Ministry of State Security (China)

The Ministry of State Security (MSS), or Guoanbu (Chinese: 国安部; pinyin: Guó'ānbù [lower-alpha 1]), is the civilian intelligence, security and secret police agency of the People's Republic of China, responsible for counter-intelligence, foreign intelligence and political security. Its military counterpart is the Intelligence Bureau of the Joint Staff. MSS has been described as one of the most secretive intelligence organizations in the world. It is headquartered in Beijing.[2][3]

Not to be confused with Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China or National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party.
Ministry of State Security of the People's Republic of China
中华人民共和国国家安全部
Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Guójiā Ānquán Bù
Logo of the Ministry of State Security
(contains the Emblem of the Communist Party of China)
Agency overview
FormedJuly 1983
Preceding agencies
TypeConstituent Department of the State Council (cabinet-level)
Jurisdiction People's Republic of China
HeadquartersBeijing
39°59′32″N 116°16′42″E
EmployeesClassified
Annual budgetCN¥56 billion
($8 billion)(FY 2018)[1]
Agency executive
Parent agencyState Council
Website12339.gov.cn
China
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
China
Leadership
Leadership generations
Succession of power
National leaders
Orders of precedence
Related systems
Communist Party
History
Constitution
Organization
United Front
Ideology
Legislative
Presidency
Executive
Military
Military history
Supervision
Publicity
Cross-Strait relations
Foreign relations
Related topics
 China portal
Ministry of State Security
Simplified Chinese中华人民共和国国家安全部
Traditional Chinese中華人民共和國國家安全部
Literal meaningPeople's Republic of China State Security Ministry

The MSS was preceded by the Central Investigation Department (CID), which was China's primary civilian intelligence organization from 1955 to 1983. The MSS was created in 1983 with the merging of the CID and the counter-intelligence elements of the Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China.[4][5][6]

The network of state security bureaus and the Ministry of State Security should not be confused with the separate but parallel network of public security bureaus, administered by the Ministry of Public Security. The logo of the MSS is unique among Chinese government agencies as it displays the emblem of the Chinese Communist Party instead of the state emblem.

Overview

The mission of the MSS is to ensure "the security of the country through effective measures against enemy agents, spies, and counter-revolutionary activities designed to sabotage, destabilize or overthrow China's socialist system."[7][8]

Article 4 of the Criminal Procedure Law gives the MSS the same authority to arrest or detain people as regular police for crimes involving state security with identical supervision by the procuratorates and the courts.[9] The National Intelligence Law of 2017 grants the MSS broad powers to conduct many types of espionage both domestically and abroad, it also gives the MSS the power to administratively detain those who impede or divulge information on intelligence work for up to 15 days.[10]

MSS functions as China's intelligence, security and secret police agency.[11] A document from the U.S. Department of Justice described the agency as being like a combination of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).[12] Author Clive Hamilton described it as being similar to an amalgamation of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) and the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) "with a lot more power and less subject to the constraints of the rule of law."[13]

After the introduction of market elements in the Chinese economy in the early 1980s (leading to a hybrid economic system that includes Soviet-style economic planning and large-scale state ownership existing alongside a significant private sector) and especially after the end of the Cold War, many foreign analysts described the Communist "Party–State" and its security agencies as being left without a real ideology, relying only on repression and the stoking of Chinese nationalism; more recent works, however, highlight the increasing importance of Marxism–Leninism in the worldview, internal culture and self-image of the CCP security apparatus; Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong remain the central influences, although classical Chinese thinkers such as Sun Tzu are also studied. According to researchers Peter Mattis and Matthew Brazil, who have studied the MSS for many years:

"The language Chinese intelligence uses reflects its Marxist–Leninist and revolutionary heritage. The lexicon suggests (as has been borne out in interviews with former officials who had routine contacts with their Chinese counterparts) that the intelligence services are bastions of faith in the CCP. Although they may be practical in terms of techniques and methods to acquire intelligence, this information is filtered through a Marxist–Leninist lens. The implication is that foreign targets are viewed in the worst possible light."[2]

The MSS is a civilian agency, although it controls its own separate police force (the "State Security Police", one of the four components of the People's Police) and includes some PLA officers among its personnel. The MSS official uniform is dark navy blue, similar to that of the regular People's Police, with the only difference being a badge on the right arm with the Chinese characters "国安" ("State Security").[14]

History

1949–1983
The headquarters of the Ministry of Public Security near Tiananmen Square are reported to also function as MSS headquarters, but the degree to which operations are run out of the official address of No.14 Dong Chang'an Jie versus the secretive Xiyuan compound is disputed.

The precursor of the modern MSS was the Central Department of Social Affairs (CDSA), the primary intelligence organ of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) before its accession to power in 1949, directed by Kang Sheng.[15] The CDSA operated from the communist base area of Yan'an in Shaanxi Province in northern China during the 1937–45 Second Sino-Japanese War. The CDSA provided the CCP with assessments of the world situation based on news reports and furnished the Communists with intelligence that proved crucial in the Chinese Civil War against the Nationalist forces.[16]

The CDSA was thoroughly reorganized in summer 1949.[17] It was renamed, becoming the Liaison Department (not to be confused with the International Liaison Department of the Chinese Communist Party), and was attached to the General Intelligence Department of the Central Military Commission (chaired by Mao Zedong himself).[18] The new department was given a new chief; Kang Sheng was removed, being replaced by General Li Kenong, a protégé of Zhou Enlai.[18]

Meanwhile, after the establishment of the People's Republic of China a few months later, in October 1949, domestic intelligence, counter-intelligence and regime protection came under the control of the new Ministry of Public Security, headed by General Luo Ruiqing.

The Liaison Department, now responsible for foreign intelligence, was significantly expanded and upgraded in 1955, becoming the Central Investigation Department (CID) under the CCP Central Committee, again with Li Kenong as its director.[19] On orders from Li, all Chinese embassies in the 1950s established "Investigation Offices" to gather intelligence, while Soviet KGB advisers helped train new agents. Li Kenong's high standing with both Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai can be seen from the fact that, while serving as Director of the Central Investigation Department, he was simultaneously given the posts of Deputy Chief of PLA General Staff and Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, in order to help him control and coordinate foreign intelligence more effectively.[18] Li was also a good friend of Wang Dongxing, chief of Mao's personal security force.

After Li Kenong died in 1962, the Central Investigation Department gradually came under the control of Kang Sheng and his people, who managed to make an impressive comeback after many years; especially after the start of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, Kang became one of Mao's closest associates.[18] Following Mao's death in 1976, the new leadership under Hua Guofeng initially tried to return to the pre-Cultural Revolution years and strengthen the CID. However, Deng Xiaoping, who gradually rose to supreme power, distrusted the CID. On Deng's orders, the Investigation Offices in Chinese embassies were dissolved and the CID downgraded.[18]

A major operation for the Liaison Department and later the Central Investigation Department during the early Cold War years was the collaboration with the Greek shipping billionaire Aristotle Onassis, whose ships went on to secretly carry cargo to Chinese ports in violation of the trade embargo that was imposed on China in 1950 by many Western countries, including the United States.[20]

Throughout these years, the Central Investigation Department had to face competition from the International Liaison Department of the Chinese Communist Party, which was active in fomenting international revolution by funneling weapons, money and resources to various guerrilla movements (not all of them communist) across the world.[21][22] Likewise, the Intelligence Bureau of the PLA General Staff was also very active in funding, arming and training various insurgent groups, especially in Africa.[23]

1983–present

The MSS was established in July 1983 as a result of the merger of the Central Investigation Department and the counter-intelligence elements of the Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China.[4] There were serious political reasons behind the merger, as Luo Qingchang, who had been Director of the CID since 1973 and was a powerful player in Chinese Communist intelligence since the 1940s, was a fierce opponent of Deng Xiaoping. Although Deng had risen to supreme power in the late 1970s, he initially couldn't remove Luo from his post, until he finally succeeded in 1983.[2] But even after this, Luo still remained influential as an adviser on the Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs.[2]

One of the longest-serving Ministers of State Security was Jia Chunwang, a native of Beijing and a 1964 graduate of Tsinghua University, who is reportedly an admirer of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). He served as Minister of State Security from 1985 until March 1998, when the MSS underwent an overhaul and Xu Yongyue was appointed the new head of the organization. Jia was then appointed to the Minister of Public Security post, after 13 years as head of the MSS. The MSS was under the influence of Zhou Yongkang until his ouster and conviction for corruption in 2014.[24] One of the people responsible for "taking down" Zhou Yongkang was Chen Wenqing of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, who was appointed Minister of State Security by Xi Jinping in 2016, partly as a reward for purging Zhou and his network.[25][26]

In October 2018, the Deputy Minister of State Security, Yanjun Xu, was charged with economic espionage by the United States prosecutors.[27]

MSS facilities in Xiyuan, Haidian District, Beijing

Activities

In March 2009 former MSS operative Li Fengzhi told the Washington Times in an interview that the MSS was engaged in counterintelligence, the collection of secrets and technology from other countries, and repressing internal dissent within China. The internal repression, according to Li, includes efforts against nonofficial Christian churches and the outlawed Falun Gong religious group, plus censoring the Internet to prevent China's population from knowing what is going on outside the country. Li emphasized that MSS's most important mission is, "to control the Chinese people to maintain the rule of the Communist Party".[28]

In 2012, an executive assistant to MSS vice minister Lu Zhongwei was found to have been passing information to the CIA. Lu Zhongwei was not formally charged, but that incident was said to have infuriated Hu Jintao and led to a tightening on information dissemination and increased counterintelligence activities in Beijing and abroad.[29]

The Shanghai State Security Bureau (SSSB) of the MSS has repeatedly been involved in both failed and successful attempts to recruit foreign agents. In 2010, the SSSB directed US citizen Glenn Duffie Shriver to apply for a position at the National Clandestine Service of the CIA. In 2017, SSSB case workers were implicated in the recruitment of US Department of State employee Candace Claiborne who was charged with obstruction of justice.[30]

In 2013, a Chinese driver was employed by Senator Dianne Feinstein who was notified that the driver was being investigated for possible Chinese spying. At some point, he visited China and was recruited by China's MSS. He worked for Senator Feinstein for several years. The FBI concluded the driver hadn't revealed anything of substance.[31]

In 2017, the cyberespionage threat group known as Gothic Panda or APT3 was determined to have nation-state level capabilities and to be functioning on behalf of the MSS by researchers.[32]

During January 2017, the FBI arrested Candace Claiborne, a State Department employee who had previously worked in the American Embassy in Beijing between 2009 and 2012. In April 2019 Claiborne pleaded guilty to one count of conspiring to defraud the United States. Prosecutors argued that she had passed sensitive information to the MSS.[33]

Economic espionage has become a prime directive of the MSS and the FBI has estimated that 3,000 companies in the United States are covers for MSS activity.[34] Companies such as Huawei, China Mobile, and China Unicom have been implicated in MSS intelligence collection activities.[35][36][37]

In 2017, Ministry of State Security officials entered the United States on transit visas that did not allow them to conduct official business. During the visit the officials made an attempt to persuade Chinese dissident Guo Wengui to return to China. Guo Wengui accepted the meeting, out of apparent gratitude for one of the officials, named Liu Yanping, having previously assisted in bringing the wife of Guo Wengui to America. However, Guo Wengui recorded the conversations and alerted the FBI. Subsequently, the Chinese officials were confronted by FBI agents in Pennsylvania Station, the Chinese officials initially claimed to be cultural affairs diplomats but ultimately admitted to being security officials. The Chinese officials were given a warning for their activities in New York and were ordered to return to China. Two days later, the officials again visited the apartment of Guo Wengui once more prior to leaving the country. While at the apartment the second time, the officials reportedly ate dumplings made by the wife of Guo Wengui, and Guo Wengui walked them out of the building after again declining their offer of clemency for silence. The FBI was aware of the second visit and agents were prepared to arrest the Chinese security officials at JFK Airport prior to their Air China flight on charges of visa fraud and extortion, but arrests were not made following pressure from the State Department to avoid a diplomatic crisis. The FBI did, however, confiscate the Chinese officials’ phones before the plane took off.[38]

In 2020, the United States Department of Justice indicted two MSS contractors who were involved in hacking Moderna, a biotechnology company developing a vaccine for the COVID-19 pandemic.[39][40] In September 2020, the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency released a security advisory regarding hacking by groups affiliated with the MSS.[41]

As of 2018 it does not have an official website.[42]

Agency heads

Since 1983, agency heads carry the title of Minister of State Security (MSS), reporting directly to the State Council.[43]

  • Directors of the Central Department of Social Affairs (1939–1949)
No.NameTook officeLeft office
1Kang Sheng19391949
2Li Kenong19491949
  • Directors of the Liaison Department (1949–1955)
No.NameTook officeLeft office
1Li Kenong19491955
  • Directors of the Central Investigation Department (1955–1983)
No.NameTook officeLeft office
1Li Kenong19551962
2Kong Yuan19621967
3PLA military takeover due to the Cultural Revolution (Special Unit 8341 under Wang Dongxing)19671969
4Officially placed under the 2nd Bureau (Intelligence) of the PLA General Staff, in actual fact controlled by Kang Sheng19691973
5Luo Qingchang19731983
  • Ministers of State Security (1983–present)
No.NameTook officeLeft office
1Ling YunJune 1983September 1985
2Jia ChunwangSeptember 1985March 1998
3Xu YongyueMarch 1998August 2007
4Geng HuichangAugust 2007November 2016
5Chen WenqingNovember 2016Incumbent

Organization

The government lists that headquarters as shared with the Ministry of Public Security adjacent to Tiannamen Square at 14 Dongchangan Avenue, Dongcheng District, Beijing.[44] MSS facilities are reported to also operate in the northwest of Beijing in an area called Xiyuan (Chinese: 西苑; pinyin: Xīyuàn; lit. 'Western Park') next to the Summer Palace in Haidian District.[45] The Federation of American Scientists website states that Xiyuan houses the headquarters of the MSS.[46]

The MSS is divided into Bureaus, each assigned to a division with a broad directive and each bureau is given a specific task. In November 2016, a MSS associated Weibo account posted an outline of the first 11 Bureaus, however additional Bureaus up to No. 17 have been identified:[47][48]

Bureau No.Encompassing DivisionDirective
1Confidential Communication DivisionResponsible for the management and administration of confidential communications
2International Intelligence DivisionResponsible for strategic international intelligence collection
3Political and Economic Intelligence DivisionResponsible for gathering political, economic, and scientific intelligence from various countries
4Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau DivisionResponsible for intelligence work in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau
5Intelligence Analysis DivisionResponsible for analysing and reporting on intelligence and collecting guidance on how to handle intelligence matters
6Operational Guidance DivisionResponsible for directing and supervising the activities of provincial level MSS offices
7Counterintelligence DivisionResponsible for gathering counterintelligence information
8Counterintelligence DivisionResponsible for monitoring, investigating, and potentially detaining foreigners suspected of counterintelligence activities. This Bureau is reported to primarily cover and investigate diplomats, businessmen, and reporters.[49]
9Internal Security and Anti-Reconnaissance DivisionResponsible for protecting the MSS from infiltration by foreign entities by monitoring domestic reactionary organizations and foreign institutions
10External Security and Anti-Reconnaissance DivisionResponsible for monitoring students and institutions abroad in order to investigate international anti-communist activities
11Information and Auditing DivisionResponsible for the collection and management of intelligence materials
12Social Research DivisionResponsible for conducting public opinion polling and surveying the population
13Science and Technology Investigative DivisionResponsible for managing science and technology projects and conducting research and development
14Science and Technology Investigative DivisionResponsible for inspecting mail and telecommunications
15Comprehensive Intelligence Analysis DivisionResponsible for the analysis and interpretation of intelligence materials
16Imaging Intelligence DivisionResponsible for collecting and interpreting images of political, economic, and military targets in various countries through both traditional practices and through incorporation of satellite imagery technologies
17Enterprises DivisionResponsible for the operation and management of MSS owned front companies, enterprises, and other institutions

Additionally, In 2009, the MSS was reported by a former official to have a Counterterrorism Bureau.[50]

The provincial offices of the Ministry of State Security and Ministry of Public Security located in Hubei Province (Wuhan)

Other managerial offices have been said to include:[51]

  • General Office
  • Legal Department
  • Political Department
  • Party Committee
  • Propaganda Department
  • Legislative Affairs Coordination Office
  • Veterans Affairs Department
  • Xiyuan Management Department

In December 2016, the MSS structure was split into a National Counterintelligence Agency and a National Intelligence Agency, it is unclear from public information what change this reorganization had on MSS Bureaus and Divisions.[52]

The China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations (CICIR) is a large civilian think tank for international issues. Located in Beijing, the institute is affiliated with the MSS, and overseen by the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.[53][54] CICIR has been identified by Stratfor as belonging to the No. 8 Bureau of the MSS, and as providing intelligence reports to the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.[55] The organization itself does not speak much about its relationship with the Chinese government, however, and Chinese media reports rarely acknowledge the institution's ties with the regime.[56]

Many MSS personnel are trained at the University of International Relations in Haidian, due north of MSS housing and offices in Xiyuan.[57][58]

An agent of the MSS, Zheng Lu Peng, is the main antagonist of the espionage hero Cono 7Q in the spy novel Performance Anomalies,[59][60] by Victor Robert Lee.[61] Zheng, who has engineered Beijing's takeover of Kazakhstan, comes from a family that was tormented during the Cultural Revolution, leading to his own traumatized personality.[62]

In the James Bond movie Tomorrow Never Dies (1997), Wai Lin, portrayed by Michelle Yeoh, is an MSS agent working together with Bond to stop a crisis that could lead the British and Chinese into war.[63]

In the British science fiction film The Machine (2013), an MSS agent is a major antagonist. In season three of The Last Ship (2014), MSS agents are the major antagonists of the crew of the USS Nathan James.[64]

In the television series Mr. Robot (2015), a fictional Minister of State Security is portrayed by BD Wong.[65]

The Chinese spy novel Ice is Sleepy Water (Chinese: 冰是睡着的水) by Liu Meng tells the day-to-day life story of a group of MSS agents.

See also

References
  1. Mandarin pronunciation: [kwǒ.án.pû]; abbr. from Chinese: 国家安全部; pinyin: Guójiā Ānquán Bù; lit. 'State Security Ministry' Mandarin pronunciation: [kwǒ.tɕjá án.tɕʰɥɛ̌n pû]
  1. "Is Trump's 'Art of the Deal' any match for Xi Jinping's long game?". 2019-05-09. Archived from the original on 2019-05-09. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
  2. Mattis, Peter; Brazil, Matthew (2019-11-15). Chinese Communist Espionage: An Intelligence Primer. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-68247-304-7. OCLC 1117319580.
  3. Eftimiades, Nicholas (2017-07-28). Chinese Intelligence Operations: Espionage Damage Assessment Branch, US Defence Intelligence Agency. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-24017-2. OCLC 1118472067. Archived from the original on 2020-08-23. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  4. Eftimiades, Nicholas (January 1993). "China's ministry of state security: Coming of age in the international arena". Intelligence and National Security. 8 (1): 23–43. doi:10.1080/02684529308432189. ISSN 0268-4527.
  5. Smith, I. C.; West, Nigel (2012-05-04). Historical Dictionary of Chinese Intelligence. Scarecrow Press. pp. 181–186. ISBN 978-0-8108-7370-4. OCLC 1066049358. Archived from the original on 2020-08-23. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  6. Faligot, Roger (June 2019). Chinese Spies: From Chairman Mao to Xi Jinping. Oxford University Press. pp. 117–118. ISBN 978-1-78738-096-7. OCLC 1104999295. Archived from the original on 2020-08-23. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  7. Ministry of State Security Archived 2015-12-21 at the Wayback Machine Archived 2015-12-21 at the Wayback Machine, Intelligence Resource Program, Federation of American Scientists
  8. 邦人80人が長期拘束される中国 定義なきのスパイ罪とはどんな扱いを受けるのか（2/3）. KoreaWorldTimes (in Japanese). 2019-11-22. Archived from the original on 2020-08-04. Retrieved 2020-05-22.
  9. "Criminal Procedure Law of The People's Republic of China". Chinacourt.org. Archived from the original on 2016-06-04. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
  10. "China passes tough new intelligence law". Reuters. Reuters. 2017-06-28. Archived from the original on 2017-07-08. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
  11. See:
  12. "2017 03 29 Claiborne Complaint and Redacted Affidavit". U.S. Department of Justice. p. 4 (PDF p. 5/59). Archived from the original on 2019-06-16. Retrieved 2019-02-03.
  13. Hui, Echo; Welch, Dylan (22 March 2020). "A spy and a democracy pedlar: The complicated truths in the life of Australian citizen Yang Hengjun". ABC Australia. Retrieved 2020-10-09.
  14. MSS goes with "People's Leader 人民领袖"; Dual circulation; US South China Sanctions; Missile tests; TikTok, Bill Bishop, Sinocism.com, August 26, 2020
  15. Duthel, Heinz (2014). Global Secret and Intelligence Services I: Hidden Systems that deliver Unforgettable Customer Service. p. 485. ISBN 978-3738607710. OCLC 897559678.
  16. Pike, John. "Ministry of State Security [MSS] Guojia Anquan Bu [Guoanbu] - Chinese Intelligence". www.globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 2017-07-17. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
  17. Zhu Chunlin (ed.), Lishi shunjian 1 (Moments in History 1) (Beijing: Qunzhong chubanshe, 1999), p. 5.
  18. Bennett, Richard M. (2012). Espionage: Spies and Secrets. ISBN 978-1-4481-3214-0. OCLC 1004979545.
  19. Yang shangkun riji (Yang Shangkun's Diaries) (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 2001), p. 185.
  20. Gelina Harlaftis, The United States Government v. Aristotle Onassis, 1951–1958 Archived 2020-08-23 at the Wayback Machine, Cambridge University Press, 2019
  21. Brady, Anne-Marie (2003). Making the Foreign Serve China: Managing foreigners in the People's Republic. Oxford, UK: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. doi:10.25911/5d5fccdac8aba. hdl:1885/147629. ISBN 978-0-7425-1862-9.
  22. Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency (December 1971). "Intelligence Report: The International Liaison Department of the Chinese Communist Party" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 31, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
  23. Arboit, Gérald (2019), "The Chinese intelligence services in Africa", Handbook on China and Globalization, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 305–321, doi:10.4337/9781785366086.00028, ISBN 978-1-78536-608-6
  24. Nagai, Oki (December 27, 2016). "China's Xi eyes wide-ranging intelligence reform". The Nikkei. Archived from the original on August 18, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  25. Senior anti-corruption official to lead China’s main spy organization Archived 2020-06-21 at the Wayback Machine, Joseph Fitsanakis, Intelnews.org, November 8, 2016
  26. Top graft-buster’s ally appointed China’s new spy chief Archived 2017-11-16 at the Wayback Machine, Nectar Gan, South China Morning Post, November 7, 2016
  27. "Oh no, Xi didn't! Chinese spymaster cuffed in Belgium, yoinked to US on aerospace snoop rap". Archived from the original on 2018-10-11. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
  28. Gertz, Bill, Chinese Spy Who Defected Tells All Archived 2011-01-21 at the Wayback Machine Archived 2011-01-21 at the Wayback Machine, Washington Times, March 19, 2009, p. 1.
  29. Gertz, Bill, Exclusive: Arrested spy compromised China's U.S. espionage network: sources Archived 2017-07-02 at the Wayback Machine Archived 2017-07-02 at the Wayback Machine, June 15, 2012
  30. Mattis, Peter, This Is How Chinese Spying Inside the U.S. Government Really Works Archived 2017-07-03 at the Wayback Machine Archived 2017-07-03 at the Wayback Machine, June 11, 2017
  31. "Feinstein had a Chinese spy connection she didn't know about — her driver - SFChronicle.com". www.sfchronicle.com. 2018-08-01. Archived from the original on 2018-12-05. Retrieved 2018-12-13.
  32. Spring, Tom, APT3 LINKED TO CHINESE MINISTRY OF STATE SECURITY Archived 2017-06-15 at the Wayback Machine Archived 2017-06-15 at the Wayback Machine, May 17, 2017
  33. Hvistendahl, Mara. "The Friendly Mr. Wu". 1843 Magazine. The Economist Newspaper Ltd. Archived from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  34. Ministry of State Security MSS (Guojia Anquan Bu Guoanbu) Archived 2017-07-17 at the Wayback Machine Archived 2009-03-12 at the Wayback Machine, July 28, 2011
  35. Gertz, Bill (11 October 2011). "Chinese telecom firm tied to spy ministry". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 10 January 2020. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
  36. Fuhrman, Peter (2016-01-29). "Government cyber-surveillance is the norm in China — and it's popular". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2019-11-06. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
  37. Balding, Christopher (2019). "Huawei Technologies' Links to Chinese State Security Services". SSRN Working Paper Series. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3415726. ISSN 1556-5068. S2CID 200282115. SSRN 3415726.
  38. Borger, Julian (2017-10-23). "Trump sought dissident's expulsion after hand-delivered letter from China – report". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2019-10-15. Retrieved 2020-08-02.
  39. Bing, Christopher; Taylor, Marisa (2020-07-31). "Exclusive: China-backed hackers 'targeted COVID-19 vaccine firm Moderna'". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2020-08-02.
  40. "People around the globe are divided in their opinions of China". U.S. Department of Justice. 21 July 2020. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  41. Cimpanu, Catalin (September 14, 2020). "CISA: Chinese state hackers are exploiting F5, Citrix, Pulse Secure, and Exchange bugs". ZDNet. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
  42. "What do we actually know about China's mysterious spy agency?". South China Morning Post. 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2020-10-09.
  43. Ministry of State Security search Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine, China Vitae. Accessed 14 March 2010.
  44. 揭秘中共特务政治：国安〝里外通吃〞 特工超十万 Archived 2017-07-03 at the Wayback Machine Archived 2017-07-03 at the Wayback Machine, June 1, 2015.
  45. Wise, David (2011-06-14). Tiger Trap: America's Secret Spy War with China. HMH. pp. 7–9. ISBN 978-0-547-55487-7. OCLC 759835935.
  46. "Ministry of State Security Headquarters Xiyuan [Western Garden]". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 2020-10-09.
  47. MSS Associated Weibo Account, "国家安全部内设11个局", November 21, 2016
  48. 王海天, 红墙背后的黑手 解密中共国安部(图) Archived 2017-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Archived 2017-08-26 at the Wayback Machine, Jan 31, 2012.
  49. Blanchard, Ben (December 30, 2016). Macfie, Nick (ed.). "China to Prosecute Former Senior Spy Catcher for Graft". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 28, 2018. A source with ties to the leadership has previously told Reuters that Ma was director of the ministry's "No.8 bureau", which is responsible for counter-espionage activities on foreigners, mainly diplomats, businessmen and reporters.
  50. 观海内参, "揭秘马建口中的大陆国安部第17局究竟是什么单位" Archived 2017-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Archived 2017-08-26 at the Wayback Machine, May 4, 2017
  51. 王海天, 红墙背后的黑手 解密中共国安部(图) Archived 2017-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Archived 2017-08-26 at the Wayback Machine, Jan 31, 2012
  52. Radio Free Asia, "中国国安部或将拆分 各设反间谍和情报单位" Archived 2017-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Archived 2017-08-26 at the Wayback Machine, December 26, 2016
  53. Shambaugh, David (September 2002). "China's International Relations Think Tanks: Evolving Structure and Process". The China Quarterly. 171 (171): 575–596. doi:10.1017/S0009443902000360. ISSN 0305-7410. JSTOR 4618770.
  54. Austin, Greg (July 1997). "The Role of the Chinese Military in National Security Policymaking. Michael D. Swaine". The China Journal. 38: 212–215. doi:10.2307/2950360. ISSN 1324-9347. JSTOR 2950360.
  55. Stratfor Global Intelligence Ministry of State Security organization chart
  56. Open Source Center, "Profile of MSS-Affiliated PRC Foreign Policy Think Tank CICIR" Archived 2016-11-21 at the Wayback Machine Archived 2016-11-21 at the Wayback Machine, 25 August 2011
  57. Peter Mattis, 'Assessing the Foreign Policy Influence of the Ministry of State Security' Archived 2011-03-06 at the Wayback Machine Archived 2011-03-06 at the Wayback Machine, The Jamestown Foundation, China Brief Volume: 11 Issue:1, January 14, 2011
  58. Stratfor Global Intelligence, 'Special Report: Espionage with Chinese Characteristics' Archived 2011-08-22 at the Wayback Machine Archived 2011-08-22 at the Wayback Machine, March 24, 2010.
  59. Lee, Victor Robert (2012-12-20). Performance Anomalies. USA: Perimeter Six. ISBN 9781938409226.
  60. Performance Anomalies | ReadingGroupGuides.com. Archived from the original on 2017-08-03. Retrieved 2017-05-22.
  61. Diplomat, James Pach, The. "Interview: Victor Robert Lee". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 2017-08-04. Retrieved 2017-05-22.
  62. Lee, Victor Robert (2013-01-15). Performance Anomalies. Perimeter Six Press. ISBN 9781938409202. Archived from the original on 2020-08-23. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
  63. Turan, Kenneth (19 December 1997). "James Bond Is Back in Franchise That Never Dies". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  64. Katleman, Michael (2016-06-19), Rising Sun, Eric Dane, Adam Baldwin, Bridget Regan, archived from the original on 2018-06-16, retrieved 2018-02-20
  65. Wigler, Josh (20 October 2019). "'Mr. Robot' Final Season: Sam Esmail Reveals Brutal Villain's Heartbreaking Backstory". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-10.

Further reading
  • Cheng Ming, Tan Po (1997-03-01). "Spy Headquarters Behind the Shrubs". Secrets About CPC Spies. Hong Kong (233): 34–37. - FBIS-CHI-97-047 (1 March 1997)
Library resources about
Ministry of State Security (China)
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.