City of Carlisle

The City of Carlisle (/kɑːrˈlaɪl/ kar-LYLE, locally /ˈkɑːrlaɪl/ KAR-lyle[1]) is a local government district of Cumbria, England, with the status of a city and non-metropolitan district. It is named after its largest settlement, Carlisle, but covers a far larger area which includes the towns of Brampton and Longtown, as well as outlying villages including Dalston, Scotby and Wetheral. The city has a population of 107,524.[2] and an area of 1,039.97 square kilometres (402 sq mi).[3]

This article is about the local government district of Cumbria. For the urban settlement, see Carlisle. For other uses, see Carlisle (disambiguation).

City of Carlisle
City & non-metropolitan district
Carlisle Civic Centre in Rickergate
Coat of arms of Carlisle City Council
Motto(s): 
"Be Just and Fear Not"
Carlisle shown within Cumbria
Coordinates: 54°53′27″N 2°56′38″W
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Country England
Ceremonial countyCumbria
Historic countyCumberland
Admin HQCarlisle
Non-metropolitan district status1 April 1974
City status1 April 1974
Government
 • TypeCity
 • Governing bodyCarlisle City Council
 • MPs:John Stevenson, Neil Hudson
Area
 • Total1,039.97 km2 (401.53 sq mi)
Population
 (mid-2019 est.)
 • Total108,678 (Ranked 221st)
 • Ethnicity
97.6% White
0.9% South Asian
0.6% Mixed
0.2% Black
0.5% Chinese or Other
Time zoneUTC+0 (Greenwich Mean Time)
Postcode
CA postcode area
ONS code16UD (ONS)
E07000028 (GSS)
OS grid referenceNY394555
Websitewww.carlisle.gov.uk

The current city boundaries were set as part of the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972, and cover an amalgamation of two former local government districts, the City and County Borough of Carlisle and the Border Rural District of Cumberland.[4] The City of Carlisle shares a border with Scotland (to the north), and is bounded on the southwest by the borough of Allerdale, and on the south by the district of Eden. The county of Northumberland is to the east.

Although the present boundaries date to the 20th century, the city traces its origins to a 1st-century Roman outpost associated with Hadrian's Wall. The Brythonic settlement that expanded from this outpost was destroyed by the Danes in 875. Thereafter the region formed part of the Southern Uplands of Scotland, until colonised under King William II of England in 1092. William II built Carlisle Castle, which houses a military museum. Carlisle Cathedral, founded in the 12th century, is one of the smallest in England.

A border city, and the third most northerly city in England, Carlisle predominantly spans the flood plain of the River Eden. Commercially, it is linked to the rest of England via the M6 motorway, and to the Scottish Lowlands via the A74(M) and M74 motorways.

History
See also: History of Cumbria

Following both the Local Government Act 1888 and Local Government Act 1894, local government in England had been administered via a national framework of rural districts, urban districts, municipal boroughs and county boroughs, which (apart from the latter which were independent), shared power with strategic county councils of the administrative counties.[5] The areas that were incorporated into the City of Carlisle in 1974 had formed part of the Border Rural District from the administrative county of Cumberland, and the politically independent County Borough of Carlisle.

After the exploration of reform during the mid-20th century such as the proposals made by the Redcliffe-Maud Report in the late 1960s, the Local Government Act 1972 restructured local government in England by creating a system of two-tier metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties and districts throughout the country.[6] The act formally established the City of Carlisle as a local government district of the new shire county of Cumbria on 1 April 1974. The new dual local authorities of Carlisle City Council and Cumbria County Council had been running since elections in 1973 however.[7] The leading article in The Times on the day the Local Government Act came into effect claimed that the "new arrangement is a compromise which seeks to reconcile familiar geography which commands a certain amount of affection and loyalty, with the scale of operations on which modern planning methods can work effectively".[8]

Governance

Parliamentary constituencies

The residents of the City of Carlisle are represented in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom by members of parliament (MPs) for two parliamentary constituencies. At the 2019 general election, Conservative Party MPs won the seats of Carlisle and Penrith and The Border, John Stevenson and Neil Hudson respectively.

Council
Further information: Carlisle City Council elections

In 1974, Carlisle City Council was created to administer the newly formed non-metropolitan district, which shares power with the strategic Cumbria County Council. The council offices are located in Carlisle, at the Civic Centre. The Labour Party controlled the council for much of the first 25 years and from 1979 to the 1999 election had an overall majority.[9] Until 2003 the Conservative Party then controlled the council with a majority, and from the 2003 elections they ran the council with no majority, but in alliance with the Liberal Democrats.[4] At the 2012 election Labour gained a majority of the seats, which they have held since and below is the composition of the City Council as of the 2015 election.[10]

Party political make-up of Carlisle City Council
   Party Seats[10] Current Council (2019–20)
  Labour 15                                                                                                        
  Conservative 17                                                                                                        
  Independent 4                                                                                                        
  Lib Dems 1                                                                                                        
  UKIP 1                                                                                                        

Electoral wards

There are 52 councillors representing the electoral wards of the City of Carlisle. Together they form the Carlisle City Council. Councillors are elected and accountable to the residents of their wards.[4]

Ward name Population Councillors' party Ref.
Belah 6,1443 Conservatives [11][12]
Belle Vue 6,6072 Labour, 1 Conservative [11][13]
Botcherby 6,2662 Labour, 1 Independent [11][14]
Brampton 4,7612 Conservatives [11][15]
Burgh 2,0991 Conservative [11][16]
Castle 5,7132 Liberal Democrats, 1 Labour [11][17]
Currock 6,2263 Labour [11][18]
Dalston 5,9042 Conservatives, 1 Liberal Democrat [11][19]
Denton Holme 6,5633 Labour [11][20]
Great Corby and Geltsdale 2,1421 Conservative [11][21]
Harraby 6,7663 Labour [11][22]
Hayton 2,0561 Independent [11][23]
Irthing 2,0071 Conservative [11][24]
Longtown and Rockcliffe 4,0892 Conservatives [11][25]
Lyne 1,9251 Conservative [11][26]
Morton 5,9072 Labour, 1 Liberal Democrat [11][27]
St Aidans 6,1933 Labour [11][28]
Stanwix Rural 4,6842 Conservatives [11][29]
Stanwix Urban 5,8633 Conservatives [11][30]
Upperby 5,4833 Labour [11][31]
Wetheral 4,6872 Conservatives [11][32]
Yewdale 5,8642 Labour, 1 Conservative [11][33]

Parishes

Civil parishes form the bottom tier of local government in England; parish councils are involved in planning permission, management of town and parish centres, and promoting tourism.[34] The City of Carlisle is almost entirely parished, the exception being the central settlement of Carlisle—an unparished area. As of 2008, there were 36 civil parishes in the city, covered by 34 parish councils, which are:[35]

  1. Arthuret
  2. Askerton
  3. Beaumont
  4. Bewcastle
  5. Brampton
  6. Burgh by Sands
  7. Burtholme
  8. Carlatton and Cumrew
  9. Castle Carrock and Geltsdale
  10. Cummersdale
  11. Cumwhitton
  12. Dalston
  13. Farlam
  14. Hayton
  15. Hethersgill
  16. Irthington
  17. Kingmoor
  1. Kingwater
  2. Kirkandrews-on-Esk
  3. Kirklinton Middle
  4. Midgeholme
  5. Nether Denton
  6. Nicholforest
  7. Orton
  8. Rockcliffe
  9. St Cuthbert Without
  10. Scaleby
  11. Solport and Stapleton
  12. Stanwix Rural
  13. Upper Denton
  14. Walton
  15. Waterhead
  16. Westlinton
  17. Wetheral
  Unparished area of Carlisle

Coat of arms
The coat of arms of Carlisle City Council

The coat of arms of Carlisle City Council are those granted to the city council of the County Borough of Carlisle by the College of Arms on 7 July 1924. These arms are derived from more ancient designs of or relating to Carlisle and its governance.[36]

The city council's coat of arms are emblematic of the city's history. The arms incorporate a golden shield with a red cross, upon a green mount, surmounted by a mural crown, relating to Carlisle's history as an ancient walled city. This is supported by two red wyverns—legendary dragons used in heraldry—their wings strewn with golden roses, with reference to the city's Brythonic history. The motto beneath the arms comes from Thomas Wolsey's speech to Thomas Cromwell, in Shakespeare's play, Henry VIII:[36] Be just and fear not.

Geography

The City of Carlisle is located at the extreme north of North West England. It encompasses Cumbria's county town, Carlisle, and its surrounding rural hinterland,[37] which together total 1,039.97 square kilometres (402 sq mi),[3] making the city the largest in England by area. Although 70% of the city's 100,750 people live in central Carlisle, 98% of the city's land use is rural.[37] The city is traversed by several major rivers, including the Caldew, Eden, and Petteril, and is bisected by the M6, A74(M) motorways.[38]

Along the City of Carlisle's northern extent is the Solway Firth, which forms the western section of the Anglo-Scottish border, and thus divides the city from Dumfries and Galloway, one of the council areas of Scotland. To the east is the English county of Northumberland; to the south is the district of Eden and to the west and south-west the borough of Allerdale, both in the county of Cumbria.

Much of the city spans the flood plain of the River Eden resulting in large parts of the district being vulnerable to flooding.[39][40] Two further tributaries, the Petteril and Caldew nearly surround the historic walled centre.

Carlisle experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb).

Climate data for Carlisle
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 7
(45)		 8
(46)		 10
(50)		 12
(54)		 16
(61)		 17
(63)		 19
(66)		 20
(68)		 17
(63)		 14
(57)		 10
(50)		 7
(45)		 13
(55)
Average low °C (°F) 3
(37)		 3
(37)		 4
(39)		 5
(41)		 7
(45)		 10
(50)		 12
(54)		 12
(54)		 10
(50)		 8
(46)		 5
(41)		 3
(37)		 7
(45)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 63.3
(2.49)		 76.7
(3.02)		 46.5
(1.83)		 43.9
(1.73)		 54.1
(2.13)		 61.9
(2.44)		 57.1
(2.25)		 71.9
(2.83)		 62.6
(2.46)		 90.6
(3.57)		 69.8
(2.75)		 83.8
(3.30)		 782.2
(30.80)
Source: [41]

Demography
Further information: Demography of Cumbria
Carlisle compared
2001 UK Census Carlisle[42]Cumbria[43]England
Total population100,739487,60749,138,831
White99.1%99.3%90.9%
Asian0.3%0.2%4.6%
Black0.1%0.1%2.3%

At the 2011 UK census, the City of Carlisle had a total population of 107,524.[44] 46.8% of the residents over the age of 16 were married or in a registered same-sex civil partnership, 11.9% were co-habiting couples, and 41.2% were not living in a couple.

In 1841, 15.7% of Carlisle's population was middle class compared to 14% in England and Wales; this increased to 18.9% in 1931 (15% nationally) and 35.7% in 2001 (48% nationally). Carlisle's proportion of working class people increased slowly from 1841 to 1931, changing from 33.0% to 37.9 while the national average changed from 37% to 36% in the same period. Since 1931 it has fallen and risen again to 34.0% in 2001 (26% nationally). The rest of the population was made up of clerical workers and skilled manual workers.[45][46]

Population change

The table below details the population change since 1801, including the percentage change since the last available census data. Although the City of Carlisle has existed as a district since 1974, figures have been generated by combining data from the towns, villages, and civil parishes that would later be constituent parts of the city.

Population growth in City of Carlisle since 1801
YearPop.±%
180132,825—    
181137,176+13.3%
182143,500+17.0%
183149,571+14.0%
184151,972+4.8%
185157,378+10.4%
YearPop.±%
186161,857+7.8%
187166,336+7.2%
188170,816+6.8%
189171,950+1.6%
190174,989+4.2%
191178,160+4.2%
YearPop.±%
192180,640+3.2%
193183,200+3.2%
194190,127+8.3%
195197,667+8.4%
196199,124+1.5%
1971100,607+1.5%
YearPop.±%
198199,507−1.1%
1991101,948+2.5%
2001100,798−1.1%
2011107,500+6.6%
Source: 1801–2001: Vision of Britain,[47] 2011: ONS[48]

Religion
See also: List of churches in the City of Carlisle

At the 2011 UK census, 69.1% of Carlisle's residents reported themselves as Christian, 22.9% had no religion and 6.8% did not state any religion. Other religions were very scantly represented with 0.4% of residents Muslim, 0.3% Buddhist, 0.2% Hindu and 0.3% had an alternative religion.[44] The city is covered by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lancaster,[49] and the Church of England Diocese of Carlisle.[50]

Economy
Carlisle compared
2001 UK CensusCity of Carlisle[51]Cumbria[52]England
Population of working age73,431354,18335,532,091
Full-time employment39.0%36.9%40.8%
Part-time employment14.6%13.6%11.8%
Self employed8.2%9.9%8.3%
Unemployed3.5%3.4%3.3%
Retired15.8%16.7%13.5%

At the United Kingdom Census 2001, Carlisle had 73,431 residents aged 16 to 74. Of these people, 2.4% were students with jobs, 3.1% students without jobs, 4.9% looking after home or family, 6.1% permanently sick or disabled and 2.3% economically inactive for other reasons.[51]

In 2001, of 46,858 residents of the City of Carlisle in employment, the industry of employment was 20.4% retail and wholesale, 15.9% manufacturing, 11.1% health and social work, 8.1% property and business services, 7.7% transport and communications, 7.3% construction, 6.4% education, 5.9% hotels and restaurants, 5.8% public administration and defence, 3.1% agriculture, 2.3% finance, 0.7% energy and water supply, 0.3% mining, and 4.5% other. This was roughly in line with national figures, although the proportion of jobs in agriculture which was more than the national average of 1.5% and the percentage of people working in finance was less than half the national average of 4.8%; the proportion of people working in property was also below the national average of 13.2%.[53]

Railways
British Rail Class 90s in Carlisle Citadel station in the 1990s under British Rail.

Carlisle railway station located on the West Coast Main Line and serves the Settle and Carlisle Line, Tyne Valley Line, Cumbrian Coast Line and trains to South West Scotland.

Transport
Carlisle Lake District Airport

Carlisle Lake District Airport, owned by the Stobart Group, serves Carlisle, Cumbria. However, as of 2014, Carlisle Lake District Airport does not provide any commercial passenger flights operated by any airline to any destination. In June 2018, it was announced that commercial flights will take place to London Southend Airport, Belfast Airport and Dublin Airport.

Twin cities

Carlisle has formal twinning arrangements with two northern border cities on mainland Europe. They are since 1961[54] Flensburg in northern Germany and since 1987[55] Słupsk in northern Poland.[56][57]

Notable people

Freedom of the City

The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Carlisle.

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Individuals

Military Units

References

Citations
  1. Roach, Peter; Hartman, James; Setter, Jane; Jones, Daniel, eds. (2006), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (17th ed.), Cambridge: CUP, ISBN 978-0-521-68086-8
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  3. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2010.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Cumbria County Council Census key statistics summary
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  5. "Visionofbritain.org.uk". Archived from the original on 8 May 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  6. HMSO. Local Government Act 1972. 1972 c.70
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  33. Ward profile: Yewdale (PDF), Carlisle City Council, August 2006, archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011, retrieved 26 June 2009
  34. National Association of Local Councils, What is a town, parish or community council?, Government of the United Kingdom, archived from the original on 28 July 2008 Retrieved on 26 January 2008.
  35. Cumbria Association of Local Councils (2 September 2008), Parishes in Carlisle, calc.org.uk, archived from the original on 12 August 2009, retrieved 24 June 2009
  36. Cumbria and Palatine Counties area, civicheraldry.co.uk, archived from the original on 8 February 2010, retrieved 22 June 2009
  37. Andrew 2004, p. 6.
  38. Andrew 2004, p. 7.
  39. "Carlisle 'cut off' by flood water" at BBC News – 8 January 2005, 13:15 UTC
  40. "Floods leave homes without power" Archived 24 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine at BBC News – 8 January 2005, 23:31 UTC
  41. Averages for Carlisle, archived from the original on 14 July 2011
  42. Carlisle Local Authority ethnic group, Government of the United Kingdom, archived from the original on 4 June 2011, retrieved 22 June 2009
  43. Cumbria Education Authority ethnic group, Government of the United Kingdom, archived from the original on 4 June 2011, retrieved 22 June 2009
  44. UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Carlisle Local Authority (1946157077)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  45. City of Carlisle social class, Vision of Britain, archived from the original on 26 October 2012, retrieved 22 June 2009
  46. England social class, Vision of Britain, archived from the original on 3 October 2012, retrieved 22 June 2009
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  49. The Diocese of Lancaster, Lancaster Diocese, archived from the original on 21 June 2009, retrieved 22 June 2009
  50. Welcome to the website of the Diocese of Carlisle, Carlisle Diocese, archived from the original on 23 August 2011, retrieved 22 June 2009
  51. Carlisle Local Authority economic activity, Government of the United Kingdom, archived from the original on 4 June 2011, retrieved 23 June 2009
  52. Cumbria Education Authority economic activity, Government of the United Kingdom, archived from the original on 4 June 2011, retrieved 23 June 2009
  53. City of Carlisle Local Authority industry of employment, Government of the United Kingdom, archived from the original on 4 June 2011, retrieved 23 June 2009
  54. Partnerstädte (in German), Stadt Flensburg, archived from the original on 19 August 2012, retrieved 30 November 2012
  55. Carlisle (in Polish), Urząd Miejski w Słupsku, archived from the original on 16 April 2013, retrieved 30 November 2012
  56. Carlisle City Council, Town twinning, Carlisle City Council, archived from the original on 2 December 2008, retrieved 24 June 2009
  57. Town Twinning at Carlisle City Council, carlisletwins.org.uk, archived from the original on 27 August 2007, retrieved 24 June 2009
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Bibliography
  • Andrew, Bennett (2004), Homelessness: Written Evidence: House of Commons Papers 2003–04 1116-Ii, 2, Great Britain: The Stationery Office, ISBN 978-0-215-01969-1
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