Islam by country

Adherents of Islam constitute the world's second largest religious group. According to a study in 2015, Islam has 1.8 billion adherents, making up about 24.1% of the world population.[2] Most Muslims are either of two denominations: Sunni (87–90%, roughly 1.6 billion people)[3] or Shia (10-13%, roughly 180–230 million people).[4] Islam is the dominant religion in Central Asia, Indonesia, Middle East, North Africa, the Sahel[5][6][7][8] and some other parts of Asia.[9] The diverse Asia-Pacific region contains the highest number of Muslims in the world, easily surpassing the Middle East and North Africa.[10]

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World Muslim population by percentage (2014 estimate)[1]

South Asia contains the largest population of Muslims in the world. One-third of Muslims are of South Asian origin.[11][12][13] Islam is the dominant religion in the Maldives, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. India is the country with the largest Muslim population outside Muslim-majority countries with about 200 million adherents.[14]

The various Hamito-Semitic, Arab, Berber, Turkic, and Iranic countries of the greater Middle East-North Africa (MENA) region,[15] where Islam is the dominant religion in every country other than Israel,[6] host 23% of the world's Muslims.

The country with the single largest population of Muslims is Indonesia in Southeast Asia, which on its own hosts 13% of the world's Muslims.[16] Together, the Muslims in the countries of Southeast Asia constitute the world's third-largest population of Muslims. In the countries of the Malay Archipelago, Muslims are majorities in each country other than the Philippines, Singapore, and East Timor.

About 15% of Muslims reside in Sub-Saharan Africa,[17][7][18] and sizeable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas, China, and Europe.[5]

Western Europe hosts many Muslim immigrant communities where Islam is the second-largest religion after Christianity, where it represents 6% of the total population or 24 million people.[19]

Denominations
Organisation of
Islamic Cooperation
Economy
Education
Member states
Parliamentary Union
Main articles: Islamic denominations and History of Islam
Further information: Succession to Muhammad

Islam is divided into two major denominations, Sunni and Shi'a. Of the total Muslim population, 87–90% are Sunni and 10–13% are Shi'a. Most Shi'as (between 68% and 80%) live in mainly four countries: Iran, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, and Iraq.[20] The major surviving Imamah-Muslim Sects are Usulism (with nearly more than 10%), Nizari Ismailism (with nearly more than 1%) and Alevism (with slightly more than 0.5%[21] but less than 1%[22]). The other existing groups include Zaydi Shi'a of Yemen whose population is nearly more than 0.5% of the world's Muslim population, Musta’li Ismaili (with nearly 0.1%[23] whose Taiyabi adherents reside in Sindh and Gujarat in South Asia. There are also significant diaspora populations in Europe, North America, the Far East, and East Africa[24]), and Ibadis from the Kharijites whose population has diminished to a level below 0.15%.[25] (with nearly around 1%),[26] non-denominational Muslims, Quranist Muslims and Wahhabis (with nearly around 1–2%[27] of the world's total Muslim population) also exist.

According to the Pew Research Center in 2010, there were 50 Muslim-majority countries.[28][29] Around 62% of the world's Muslims live in the Asia-Pacific region (from Turkey to Indonesia), with over one billion adherents.[30] The largest Muslim population in a country is in Indonesia, a country home to 12.7% of the world's Muslims, followed by Pakistan (11.0%), and India (10.9%).[5][31] About 20% of Muslims live in the Arab world.[32] In the Middle East, the non-Arab countries of Iran and Turkey are the largest Muslim-majority countries, while Egypt and Nigeria in Africa have the same status.[5][31] The study found more Muslims in the United Kingdom than in Lebanon and more in China than in Syria. The Indian state of Uttar Pradesh has more Muslims than any other Muslim-majority countries except Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Egypt, Iran and Turkey.[5]

Countries

Most of the percentages of Muslim populations of each country, if not stated otherwise, were taken from the study by the Pew Research Center report of 5 facts about the muslim population in Europe, 2017.[5][33]

Table
Country/Region Total Population Muslim Population Muslim percentage (%) of total population Percentage (%) of world Muslim population Sources
 Afghanistan 37,135,000 37,025,000 99.7 2.0 [34]
 Albania 3,057,220 1,797,645 58.8 0.1 [35][36]
 Algeria 41,657,488 41,240,913 99 2.7 [37]
 American Samoa 50,826 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [38]
 Andorra 85,708 2,228 2.6 < 0.1 [39][40]
 Angola 30,355,880 90,000 0.3 < 0.1 [41][42]
 Anguilla 17,422 < 1,000 0.6 < 0.1 [43]
 Antigua and Barbuda 95,882 < 1,000 0.3 < 0.1 [44]
 Argentina 44,694,198 400,000 0.9 < 1 [45][42]
 Armenia 3,038,217 3,038 0.1 < 0.1 [46]
 Aruba 116,576 < 1,000 0.4 < 0.1 [47][48]
 Australia 25,700,000 666,000 2.6 < 0.1 [49]
 Austria 9,000,000 720,000 8 < 0.1 [50][51]
 Azerbaijan 10,046,516 9,735,074 96.9 0.5 [52]
 Bahamas 332,634 < 1,000 0.1 < 0.1 [53]
 Bahrain 1,442,659 1,063,239 73.7 < 0.1 [54]
 Bangladesh 170,000,000 153,700,000 90.4 9.2 [55][56]
 Barbados 293,131 4,396 1.5 < 0.1 [57]
 Belarus 9,527,543 45,000–100,000 0.5–1.0 < 0.1 [58][59][60]
 Belgium 11,570,762 879,377 7.6 < 0.1 [61][62]
 Belize 385,854 < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1 [63][64]
 Benin 11,340,504 3,141,319 27.7 0.14 [65]
 Bermuda 71,176 < 1,000 1 < 0.1 [66]
 Bhutan 766,397 ≤ 2,000 0.2 < 0.1 [67][68]
 Bolivia 11,306,341 2,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [69][70]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3,849,891 1,955,084 50.7 0.1 [71]
 Botswana 2,249,104 8,996 0.4 < 0.1 [72][73]
 Brazil 210,000,000 35,167–1,500,000 0.02–0.7 < 0.1 [74][75]
 British Virgin Islands 35,802 < 1,000 1.2 < 0.1 [76]
 Brunei 450,565 355,045 78.8 < 0.1 [77]
 Bulgaria 7,057,504 861,015 13.4 < 0.1 [78][79]
 Burkina Faso 19,742,715 12,141,769 61.5 0.6 [80]
 Burma 55,622,506 2,391,767 4.3 0.1 [81]
 Burundi 11,844,520 1,184,452 10 < 0.1 [82][83]
 Cambodia 16,449,519 312,5401 2 < 0.1 [84]
 Cameroon 25,640,965 7,692,289 30 0.4 [85][86]
 Canada 35,881,659 1,148,213 3.2 0.1 [87]
 Cape Verde 568,373 11,367 2 < 0.1 [88][89]
 Cayman Islands 59,613 < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1 [90]
 Central African Republic 5,745,062 861,759 15 < 0.1 [91]
 Chad 15,833,116 9,183,207 58 0.4 [92][89]
 Chile 17,925,262 4,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [93][94]
 China 1,390,000,000 6,255,000–50,000,000 0.45–3 0.4 – 2.8 [95][96][97][98][99]
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands 596 < 1,000 80 < 0.1 [100][101]
 Colombia 48,168,996 96,337 0.2 < 0.1 [102][103]
 Comoros 821,164 807,204 98.3 < 0.1 [104]
 DR Congo 85,281,024 12,792,153 10 0.1 [105][106]
 Cook Islands 9,038 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [107]
 Costa Rica 4,987,142 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [108]
 Ivory Coast 26,260,582 11,265,789 42.9 0.5 [109]
 Croatia 4,270,480 64,057 1.5 < 0.1 [110]
 Cuba 11,116,396 11,116 0.1 < 0.1 [111]
 Cyprus 1,100,000 275,000 25.3 < 0.1 [112]
 Czech Republic 10,686,269 10,000–20,000 0.1–0.2 < 0.1 [113][62]
 Denmark 5,809,502 313,713 5.4 < 0.1 [114][62]
 Djibouti 884,017 857,496 97 0.1 [115][116]
 Dominica 74,027 < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1 [117]
 Dominican Republic 10,298,756 2,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [118][119]
 Ecuador 16,498,502 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [120][121]
 Egypt 95,000,000 85,000,000–90,000,000 90–94.7 4.9 [122][123]
 El Salvador 6,187,271 2,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [124][125]
 Equatorial Guinea 797,457 79,745 10 < 0.1 [126][127]
 Eritrea 6,000,000 2,160,000–3,100,000 36–51.6 0.1 [128][129][130]
 Estonia 1,244,288 1,508 < 0.1 < 0.1 [131]
 Ethiopia 105,000,000 35,600,000 33.9 1.8 [132]
 Faroe Islands 51,018 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [133]
 Falkland Islands 3,198 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [134]
 F.S. Micronesia 103,643 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [135]
 Fiji 926,276 58,355 6.3 < 0.1 [136]
 Finland 5,537,364 102,000 1.8 < 0.1 [137][62]
 France 67,000,000 5,720,000 8.8 0.3 [62]
 French Guiana 281,612 2,400 0.9 < 0.1
 French Polynesia 290,373 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [138]
 Gabon 2,119,036 211,903 10 < 0.1 [139][140]
 Gambia 2,092,731 2,002,743 95.7 0.1 [141]
 Georgia 4,926,087 527,091 10.7 < 0.1 [142]
 Germany 83,100,000 4,500,000–5,000,000 5.4–6 0.2 [33][143]
 Ghana 28,102,471 5,058,444 17.6 0.2 [144][89][145]
 Gibraltar 29,461 1,150 4 < 0.1 [146][147]
 Greece 10,761,523 215,230–613,406 2–5.7 < 0.1 [148][62]
 Greenland 57,691 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [149]
 Grenada 112,207 < 1,000 0.3 < 0.1 [150]
 Guadeloupe 402,119 2,000 0.4 < 0.1
 Guam 167,772 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [151]
 Guatemala 16,581,273 1,200 < 0.1 < 0.1 [152][153]
 Guinea 11,855,411 10,563,171 89.1 0.5 [154]
 Guinea-Bissau 1,833,247 826,794 45.1 < 0.1 [155]
 Guyana 740,685 55,000 7.3 < 0.1 [156]
 Haiti 10,788,440 5,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [157][158]
 Honduras 9,182,766 30,000 0.3 < 0.1 [159]
 Hong Kong 7,213,338 295,746 4.1 < 0.1 [160][161]
 Hungary 9,825,704 40,000–60,000 0.4–0.6 < 0.1 [62][162][163]
 Iceland 343,518 < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1 [164][165]
 India 1,370,000,000 195,000,000 14.2 10.9 [166]
 Indonesia 266,000,000 231,000,000 86.7 12.7 [167]
 Iran 83,000,000 82,500,000 99.4 4.6 [168]
 Iraq 40,194,216 38,465,864 95.7 1.9 [169]
 Ireland 5,068,050 70,952 1.4 < 0.1 [170][62]
 Isle of Man 89,407 < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1 [171]
 Israel 8,424,904 1,516,482 18 0.1 [172][173]
 Italy 62,246,674 2,987,840 4.8 0.1 [174][62]
 Jamaica 2,812,090 5,624 0.2 < 0.1 [175][176]
 Japan 126,000,000 185,000 0.1 < 0.1 [177][178]
 Jordan 10,458,413 10,165,577 97.2 0.4 [179]
 Kazakhstan 18,744,548 13,158,672 70.2 0.5 [180]
 Kenya 48,397,527 5,500,000 11.2 0.2 [181]
 Kiribati 109,367 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [182]
 Kosovo 1,907,592 1,823,657 95.6 0.1 [183]
 Kuwait 2,916,467 2,175,684 74.6 0.2 [184]
 Kyrgyzstan 5,849,296 4,679,436 80 0.3 [185][186]
 Laos 7,234,171 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [187][188]
 Latvia 1,923,559 2,000 0.1-0.2 < 0.1 [189][190]
 Lebanon 6,100,075 3,519,743 57.7 0.2 [191]
 Lesotho 1,962,461 3,000 0.1 < 0.1 [192]
 Liberia 4,809,768 961,953 20 < 0.1 [193][194]
 Libya 6,754,507 6,551,871 97 0.4 [195][196]
 Liechtenstein 38,000 2,050 5.4 < 0.1 [197]
 Lithuania 2,793,284 3,000 0.1 < 0.1 [198][199]
 Luxembourg 605,764 18,172 3 < 0.1 [200][201]
 Macau 606,340 < 1,000 0.1 < 0.1 [202][203]
 Madagascar 25,683,610 2,568,361 10 < 0.1 [204][205]
 Malawi 19,842,560 3,968,512 20 0.1 [206][207]
 Malaysia 31,809,660 16,318,355 61.3 1.1 [208]
 Maldives 374,775 374,775 100 < 0.1 [209]
 Mali 18,429,893 17,508,398 95 0.8 [210][89]
 Malta 449,043 11,675 2.6 < 0.1 [211][212]
 Marshall Islands 75,684 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [213]
 Martinique 385,551 < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1
 Mauritania 3,845,430 3,840,430 99.9 0.2 [214]
 Mauritius 1,364,283 236,020 17.3 < 0.1 [215]
 Mayotte 256,518 253,439 97 < 0.1 [216]
 Mexico 127,000,000 5,500 0.01 < 0.01 [217][218]
 Moldova 3,437,720 15,000 0.4 < 0.1 [219][220]
 Monaco 30,727 < 1,000 0.8 < 0.1 [221][222]
 Mongolia 3,103,428 150,000 5 < 0.1 [223][224]
 Montenegro 614,249 122,849 19.1 < 0.1 [225]
 Montserrat 5,315 < 1,000 0.1 < 0.1 [226]
 Morocco 38,314,130 37,930,989 99 2.1 [227]
 Mozambique 27,233,789 3,830,063 17.9 0.3 [228][229]
 Namibia 2,413,643 9,654 0.4 < 0.1
 Nauru 10,084 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Nepal 29,218,867 1,292,909 4.2 0.1 [230]
 Netherlands 17,400,000 887,000 5.1 0.1 [231]
 Netherlands Antilles 304,759 < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1
 New Caledonia 278,500 7,000 2.8 < 0.1
 New Zealand 4,903,800 41,000 0.9 < 0.1
 Nicaragua 6,284,757 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Niger 21,466,863 21,101,926 98.3 1 [232]
 Nigeria 200,000,000 95,000,000–103,000,000 53.5 5.3 [33][233]
 Niue 1,611 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 North Korea 25,610,672 3,000 0.1 < 0.1
 North Macedonia 2,118,945 705,608 33.3 < 0.1 [234]
 Northern Mariana Islands 56,200 < 1,000 0.7 < 0.1
 Norway 5,328,212 175,507 3.2 < 0.1 [235]
 Oman 4,633,752 2,427,000 86 0.2 [236]
 Pakistan 210,000,000 202,650,000 96.5 11.1 [237][238]
 Palau 17,900 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Palestine 4,780,978 4,298,000 97.5 0.3
 Panama 4,158,783 25,000 0.7 < 0.1
 Papua New Guinea 8,558,800 2,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Paraguay 7,052,983 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Peru 31,237,385 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Philippines 109,000,000 5,450,000–12,000,000 5–11 0.3 - 0.6 [239][240]
 Poland 38,430,000 6,796 0.02 < 0.1 [241]
 Portugal 10,291,027 65,000 0.4 < 0.1
 Puerto Rico 3,337,177 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Qatar 2,450,285 1,566,786 77.5 0.1 [242]
 Congo 5,399,895 107,997 2 < 0.1 [243]
 Réunion 865,826 36,364 4.2 < 0.1 [244]
 Romania 19,524,000 73,000–200,000 0.3–1.0 < 0.1 [245]
 Russia 144,350,000/146,750,000 14,000,000-22,000,000 10-15 1.7 [upper-alpha 1] [246][247]
 Rwanda 12,001,136 576,054 4.8 < 0.1 [248]
 Saint Helena 4,534 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 46,204 < 1,000 0.3 < 0.1
 Saint Lucia 178,844 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 6,286 < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 109,557 2,000 1.7 < 0.1
 Samoa 199,052 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 San Marino 33,344 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 São Tomé and Príncipe 199,910 5,931 3 < 0.1 [249]
 Saudi Arabia 34,220,000 33,535,000 98.2 1.8
 Senegal 15,726,037 15,112,721 96.1 0.8 [250]
 Serbia 7,001,444 221,460 3.1 < 0.1 [251]
 Seychelles 94,205 1,036 1.1 < 0.1 [252]
 Sierra Leone 7,719,729 6,067,706 78.6 0.3 [253]
 Singapore 5,612,253 721,000–842,116 14.7 < 0.1 [254][255]
 Slovakia 5,443,120 10,866 0.1–0.2 < 0.1 [62]
 Slovenia 2,066,880 73,568 3.6 < 0.1 [62]
 Solomon Islands 667,044 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Somalia 11,000,000 10,978,000 99.8 0.6 [256]
 South Africa 57,725,600 1,050,000 1.9 < 0.1 [257][258]
 South Korea 51,635,256 35,000 0.1 < 0.1
 South Sudan 12,323,419 2,464,683 20 < 0.1 [259]
 Spain 46,659,302 1,180,000 2.6 0.1 [62]
 Sri Lanka 21,700,000 2,105,000 9.7 0.1 [260]
 Sudan 40,825,770 39,585,777 97 1.9 [261]
 Suriname 600,000 83,400 13.9 < 0.1 [262]
 Swaziland 1,159,250 129,230 10 < 0.1 [263]
 Sweden 10,182,291 800,000 8.1 < 0.1 [33][62]
 Switzerland 8,492,956 440,000 5.2 < 0.1 [264]
 Syria 18,000,000 16,000,000 87 1 [265][266]
 Taiwan 23,576,705 60,000 0.3 < 0.1 [267][268]
 Tajikistan 9,540,000 9,253,000 97.9 0.4 [269][270][271]
 Tanzania 54,199,163 19,426,814 35.2 0.8 [272]
 Thailand 70,000,000 3,000,000 4.3 0.2 [273]
 East Timor 1,261,407 1,000 0.1 < 0.1
 Togo 7,352,000 1,593,011 20 0.1 [274]
 Tokelau 1,499 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Tonga 100,651 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Trinidad and Tobago 1,356,633 78,000 5.8 < 0.1
 Tunisia 11,446,300 11,190,000 99.8 0.6
 Turkey 83,155,000 74,423,725 89.5 4.6 [275][276]
 Turkmenistan 6,031,187 5,610,000 93.7 0.3
 Turks and Caicos Islands 37,910 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Tuvalu 10,640 < 1,000 0.1 < 0.1
 Uganda 38,823,100 5,435,234 14 0.3 [277]
 Ukraine 42,263,873 390,000–1,000,000 0.9–2.5 < 0.1 [278][279]
 United Arab Emirates 9,541,615 7,251,627 76 0.2 [280][281]
 United Kingdom 66,040,229 4,130,000 6.3 0.2 [62]
 United States 327,827,000 3,450,000 1.1 0.2 [282]
 U.S. Virgin Islands 104,914 < 1,000 0.1 < 0.1
 Uruguay 3,505,985 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Uzbekistan 34,036,800 29,920,000 88.7 1.7 [283]
 Vanuatu 304,500 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Vatican City 800 0 0 0
 Venezuela 31,304,016 125,216 0.4 < 0.1 [284]
 Vietnam 96,160,163 96,160 0.1 < 0.1 [285]
 Wallis and Futuna 15,714 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [286]
 Western Sahara 603,253 599,633 99.4 < 0.1 [287][288]
 Yemen 28,036,829 27,784,498 99.2 1.5 [289][290]
 Zambia 16,887,720 168,877 1 < 0.1 [89]
 Zimbabwe 14,000,000 100,000 0.7 < 0.1 [291]
  1. Including citizens of the Russian Federation, as well as immigrants and migrants who live in Russia

Continents

Table
Region Muslims Muslim percentage (%) of total population Percentage (%) of World Muslim population
Asia 1,200,000,000 24.3 66.7
Central Asia 54,000,000[292] 81[293] 3.0
South Asia 600,000,000[294][295] 31.4[296][297] 30.6[11][298]
Southeast Asia 240,000,000[299] 40 13.3
East Asia 50,000,000[99] 3.1 2.8
Middle East-North Africa 315,322,000[15]–488,603,838 91.2 27.1
Africa 550,000,000 47 30.6
Sub-Saharan Africa 283,302,393 29.6 15.7
North America 3,500,000–7,000,000[300] 1.0[301] 0.4
South America 791,000 0.2 0.04
Europe 44,138,000 6.0 2.7
Oceania 650,000 1.6 0.04
World 1,800,000,000[2] 24.1 100

See also
Islam by country
Africa
Asia
Americas
Europe
Oceania
 Islam portal

Islam:

Religions by country:

General

References
  1. "Religious Composition by Country, in Percentages'". Pew Research. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  2. "Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group". Pew Research Centre. April 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  4. See
    • "Shiʿi". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 4 October 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019. In the early 21st century some 10–13 percent of the world’s 1.6 billion Muslims were Shiʿi.
    • "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". Pew Research Center. 7 October 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2013. The Pew Forum's estimate of the Shia population (10–13%) is in keeping with previous estimates, which generally have been in the range of 10–15%. Some previous estimates, however, have placed the number of Shias at nearly 20% of the world's Muslim population.
    • "Shia". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Retrieved 5 December 2011. Shi'a Islam is the second largest branch of the tradition, with up to 200 million followers who comprise around 15% of all Muslims worldwide...
    • Jalil Roshandel (2011). Iran, Israel and the United States. Praeger Security International. p. 15. ISBN 9780313386985. The majority of the world's Islamic population, which is Sunni, accounts for over 75 percent of the Islamic population; the other 10 to 20 percent is Shia.
  5. "Muslim Population by Country". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 9 February 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  6. "Region: Middle East-North Africa". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  7. "Region: Sub-Saharan Africa". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  8. Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica Book of the Year 2003. Encyclopædia Britannica, (2003) ISBN 978-0-85229-956-2 p.306 According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, as of mid-2002, there were 376,453,000 Christians, 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa. Ian S. Markham, (A World Religions Reader. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1996.) is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa, but still as 40.8% of the total population. These numbers are estimates, and remain a matter of conjecture. See Amadu Jacky Kaba. The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa: a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians, Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions. The Western Journal of Black Studies, Vol 29, Number 2, June 2005. Discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedium, placing Britannica's estimate as the most agreed figure. Notes the figure presented at the World Christian Encyclopedia, summarized here, as being an outlier. On rates of growth, Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest, see: The List: The World’s Fastest-Growing Religions, Foreign Policy, May 2007.
  9. Britannica Archived 14 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Think Quest Archived 18 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Wadsworth.com
  10. "Muslims". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
  11. Pechilis, Karen; Raj, Selva J. (1 January 2013). South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today. Routledge. ISBN 9780415448512.
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