Bayt Tima

Bayt Tima came under Ottoman rule in the early 16th century, and in the 1596 tax records it was under the administration of the nahiya of Gaza, part of the Liwa of Gaza, with a population of 126 Muslim households, an estimated 693 persons. The inhabitants paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on a number of crops, including wheat, barley, fruit, almonds, sesame, beehives, and goats; a total of 21,200 akçe.[8] Pierre Jacotin named the village Gergieh on his map from 1799.[9]

In 1838, Beit Tima was noted as a Muslim village in the Gaza area.[10]

The Ottomans constructed additions to the mosque, and the Egyptians under Muhammad Ali of Egypt reconstructed it in the 1830s. In 1863 the French explorer Victor Guérin visited Bayt Tima, noting that it had a population of 400 and mentioning the Mamluk mosque.[11][7]

An Ottoman village list of about 1870 indicated 49 houses and a population of 159, though the population count included men, only.[12][13]

In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it as being of moderate-size, with two pools and shrines, and two small patches of garden nearby.[14]

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Bait Tima had a population of 606 Muslims,[15] increasing by the 1931 census to 762, still all Muslim, in 157 houses.[16]

Beit Tima 1931 1:20,000

Beit Tima 1945 1:20,000

In the 1945 statistics the population of Beit Tima consisted of 1060, all Muslims,[4] and the land area was 11,032 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[3] Of this, 197 dunams were designated for plantations and irrigable land, 10,444 for cereals,[17] while 60 dunams were built-up areas.[18]

During the British Mandate period, Bayt Tima had its own shops, the 14th-century mosque, and an elementary school built in 1946. It shared the school with nearby Hulayqat and Kawkaba. Its adobe houses—which amounted to 157—were grouped together in blocks, separated by streets or open space; the largest block was at the center of the village. Most residents worked in rainfed agriculture, cultivating grain, vegetables, and fruits, especially figs, apricots, and almonds.[5]

According to the Jaffa-based newspaper Filastin, a "Zionist attempt" to infiltrate Bayt Tima was recorded as early as February 1948, preceding the outbreak of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Their forces were driven back by a "hail of bullets" from the local militiamen which lasted for half an hour.[19]

On 30/31 May the Negev Brigade reported that they had conquered Bayt Tima, killing some 20 Arabs and destroying the well and a granary.[20] Morris notes that it was later reconquered by the Egyptian army, to finally falling to the Israelis in October.[21]

Israeli sources had told the Associated Press that they had occupied Bayt Tima at the beginning of June. They claimed it was captured while "slashing behind an Egyptian coastal spearhead" on June 1. But the occupation was short-lived, since Israeli forces also threatened Bayt Tima a month later, according to Egyptian writer Muhammad Abd al-Munim. He writes that at the end of the first truce, in early July, the village was held by Palestinian militiamen and Israeli forces encroached on Bayt Tima, occupying the hills overlooking it. Its defenders were reinforced by a Saudi Arabian company fighting on the southern front and Bayt Tima supposedly remained in Arab hands throughout the second truce.[5]

An aerial and artillery bombardment against the village in mid-October 1948 led to the flight of a large number of refugees from Bayt Tima. It was occupied on October 18–19 in the early stages of Operation Yoav by the Givati Brigade. The New York Times quoted an Israeli communique on October 20 which said that Bayt Tima had fallen, along with Hulayqat and Kawkaba.[5][22]

Following the war the area was incorporated into the State of Israel, but the village's land remained undeveloped. According to Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, "Sycamore and carob trees grow around the rubble on the site. The land is used for agriculture".[5]