Al-Rihaniyya

Al-Rihaniyya was a Palestinian Arab village in the Haifa Subdistrict. It was depopulated during the 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine on 30 April 1948 as part of the battle of Mishmar HaEmek. It was located 25 km southeast of Haifa and 3 km northwest of Wadi al-Mileh.

This article is about the Palestinian village depopulated in 1948. For the Circassian village in modern-day Israel, see Rehaniya.
Al-Rihaniyya

Rihaniya, -al[1]
Etymology: "Sweet basil"[2][3]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Al-Rihaniyya (click the buttons)
Al-Rihaniyya
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 32°37′12″N 35°05′13″E
Palestine grid158/225
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictHaifa
Date of depopulationNot known[1]
Population
 (1945)
 • Total240[4][5]
Current LocalitiesRamat HaShofet[2] Ein HaEmek[2]

History

In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Kh. Rihaneh as a ruined modern village, with watch-towers in ruins, and with two springs.[6]

A population list from about 1887 showed that Rihaneh had about 190 inhabitants; all Muslims.[7]

Al-Rihaniyya had an elementary school for boys founded in 1888, but it was closed during the British Mandate period.[2]

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Al Rehaniyeh had a population of 266 Muslims,[8] increasing in the 1931 census to 293 Muslim, in a total of 55 houses.[9]

In the 1945 statistics, the village had a population of 240 Muslims,[4] and the village's lands spanned 1,930 dunams.[5] Of this, 1,761 dunums of land were used for cereals; 73 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards,[10] while 46 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[11]

1948, aftermath

On 5 April 1948, after fighting broke out in the area, the Haganah General Staff instructed the Golani Brigade that they should tell four Arab villages that they were no longer safe, and should evacuate. Among the villages were Abu Shusha, Daliyat al Ruha and Rihaniya.[12] According to Ben Gurion, on 8 or 9 April, a delegation from Mishmar HaEmek had told him that it was "imperative to expel the Arabs [in the area] and to burn the villages."[12]

On 14 April, The New York Times reported that Al-Rihaniyya was occupied, together with Daliyat al Ruha and Al-Butaymat. However Khalidi believes that the actual depopulation only happened two weeks later, during Passover Clearing.[2]

Surviving villagers told Rosemarie Esber that they decided to leave Al-Rihaniyya on 30 April, as "we did not have guns to defend it." They took refugee in Umm az-Zinat, but when the Haganah attacked it (according to the villagers: unprovoked) they fled "with nothing but our clothes on", to Ijzim. They stayed at Ijzim for several months, until it also was attacked by Zionist forces, who "kicked everybody out." Esbers informants ended up in Umm al-Fahm.[13]

Following the war the area was incorporated into the State of Israel, with the village's lands taken over by kibbutz Ramat HaShofet and the moshav of Ein HaEmek.[2]

In 1992 the village site was described: "The rubble of the houses lies in piles that are covered with dirt, bushes, and thorns. The village cemetery (now covered with cactuses) and a well are visible at the bottom of a hill north of the site. Large sections of the adjacent land are used for agriculture; to the south there is an avocado orchard."[14]

References
  1. Morris, 2004, p. xviii, village #163. Gives both date and cause of depopulation as "Not known".
  2. Khalidi, 1992, p. 185
  3. Palmer, 1881, p. 149
  4. Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 14
  5. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 49
  6. Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 62
  7. Schumacher, 1888, p. 179
  8. Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. 34
  9. Mills, 1932, p. 95
  10. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 91
  11. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 141
  12. Morris, 2004, p. 241
  13. Esber, 2008 , p. 261
  14. Khalidi, 1992, p. 186

Bibliography
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