed to the position of the State Security chairman. Khoroshkovskiy denied any connections to RosUkrEnergo. However it is a fact that Firtash possesses certain privileges in Inter. Schuller also stated that the SBU acts in direct association with RosUkrEnergo, arresting their main opponents (see RosUkrEnergo) in order to recover their invested money in the recent presidential campaign. Khoroshkovskiy having declined to give an interview to Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Schuller posted a quote from one of his other interviews:

All my experience until now indicates that I am a patriot. ... I see through economic intrigues, crime, know methods of money laundering, banks that illegally exchange currency. ... My knowledge is much wider than most of those who work here.

When Minister of Finance Fedir Yaroshenko resigned on January 18, 2012, Khoroshkovsky replaced him in the post on the same day.[21] Khoroshkovsky is also the owner of U.A. Inter Media Group which owns major shares in various Ukrainian TV channels including Inter TV.[22] 238 members of the Verkhovna Rada voted for Khoroshkovsky, however the head of the parliamentary committee for the National Security and Defense Anatoliy Hrytsenko stated that the committee accepted the decision to recommend Verkhovna Rada to deny the candidature of Khoroshkovskiy on the post of the chairman of Security Service of Ukraine.[23]

Khoroshkovskiy said the SBU's main duty was to protect the president rather than the interests of Ukraine. On July 26, 2010 it arrested an internet blogger, producing a warrant for his arrest the next day. SBU accused the blogger of threatening the President of Ukraine, citing his comment "May thunder strike Yanukovych!"; he was released after a short discussion.[24] However, SBU showed a rather passive reaction to the statements of the Russian state official who claimed that Crimea and Sevastopol belong to the Russian Federation.[25] Protest group FEMEN said that after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych the SBU attempted to intimidate the FEMEN activists.[26]

On May 22, 2012 Volodymyr Rokytskyi, Deputy Head of the SBU, was photographed in public wearing a $32,000 luxury wristwatch despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income. The instance happened at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting the drug trade.[27]

The SBU uncovered seven spies and 16 special service agents in 2009.[28]

A large number of arrests and searches occurred in 2011.[29]

In February 2014, numerous documents, hard drives, and flash drives, including data on over 22,000 officers and informants, were stolen or destroyed in a raid on the SBU allegedly ordered by President Viktor Yanukovych.[30]

Late February 2014 opposition MP Hennadiy Moskal released papers that showed the SBU had allegedly infiltrated the late 2013-February 2014 anti-government Euromaidan protest.[31] According to BBC Ukraine analyst Olexiy Solohubenko many tactics discussed in the paper had indeed been performed.[31]

After the overthrow of Yanukovich in the February 2014 Ukrainian revolution the new SBU head Valentyn Nalyvaichenko claimed to have found his new office building empty, saying "the agency’s former leadership had all fled to Russia or Crimea. There were no operative files, no weapons. Institutionally, the place was totally destroyed".[32] Nalyvaichenko also claimed that at that time the agency was heavily infiltrated by Russian spies.[32] Indeed, Nalyvaichenko predecessor Oleksandr Yakymenko with about 15 former SBU top officials surfaced in Russia a few days later.[30] Allegedly in the months following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution thousands of Ukrainian spies switched sides and began reporting to Russia during the 2014 Crimean crisis and the pro-Russian unrest in east and south Ukraine.[30] At the end of 2014 235 SBU agents, including the former counterintelligence chief and his cousin, and hundreds of other operatives had been arrested and 25 high treason probes against Yanukovych-era SBU officials had been launched; also all regional directors had been changed, as well as half of their deputies.[30] In July 2015 Nalyvaichenko claimed “There’s no longer a total infiltration of Russian agents. The danger is no longer widespread”.[32] The arrested agents were replaced by new recruits from western Ukraine, many of them in their early twenties.[30] To test loyalty, all SBU agents are subjected to recurrent interrogations and lie detector tests.[30]

In June 2015, the Kyiv Post reported that a deputy chief of the SBU, Vitaly Malikov, had supported events leading to the annexation of Crimea.[33] According to February 2016 official figures of the Ukrainian parliamentary Committee on National Security, after Russia's annexation 10% of SBU personnel left Crimea.[34] According to the SBU itself (in November 2017) 13% did so.[35]

On December 21, 2017, two Ukrainian civil servants were arrested by the SBU for spying on behalf of Russia, one of them being an SBU employee while the other, Stanislav Yezhov, worked for various cabinet ministers.[36]

In late 2018, the SBU carries out raids across the country targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) churches and priests.[37][38][39]

On July 8, 2019, the SBU announced that they conducted a raid into Donbass to apprehend Vladimir Borysovich Tsemakh, who was head of the air defense in Snizhne and a 'person of interest' when a Buk missile launcher was used to shoot down MH17.[40][41] The SBU mentioned that he's a witness to the incident.[42]

On April 14, 2020, the SBU announced the arrest of Lt. General Valeriy Shaytanov, who was recruited in 2014 by the FSB during a Russian-Ukrainian anti-terrorist working group under the command of Colonel Igor Egorov.[43][44] He was known to head the anti-terrorist division who had played a prominent role in negotiating ceasefires and prisoner exchanges with Russia-backed militants in Eastern Ukraine.[43] He had planned the future assassination of Adam Osmayev, a Chechen in the International Peacekeeping Battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev which is defending Ukraine against Russia aggression.[45][46]

• Mykola Chebotarov (April–July 1919)[9] (starting in 1924 Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian People's Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR.[9])

Department of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs

• Isaak Shvarts, December 3, 1918 – April 2, 1919
• Martin Latsis, April 2, 1919 – August 16, 1919

Special Commission of the All Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee

• Vasiliy Mantsev, August 16, 1919 – March 17, 1920

Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine

• Vasiliy Mantsev,[47] March 17, 1920 – April 2, 1921

Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine

• Vasiliy Mantsev,[47] April 2, 1921 – August 2, 1923
• (acting) Vsevolod Balitsky, August 2, 1923 – September 3, 1923[48]

Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs

• Vsevolod Balitsky, September 3, 1923 – June 31, 1931
• Stanislav Redens, 1931 – 1933
• Vsevolod Balitsky, February 21, 1933 – July 10, 1934[48][49]
• Vsevolod Balitsky, 1934 – 1937[48][49]
• (acting) Vasiliy Timofeyevich Ivanov, 1937
• Israel Moiseyevich Leplevsky, 1937 – 1938
• Alexander Ivanovich Uspensky, 1938
• (acting) Amayak Zakharovich Kobulov, 1938 – 1939
• Ivan Aleksandrovich Serov, 1939 – 1941
• Pavel Yakovich Meshik, 1941
• Vasiliy Timofeyevich Sergienko, 1941 – 1943

• Sergei Romanovich Savchenko,[50] 1943–1949
• Nikolai Kuzmich Kovalchuk, 1949–1952
• Pyotr Ivanovich Ivashutin, 1952–1956

• Tymofiy Amvrosiyovych Strokach, 1953 – 1954
• Vitaliy Fedotovych Nikitchenko, April 6, 1954 – July 16, 1970
• Vitaliy Vasyliovych Fedorchuk, July 18, 1970 – May 26, 1982
• Stepan Nestorovych Mukha, May 26, 1982 – 1987
• Nikolai Mikhailovich Golushko, 1987 – September 20, 1991

• establishment 20 September 1991
• Nikolai Mikhailovich Golushko (acting), September 20, 1991 – November 6, 1991
• Yevhen Kyrylovych Marchuk, November 6, 1991 – July 12, 1994
• Valeriy Vasyliovych Malikov, July 12, 1994 – July 3, 1995
• Volodymyr Ivanovych Radchenko, July 3, 1995 – April 22, 1998
• Leonid Vasyliovych Derkach, April 22, 1998 – February 10, 2001
• Volodymyr Ivanovych Radchenko, February 10, 2001 – September 2, 2003
• Ihor Petrovych Smeshko, September 4, 2003 – February 4, 2005
• Oleksandr Valentynovych Turchynov, February 4, 2005 – September 8, 2005
• Ihor Vasylovych Drizhchany,[51] September 8, 2005 – December 22, 2006
• Valentyn Oleksandrovych Nalyvaichenko December 22, 2006 – March 6, 2009
• Valentyn Oleksandrovych Nalyvaichenko, March 6, 2009 – March 11, 2010
• Valeriy Ivanovych Khoroshkovsky, March 11, 2010 – January 18, 2012.[21]
• Volodymyr Rokytsky (acting), January 19, 2012 – February 3, 2012[52][53]
• Igor Kalinin, February 3, 2012 – January 9, 2013[52]
• Aleksandr Grigoryevich Yakimenko, January 9, 2013 – February 24, 2014[54][55]
• Valentyn Nalyvaichenko, February 24, 2014 – June 18, 2015[56][57]
• Vasyl Hrytsak, July 2, 2015 – 29 August 2019[58]
• Ivan Bakanov (officially appointed by parliament on) August 29, 2019[4]