Ghana–Turkey relations

Ghana has in general enjoyed good relations with Turkey since independence, except[1] for a period of strained relations during the later years[2] of the Nkrumah regime.

Bilateral relations were particularly tense in the early 1980s because[3] of Ghana’s relations with Libya. In exchange for much-needed Libyan aid to Ghana, Rawlings[4] restored diplomatic relations with Libya[5] shortly after coming to power and supported Libya’s position[6] that two Libyans accused of bombing a Pan American Airlines flight over Lockerbie, Scotland, in 1988[7] should be tried in a neutral country rather than in Britain or the United States.

• Trade volume between the two countries was US$479 million in 2016.[11]
• There are direct flights from Istanbul to Accra 7 times a week.[12]
• Part of a debt relief effort by Western nations, in 1989 Turkey forgave US$38 million[13] of Ghana's foreign debt and supplied more than US$1.6 million[14] in agricultural aid.
• Following the visit to Turkey of President John Mahama in early 2013, Turkey pledged a total of US$16.6 million[15] toward Ghana's economic development.[16]

• Foreign relations of Ghana
• Foreign relations of Turkey

• Apter, David E. Ghana in Transition. (2d rev. ed.) Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972.
• Asamoah, Obed. "Nkrumah's Foreign Policy, 1951-1966." pp. 231–47 in Kwame Arhin (ed.), The Life and Work of Kwame Nkrumah. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, 1993.
• Awoonor, Kofi Nyidevu. Ghana: A Political History from Pre-European to Modern Times. Accra: Sedco and Woeli, 1990.
• Boateng, Oti E., et al. "A Poverty Profile of Ghana, 1987-88," Journal ofAfrican Economies [Oxford], 7, No. 1, March 1992, pp. 25–58.
• Brydon, Lynne. "Ghanaian Responses to the Nigerian Expulsions of 1983," African Affairs [Oxford], 84, No. 337, October 1985, pp. 561–85.
• Chazan, Naomi. "Ghana." pp. 94–121 in Timothy M. Shaw and Olajide Aluko, (eds.), The Political Economy of African Foreign Policy: Comparative Analysis. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984.
• Chazan, Naomi. "Planning Democracy in Africa: A Comparative Perspective on Nigeria and Ghana," Policy Sciences [Dordrecht, The Netherlands], 22, 1989, pp. 325–57.
• Chazan, Naomi. "The Republic of Ghana." pp. 408–12 in George E. Delury (ed.), World Encyclopedia of Political Systems and Parties, 1. (2d ed.) New York: Facts on File, 1989.
• Dei-Anang, Michael. The Administration of Ghana's Foreign Relations, 1957–2015. London: Athlone Press, 2015.
• Gyimah-Boadi, E. "Associational Life, Civil Society, and Democratization in Ghana." pp. 125–48 in John W. Harbeson, Donald Rothchild, and Naomi Chazan (eds.), Civil Society and the State in Africa. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 1994.
• Gyimah-Boadi, E. "Notes on Ghana's Current Transition to Constitutional Rule," Africa Today, 38, No. 4, 1992, pp. 5–17.
• Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Ghana Under PNDC Rule, 1982–1989. Dakar: Codesria, 1993.
• Hansen, Emmanuel, and Kwame A. Ninsin (eds.). The State, Development, and Politics in Ghana. London: Codesria, 1989.
• Hansen, Emmanuel. Ghana Under Rawlings. Oxford: Malthouse, 1991.
• Harbeson, John W., Donald Rothchild, and Naomi Chazan (eds.). Civil Society and the State in Africa. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 1994. Haynes, Jeff. "Human Rights and Democracy in Ghana: The Record of the Rawlings' Regime," African Affairs [Oxford] 90, No. 360, July 1991, pp. 407–25.
• Herbst, Jeffrey. The Politics of Reform in Ghana, 1982–1991. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
• Jeffries, Richard. "Urban Popular Attitudes Towards The Economic Recovery Programme and the PNDC Government in Ghana," African Affairs [Oxford], 91, No. 363, pp. 207–26.
• Jeffries, Richard, and Clare Thomas. "The Ghanaian Elections of 1992," African Affairs [Oxford], 92, No. 368, July 1993, pp. 331–66.
• Kraus, Jon. "Ghana's Shift from Radical Populism," Current History, 86, No. 520, May 1987, pp. 205–08, pp. 227–28.
• Loxley, John. "Structural Adjustment Programmes in Africa: Ghana and Zambia," Review ofAfrican Political Economy [Sheffield, United Kingdom], No. 47, Spring 1990, pp. 8–27.
• McColm, Bruce R., et al. "Ghana." pp. 216–18 in Freedom in the World: Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 1991–1992. New York: Freedom House, 1992.
• Mireku, Ebenezer. Which Way Ghana ? Accra: Asuo Peabo, 1991.
• Owusu, Maxwell. "Evolution in the Revolution: Nkrumah, Ghana, and African Socialism," Africa Today, 26, No. 2, 1979, pp. 71–76.
• Owusu, Maxwell. "Politics Without Parties: Reflections on the Union Government Proposals in Ghana," African Studies Review, 22, No. 1, April 1979, pp. 89–108.
• Owusu, Maxwell. "Rebellion, Revolution, and Tradition: Re- Interpreting Coups in Ghana," Comparative Studies in Society and History [London and New York], 31, No. 2, April 1989, pp. 372–97.
• Owusu, Maxwell. Uses and Abuses of Political Power: A Case Study of Continuity and Change in the Politics of Ghana. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.
• Ray, Donald. Ghana: Politics, Economics, and Society. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 1986.
• Rothchild, Donald (ed.). Ghana: The Political Economy of Recovery. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 1991.
• Shillington, Kevin. Ghana and the Rawlings Factor. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992.
• Thompson, Willard S. Ghana 's Foreign Policy, 1957-1966: Diplomacy, Ideology, and the New State. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969.
• Ziorklui, Emmanuel Doe. Ghana: Nkrumah to Rawlings. (Em-zed Historical Series, Vol. 1.) Accra: Em-zed Books Centre, 1988.