Jefferson County, Arkansas

Jefferson County, Arkansas is a county located in the U.S. state of Arkansas in the area known as the Arkansas Delta, that extends west of the Mississippi River. As of the 2010 census, the population was 77,435.[1] Its county seat and largest city is Pine Bluff.[2] Jefferson County is Arkansas's 21st county, formed on November 2, 1829, from portions of Arkansas and Pulaski counties, and named for Thomas Jefferson,[3] third President of the United States. Jefferson County is included in the Pine Bluff, Arkansas Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is bisected by the Arkansas River, which was critical to its development and long the chief transportation byway.

This article is about the county of Jefferson in Arkansas. For other uses, see Jefferson County (disambiguation).

Jefferson County
County
County of Jefferson
Jefferson County Courthouse
Location within the U.S. state of Arkansas
Arkansas's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 34°17′15″N 91°56′32″W
Country United States
State Arkansas
FoundedNovember 2, 1829 (1829-11-02)
Named forThomas Jefferson
SeatPine Bluff
Largest cityPine Bluff
Government
 • County JudgeHenry Wilkins IV (D)
Area
 • Total914 sq mi (2,370 km2)
 • Land871 sq mi (2,260 km2)
 • Water43 sq mi (110 km2)  4.7%%
Population
 (2010)
 • Total77,435
 • Estimate 
(2019)
66,824
 • Density85/sq mi (33/km2)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP Codes
71601–71603, 71644, 71659, 72004, 72046, 72073, 72079, 72132, 72150, 72152, 72160, 72168, 72175
Area code501, 870
Congressional districts1st, 4th
Websitejeffersoncounty.arkansas.gov

History

The area that would later become Jefferson County was occupied by the Quapaw when French explorers established the Arkansas Post in the 17th century; the foreigners claimed this area as Louisiana, part of New France.[4]

In March 1819, Robert Crittenden was appointed secretary of Arkansas Territory. That same year, Joseph Bonne, traveling upstream on the Arkansas River from Arkansas Post, built a cabin on a "high bluff covered with pine trees" on the river's south bank.[4] Several years later, James Scull, also from Arkansas Post, established a tavern and small inn on the river's north bank, across from what would become the site of Pine Bluff.[4]

Five years later, Crittenden convinced the remaining Quapaw to sign the November 15, 1824 treaty relinquishing what remained of their tribal lands.[4] Steamboat travel led to expanding settlement, "bringing to the area such men as French-born Napoleonic soldier Antoine Barraque (Pine Bluff's principal east-west street was named for him) and brothers James T. and John Pullen (main thoroughfares were named for them)."[4]

On November 2, 1829, Territorial Governor John Pope—Crittenden's successor—approved the establishment of Jefferson County. Bonne's cabin was used as the county seat; by August 1832, "Pine Bluff Town" became the county seat."[4] The land in the county was developed as large cotton plantations, with fronts on the river for transportation. The plantations were dependent on the labor of enslaved African Americans, who comprised a majority of the population in the county well before the American Civil War.

After the war, planters in Jefferson County gradually resumed cotton cultivation and processing. The economy was driven by cotton and the Delta area was highly productive. In 1886, Jefferson County produced 55,120 bales of cotton, the most in Arkansas, and the second-most throughout the South.[5] Transportation companies serving the county at the time included the Cotton Belt Route, the St. Louis – San Francisco Railway, Missouri Pacific, the Arkansas River Packet Company, the Wiley Jones Street Car Lines, and the Citizens Street Railway Company.[6] The street car lines operated primarily in Pine Bluff.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 914 square miles (2,370 km2), of which 871 square miles (2,260 km2) is land and 43 square miles (110 km2) (4.7%) is water.[7] About 75% of the county including the largest city, Pine Bluff, is located in the Arkansas Delta with the remaining portion in the Arkansas Timberlands. Consequently, it is largely low-lying flatland to the east used primarily for agriculture and expanses of trees used for timber to the west.

Major highways

Adjacent counties

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
1830772—
18402,566232.4%
18505,834127.4%
186014,971156.6%
187015,7335.1%
188022,38642.3%
189040,88182.6%
190040,9720.2%
191052,73428.7%
192060,33014.4%
193064,1546.3%
194065,1011.5%
195076,07516.9%
196081,3737.0%
197085,3294.9%
198090,7186.3%
199085,487−5.8%
200084,278−1.4%
201077,435−8.1%
2019 (est.)66,824[8]−13.7%
U.S. Decennial Census[9]
1790–1960[10] 1900–1990[11]
1990–2000[12] 2010–2016[1]
Age pyramid for Jefferson County (as of 2000).[13]

As of the 2010 census, there were 77,435 people living in the county. 55.1% were Black or African American, 42.0% White, 0.8% Asian, 0.3% Native American, 0.7% of some other race and 1.2% of two or more races. 1.6% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).[14]

As of the 2000 census,[15] there were 84,278 people, 30,555 households, and 21,510 families living in the county. The population density was 95 people per square mile (37/km2). There were 34,350 housing units at an average density of 39 per square mile (15/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 49.58% Black or African American, 48.46% White, 0.24% Native American, 0.66% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.26% from other races, and 0.76% from two or more races. 0.96% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. By comparison, the county had 15,714 residents in 1870, 20% of whom were White.[16]

In the county, there were 30,555 households, out of which 33.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.40% were married couples living together, 18.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.60% were non-families. 26.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.13. The population was spread out, with 26.30% under the age of 18, 10.80% from 18 to 24, 27.80% from 25 to 44, 22.10% from 45 to 64, and 12.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.40 males.

Jefferson County experienced a decline in population between 2000 and 2010 of 8.1%.[17] The county has continued to decline in population since 2010, showing a 3.5% decrease in population to 74,723 between the 2010 census and the 2012 (-3.5%) census estimates.[18]

The median income for a household in the county was $31,327, and the median income for a family was $38,252. Males had a median income of $31,848 versus $21,867 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,417. About 16.00% of families and 20.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.60% of those under age 18 and 17.80% of those age 65 or over.

Government and infrastructure

The state has built a number of correctional facilities in and near Pine Bluff, and moved the headquarters of the Arkansas Department of Correction (ADC) to here in 1979.[19][20][21] The administrative Annex East is on Harding Avenue in Pine Bluff, south of city hall.[22] The Diagnostic Unit,[23] the Pine Bluff Unit, and the Randall L. Williams Correctional Facility are in the "Pine Bluff Complex" in Pine Bluff.[24][25] The headquarters of the Arkansas Correctional School system are within the Pine Bluff Complex.[25][26]

The Arkansas Department of Community Correction Southeast Arkansas Community Corrections Center is in Pine Bluff.[27] The Maximum Security Unit is 25 miles (40 km) north of central Pine Bluff and off Arkansas Highway 15 in unincorporated Jefferson County.[28] The Tucker Unit is also located north of Pine Bluff.[29] Historically the Arkansas Boys' Industrial School and the Arkansas Negro Boys' Industrial School were in the county.[30]

Politics

Jefferson County is strongly Democratic in races for president, governor, and the United States Senate. In the Reconstruction Era, the county's majority black residents favored presidential candidates from the Republican Party in every election from 1868 to 1888. In the early 1890s, white Southern Democrats passed laws to disenfranchise black voters from engaging in the political process, a process which ended by the 1960s, and blacks began to favor voting for Democrats and southern whites favored the Republicans. Since 1892, Democrats have carried the county in all but three presidential elections, when Republican William McKinley won it in 1900, American Independent Party candidate George Wallace won it in 1968 and Republican Richard Nixon won it in 1972, the latter whom carried every county in Arkansas. No Republican since George H. W. Bush in 1988 has won over 40% of the county's vote.

In the style of many urban counties in the Barack Obama and post-Obama eras, the Democratic Party continues to enjoy a strong following in Jefferson County, even as Arkansas has deeply turned against the party and its liberal social policies.

Presidential elections results
Jefferson County, Arkansas
voteby party in presidential elections [31]
Year GOP Dem Others
2016 35.72% 9,250 60.91% 15,772 3.36% 872
2012 34.77% 9,520 63.80% 17,470 1.44% 393
2008 35.89% 10,655 62.19% 18,465 1.92% 569
2004 33.51% 10,218 64.52% 19,675 1.97% 600
2000 32.22% 8,765 65.13% 17,716 2.65% 720
1996 22.87% 6,330 71.18% 19,701 5.95% 1,646
1992 23.74% 7,525 68.85% 21,819 7.41% 2,348
1988 42.08% 12,520 56.01% 16,664 1.91% 568
1984 44.10% 14,514 54.95% 18,082 0.95% 313
1980 35.60% 10,697 57.55% 17,292 6.85% 2,057
1976 27.67% 8,034 72.33% 21,001
1972 61.95% 16,888 37.95% 10,346 0.10% 26
1968 20.22% 4,860 37.96% 9,125 41.82% 10,053
1964 43.40% 9,968 56.04% 12,872 0.56% 129
1960 31.76% 4,839 55.41% 8,442 12.83% 1,954
1956 45.73% 5,743 51.17% 6,426 3.10% 389
1952 41.57% 5,925 58.24% 8,300 0.19% 27
1948 14.32% 1,176 61.92% 5,086 23.77% 1,952
1944 27.80% 1,578 72.15% 4,095 0.05% 3
1940 13.25% 587 86.45% 3,829 0.29% 13
1936 6.15% 224 93.66% 3,414 0.19% 7
1932 14.01% 419 85.22% 2,548 0.77% 23
1928 41.12% 1,830 58.67% 2,611 0.20% 9
1924 22.29% 707 61.48% 1,950 16.24% 515
1920 27.70% 1,048 70.58% 2,670 1.72% 65
1916 29.81% 923 70.19% 2,173 0.00% 0
1912 18.46% 579 52.88% 1,659 28.65% 899
1908 44.35% 1,386 50.72% 1,585 4.93% 154
1904 44.99% 1,324 51.65% 1,520 3.36% 99
1900 51.93% 1,477 47.93% 1,363 0.14% 4
1896 38.18% 1,050 60.11% 1,653 1.71% 47

Education

School districts serving sections of the county include:[32]

On July 1, 1983 the Plum Bayou School District consolidated into the Wabbaseka Tucker School District. On July 1, 1984, the Linwood School District consolidated into the Pine Bluff school district. The Altheimer-Sherrill School District and Wabbaseka Tucker school districts operated in Jefferson County until September 1, 1993, when they consolidated into the Altheimer Unified School District. On July 1, 2004, the Humphrey School District consolidated into the DeWitt district. Altheimer Unified consolidated into the Dollarway School District on July 10, 2006.[33]

Communities

Cities

Towns

Census-designated places

Other unincorporated communities

Historical towns
  • Anrep[34]
  • Bruce
  • Byrd's Spring[35]
  • Clements
  • College Park
  • Diantha[36]
  • Dolton
  • Fairfield
  • Kratnek
  • Lamb
  • Lamberts
  • Linn
  • Noble's Lake
  • Plum Bayou[4]
  • Ray Station[37]
  • Red Bluff
  • Samples
  • Secrest
  • Sleeth[38]
  • Walden
  • Waldstein

Townships
Townships in Jefferson County, Arkansas as of 2010

Townships in Arkansas are the divisions of a county. Each township includes unincorporated areas; some may have incorporated cities or towns within part of their boundaries. Arkansas townships have limited purposes in modern times. However, the United States Census does list Arkansas population based on townships (sometimes referred to as "county subdivisions" or "minor civil divisions"). Townships are also of value for historical purposes in terms of genealogical research. Each town or city is within one or more townships in an Arkansas county based on census maps and publications. The townships of Jefferson County are listed below; listed in parentheses are the cities, towns, and/or census-designated places that are fully or partially inside the township. [39][40]

Notable people

See also

References
  1. "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
  2. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  3. Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States (Report) (2nd ed.). Washington: Government Printing Office. p. 168 – via United States Geological Survey.
  4. Bearden, Russell E. (February 5, 2016). "Jefferson County". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Central Arkansas Library System. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
  5. Jefferson County Immigration Bureau (August 1888). Jefferson County, Arkansas: Full Description. Chicago: C.S. Burch Publishing Co. p. 4. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  6. Jefferson County Immigration Bureau (August 1888). Jefferson County, Arkansas: Full Description. Chicago: C.S. Burch Publishing Co. pp. 15–16. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  7. "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
  8. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved September 28, 2019.
  9. "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
  10. "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
  11. Forstall, Richard L., ed. (March 27, 1995). "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
  12. "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
  13. Based on 2000 census data
  14. 2010 census report for Jefferson County, Arkansas
  15. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
  16. Jefferson County Immigration Bureau (August 1888). Jefferson County, Arkansas: Full Description. Chicago: C.S. Burch Publishing Co. p. 3. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  17. Jefferson County at USA.com
  18. "Quick Facts: Jefferson County, AR" Archived June 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, US Census Bureau
  19. "2006 Facts Brochure Archived 2009-08-06 at the Wayback Machine." Arkansas Department of Correction. July 1, 2005-June 30, 2006. 25 (25/38). Retrieved on August 15, 2010.
  20. "Pine Bluff city, Arkansas." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on September 7, 2010.
  21. "Central Office Archived December 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine." Arkansas Department of Correction. Retrieved on June 28, 2010.
  22. "Facilities." Arkansas Department of Correction. Retrieved on June 28, 2010.
  23. "Diagnostic Unit." Arkansas Department of Correction. Retrieved on June 28, 2010.
  24. "Pine Bluff Unit/Randall L. Williams Correctional Facility." Arkansas Department of Correction. Retrieved on June 28, 2010.
  25. "School Sites." Arkansas Correctional School. Retrieved on July 18, 2010.
  26. "Contact Us." Arkansas Correctional School. Retrieved on July 18, 2010.
  27. "Locations Archived 2011-02-26 at the Wayback Machine." Arkansas Department of Community Corrections. Retrieved on March 5, 2011. "7301 West 13th Street, Pine Bluff, Arkansas 71602"
  28. "Maximum Security Unit." Arkansas Department of Correction. Retrieved on June 28, 2010.
  29. "Pine Bluff Unit/Randall L. Williams Correctional Facility/Tucker Unit." Arkansas Department of Correction. Retrieved on June 28, 2010.
  30. Arkansas State Highway Commission; United States Department of Agriculture (1936). General Highway and Transportation Map, Jefferson County, Arkansas (Map). Archived from the original on December 31, 2003. Retrieved April 30, 2016.CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  31. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  32. "SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP (2010 CENSUS): Jefferson County, AR." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on July 31, 2017. Note that, while the Altheimer Unified School District's boundaries are indicated, the district had already consolidated into Dollarway School District at the time the map was made.
  33. "ConsolidationAnnex_from_1983.xls." Arkansas Department of Education. Retrieved on July 31, 2017.
  34. Easley, Tina. "Forgotten Places in Arkansas". Genealogy Trails. Genealogy Trails History Group. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
  35. Forte, Jim. "Post Offices--Past and Present". Genealogy Trails. Genealogy Trails History Group. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
  36. "Diantha (historical) in Jefferson County AR". AR HomeTownLocator. HTL, Inc. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
  37. Easley, Tina. "Forgotten Places in Arkansas (Part Two)". Genealogy Trails. Genealogy Trails History Group. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
  38. Rand, McNally & Co.'s New Business Atlas Map of Arkansas (Map). 1:900,000. Rand, McNally & Co. 1898. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
  39. 2011 Boundary and Annexation Survey (BAS): Jefferson County, AR (PDF) (Map). U. S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
  40. "Arkansas: 2010 Census Block Maps - County Subdivision". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 28, 2014. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
  41. Eagle, Bob L.; LeBlanc, Eric S. (May 1, 2013). Blues: A Regional Experience. Books.google.co.uk. ABC-CLIO. p. 165. ISBN 9780313344244.

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