João Pessoa, Paraíba

João Pessoa (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒuˈɐ̃w peˈso.ɐ]) is a port city in northeastern Brazil, and is the capital of the state of Paraíba. It is the state's largest city, with an estimated population of 817,511 of inhabitants (2020). It is located on the right bank of the Paraiba do Norte river.[2]

João Pessoa
Municipality
Município de João Pessoa
João Pessoa skyline
Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): 
Sun Gate
Green City
California of Brazil
Motto(s): 
INTREPIDA AB ORIGINE
Location of João Pessoa in the state of Paraíba
João Pessoa
Location of João Pessoa in Brazil
Coordinates: 07°05′00″S 34°50′00″W
Country Brazil
RegionNortheast
State Paraíba
FoundedAugust 5, 1585
Government
 • PrefeitoLuciano Cartaxo (PSD)
Area
 • Total211.475 km2 (81.651 sq mi)
Elevation
40 m (130 ft)
Population
 (2020 [1])
 • Total817,511
 • Density3,900/km2 (10,000/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC−3 (UTC−3)
Postal code
58000-001 to 58099-999
Area code+55 83
Websitewww.joaopessoa.pb.gov.br
Ponta do Seixas, the easternmost point of America
Jaguaribe River

The new "Estação Ciência, Cultura e Artes" (Science, Culture and Art Station),[3] located at the most eastern point of the Americas (Ponta das Seixas), is both an educational and cultural institution as well as a national landmark. The complex, inaugurated in 2008, was created by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer and is one of his last projects.

The capital of Paraíba received in 2017 the title of creative city by UNESCO,[4] placing João Pessoa, as "Brazilian city of handicrafts". Besides the capital of Paraíba, another city in Latin America, it has the same title, with the same category, which is Chordeleg, in Ecuador. The recognition of the capital João Pessoa, places it on the Brazilian tourist route for the richness of its popular art. This recognition had great contribution and influence, due to the mermaids project of Penha;[5] where women artisans perform the manual work, dialoguing with the design, fashion, creative economy, highlighting the art with fish scales in copper wires.

History
Names of the City
Royal City of Our Lady of the Snows 1585–1588
Philipeia of Our Lady of the Snows 1588-1634
Fredrikstad (Frederick City) 1634–1654
Parahyba do Norte 1654–1930
João Pessoa 1930–present

João Pessoa was founded on August 5, 1585, by the Portuguese settlers. Called "Royal City of Our Lady of the Snows", in honor of the saint of the day he was founded,[6] its first editions were on the banks of the Sanhauá River, a tributary of the Paraíba River, now known as Porto do Varadouro, in the neighborhood of the same name. In 1588, the city was renamed "Philipeia of Our Lady of the Snows", in honor of King Philip II, who, at the time, accumulated the thrones of Spain and Portugal.[7]

In 1634, The Dutch, attracted the sugar wealth of the then capital of the Paraíba, invaded and named it Fredrikstad (Frederick City), in honor of the prince of Orange, Frederick of Orange. After the decline of New Holland and with the departure of the Dutch, the city was again dominated by the Portuguese and acquired the name "Parahyba do Norte" in 1654.[8] The city was later renamed after João Pessoa Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, a governor of Paraíba in the 19th century.

João Pessoa is the third oldest state capital in Brazil.[9]

Geography

Environment

João Pessoa has a 20 kilometres (12 mi) beachfront.[9]

João Pessoa has many green areas distributed among its avenues, parks, and residential neighborhoods, which support its claim as "the second greenest city in the world" with more than 7 square kilometres (2.7 sq mi) of forested land, second only to Paris. but that's a common misbelief originated from a publicity stunt carried out during Earth Summit by the city's mayor.[10]

Climate

João Pessoa has a dry-summer tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw) with very warm temperatures all year long and strong rainfall in most of the months; however, October to December have a rather low rainfall.

Climate data for João Pessoa (1961–1990)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.8
(91.0)		 33.0
(91.4)		 33.6
(92.5)		 34.8
(94.6)		 32.0
(89.6)		 31.4
(88.5)		 30.2
(86.4)		 30.7
(87.3)		 32.0
(89.6)		 31.7
(89.1)		 32.0
(89.6)		 32.8
(91.0)		 34.8
(94.6)
Average high °C (°F) 30.2
(86.4)		 30.5
(86.9)		 30.0
(86.0)		 29.8
(85.6)		 29.6
(85.3)		 28.3
(82.9)		 27.5
(81.5)		 27.8
(82.0)		 28.3
(82.9)		 29.3
(84.7)		 29.7
(85.5)		 30.0
(86.0)		 29.3
(84.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 27.1
(80.8)		 27.2
(81.0)		 27.0
(80.6)		 26.7
(80.1)		 26.0
(78.8)		 25.2
(77.4)		 24.2
(75.6)		 24.3
(75.7)		 25.1
(77.2)		 26.3
(79.3)		 26.7
(80.1)		 26.9
(80.4)		 26.1
(79.0)
Average low °C (°F) 23.7
(74.7)		 23.5
(74.3)		 23.2
(73.8)		 22.8
(73.0)		 22.2
(72.0)		 21.4
(70.5)		 20.9
(69.6)		 20.5
(68.9)		 21.5
(70.7)		 23.0
(73.4)		 23.7
(74.7)		 23.9
(75.0)		 22.5
(72.5)
Record low °C (°F) 19.6
(67.3)		 16.9
(62.4)		 19.0
(66.2)		 20.2
(68.4)		 19.6
(67.3)		 17.0
(62.6)		 17.0
(62.6)		 15.0
(59.0)		 13.6
(56.5)		 18.6
(65.5)		 17.8
(64.0)		 19.4
(66.9)		 13.6
(56.5)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 75.8
(2.98)		 108.4
(4.27)		 252.2
(9.93)		 349.8
(13.77)		 307.3
(12.10)		 346.1
(13.63)		 346.2
(13.63)		 183.5
(7.22)		 87.2
(3.43)		 35.4
(1.39)		 24.9
(0.98)		 28.5
(1.12)		 2,145.4
(84.46)
Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm) 8 9 15 17 17 18 21 16 11 7 5 5 149
Average relative humidity (%) 75 75 81 79 81 81 87 75 77 73 74 74 77.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 244.2 219.1 206.9 181.5 193.9 180.7 190.5 230.1 235.1 266.2 272.7 274.2 2,695.1
Source: Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET).[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]

Demographics

According to the IBGE of 2009, there were 801,718 people residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 45.72% White, 38.72% Pardo (two or more races), 2.77% Black, and 0.25% Asian or Amerindian.[20]

Religion
Church and convent of the Third Order of Our Lady of Carmo (João Pessoa)
Monastery of St. benedict (João Pessoa)
main altar of the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of the Snows, João Pessoa
ReligionPercentageNumber
Catholic 74.06% 442,841
Protestant 15.92% 95,191
No religion 7.41% 44,332
Spiritist 1.10% 6,571

Source: IBGE 2000.[21]

Centro de Convenções Poeta Ronaldo Cunha Lima en João Pessoa.
International Airport.

Transportation

International airport

Joao Pessoa is served by Presidente Castro Pinto International Airport.[22]

Rail system

The João Pessoa Urban Trains System is operated by diesel components in only one railway line with a 30 km extension spanning 4 municipalities, João Pessoa, Cabedelo, Bayeux and Santa Rita, constituted by the Cabedelo / stretch, with 10 stations in operation, carrying around 10.1 thousand passengers per day. Composed of three locomotives and 17 passenger cars, forming two compositions that carry out 28 daily trips.[23]

Economy

The GDP for the city was R$ 14,841,805 (2010).[24]

The per capita income for the city was R$ 19,284 (2010).[25]

Historic center of João Pessoa.
Solon de Lucena Park's lagoon at night in the northwestern region (the downtown zone or district).
João Pessoa's evening skyline (center-eastern region).
Saint Francis Church and Saint Anthony Convent (northern region).

Sister cities

Tourism
Picãozinho
Reef fish found on the Picãozinho reef.
  • Picãozinho:[28] It is one of the most important sights of the city. São Reef Formation, located about 1,500 meters from Tambaú beach, on the coast of João Pessoa.
  • Natural Pools of Seixas Beach:[29] The Seixas Natural Pools, where we find hundreds of species of fish, seaweed, reptiles (sea turtles), mollusks, crustaceans and other marine organisms.
sunset at jacare beach
  • Sunset on Jacaré beach:[30] Every day at 5:00 pm, when the sun begins to set, illuminating the waters of the Paraíba River, the saxophonist Jurandy do Sax, in a boat, performs the Ravel Bolero. At 6 pm another musician performs the 'Ave Maria'.
penha of beach
  • Penha of Beach:[31] The name of this traditional beach derives from the symbol of one of the greatest religious events in Brazil: the Chapel of Our Lady of Penha. For more than 250 years, thousands of faithful have been accompanying the Penha Procession through the streets of João Pessoa.
  • Beach of the Sun:[32] Between cliffs and the mouths of rivers and mangroves, there are reefs, corals, light waves and a stretch of white sand.
  • Manaira Beach:[33] It is in the most economically developed neighborhood of Joao Pessoa. The sidewalk foot is commonly used for physical activities and well frequented by tourists and locals who enjoy the unique landscape.
  • Beach Tambaú:[34] The sands of Praia de Tambaú are one of the busiest in Joao Pessoa. The various bars, restaurants and venues with live music are an additional attraction. The handicraft market and the Tambaú Fair are a common stop for people visiting the neighborhood.
cabo branco beach
  • Cabo Branco Beach:[35] Located in one of the noblest districts of the city, the beach, neighboring Tambaú, is part of the busiest area of the personal border. There are numerous restaurants, hotels, snack bars and residences that coexist harmoniously with the environment and make Cabo Branco one of the most sought after destinations in the city.
  • Bessa Beach:[36] In the extreme north of João Pessoa, with 5.3 km of white sands and beats, besides green and calm waters, reefs and coconut trees, beach Bessa is one of the most sought after by tourists.
    • Caribessa : A few kilometers from the beach, in the middle of 4 km of preserved corals, the stretch without waves near the edge of Bessa, known by tourists and locals as "Caribessa" due to its calm waters, is rich in marine diversity.
  • Jacarapé Beach:[37] The native vegetation, the tranquility of the place and the soft sound of the weak waves breaking on the coast, make this part of the personal coast the perfect destination for your next trip.
  • Gramame Bar Beach:[38] Beach more south of the coast of João Pessoa, Barra de Gramame is the scene of the encounter between the river and the sea. The formation of reefs in its extension guarantees a great tour to whoever visits it, even if it is an open sea beach. Dunes, mangroves and raft or kayak tours complement the experience of the visit.
Seixas beach
  • Seixas Beach:[39] In this beach is the Eastern End of the Americas. Nationally known as the portion of land closest to the African continent, Praia do Seixas.
  • Convention Center Poet Ronaldo Cunha Lima:[40] The convention center of João Pessoa was designed to be one of the most modern in the country, with all the necessary equipment to carry out major projects. Its structure consists of 4 main buildings the Lookout Tower, the Congress and Convention Hall and the Pedra do Reino Theater.

Museums
Sunset Hotel Globe

Source:[22]

  • Museu Sacro e de Arte Popular, within the São Francisco church.
  • Espaço Cultural José Lins do Rego. A cultural centre including history and science museums.
  • City Museum. The former Casa da Pólvora, an old gunpowder store.
  • Museu Fotográfico Walfredo Rodríguez.
  • Bica Natural History Museum[41].
  • Museum Foundation house of Jose Américo.[42]
  • Hotel Globo Museum:[43] Formerly a luxury hotel in the city, it consists of two buildings of eclectic style, and its lines are influenced by Neo-classical, Art, Nouveau and Art Deco styles. Today it functions as a museum, where it houses the permanent exhibition of part of the furniture of the Hotel, in addition to a collection of popular art, is much visited for its view of the Sanhauá River and the sunset seen from its garden.
View from Hotel Globo to the Rio Sanhauá

Sports

Stadiums

Soccer

The city is home to a few soccer clubs, such as Auto Esporte, CSP and Botafogo Futebol Clube, the latter of which is the first club from Paraíba to win a national title recognized by the Brazilian Football Confederation, having won the 2013 Série D championship.

American football

João Pessoa Espectros:[44] It is a football team, has a national title, seven regional and three state. Considered the best football team in the northeastern region of Brazil.[45]

Kayaking

Very Realized on Bessa beach, To reach the 4 km of coral in the blue sea of the "Caribessa", tourists and practitioners can admire the beauties around it.[46]

Windsurfing

The practice of windsurfing is common on the beaches of the city of João Pessoa.[47]

Sailing

Realized in the Natural Pools of Seixas beach, on the most extreme eastern beach of the americas, where the sun rises first, the tourist contemplates the harmony between the blue of the sky and the green of the sea in the capital of Paraíba, and reveals fascinating scenarios.[48]

Surfing

Cradle of great surfers with national prominence, the Paraíba has winning athletes in the most important disputes of the sport.[49]

Diving

The coastline of João Pessoa, home to three of the most visited shipwrecks in the Northeast, are mainly sought after by nautical tourism enthusiasts and divers adventurers: Queimado, Alice and Alvarenga are considered of rare beauty and still maintain intact areas taken by algae and living beings from the bottom of the sea.[50]

  • Alvarenga Shipwreck : It is a type of vessel that was used to transport supplies to ships and wrecked 6 miles from the tip of Bessa's beach, 20 meters deep. It remains whole measuring 20 meters in length by 5 meters in the mouth. It is possible to penetrate the small bow and stern compartments safely. On the prow we can still see the winch that picked up the anchor. It is also common to find large stingrays and large shoals of fish, such as the top cock and the hook.[51]
  • Burnt Shipwreck : The Erie J.N.Y is an American steam of 2,000 tons. He had left Rio de Janeiro with 24,900 bags of coffee destined for the United States. On January 2, 1873, at 2 am, it caught fire and sank (so it was known as "Burned"). Passengers and crew were saved.
  • Wreck Alice: Alice is a Brazilian steam which was built in 1866 and measured 53 meters long by 6.6 meters. He was chartered by the government to transport Brazilian troops in the Paraguayan war. On March 30, 1869, Prince Emperor Gaston d'Orleans (Count d'Eu) took his place to take command of the Brazilian Army; Alice was shipwrecked in 1911.

Today it is 3.5 miles from the tip of Bessa beach and is 12 meters deep. The bow is its most entire part, 7.5 meters from the surface.[52]

Notes

    References
    1. IBGE 2020
    2. "Joao Pessoa: Brazil". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
    3. ESTAÇÃO CIÊNCIA, CULTURA e ARTES (in Portuguese). joão pessoa, Brazil: E.C.C.A. 2006. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 24, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2008.
    4. "Unesco Creative City title puts João Pessoa on the world tourist route through folk art". City Hall of João Pessoa. November 3, 2017. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
    5. "Mermaids from Penha". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
    6. "História de João Pessoa". UFPB(Federal University of Paraiba). Archived from the original on March 12, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
    7. "Quatro séculos de história". PREFEITURA MUNICIPAL DE JOÃO PESSOA. Archived from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
    8. "Um pouco da sua história". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipal Government of João Pessoa. Archived from the original on May 6, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
    9. "Introducing João Pessoa". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on May 12, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
    10. "Cidade mais verde? Extremo oriental? Saiba o que é verdade sobre João Pessoa" (in Portuguese). G1.
    11. "Temperatura Média Compensada (°C)" (in Portuguese). Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. 1961–1990. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2014.
    12. "Temperatura Máxima (°C)" (in Portuguese). Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. 1961–1990. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2014.
    13. "Temperatura Mínima (°C)" (in Portuguese). Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. 1961–1990. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2014.
    14. "Precipitação Acumulada Mensal e Anual (mm)" (in Portuguese). Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. 1961–1990. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2014.
    15. "Número de Dias com Precipitação Mayor ou Igual a 1 mm (dias)". Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2014.
    16. "Insolação Total (horas)". Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2014.
    17. "Umidade Relativa do Ar Média Compensada (%)". Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2014.
    18. "Temperatura Máxima Absoluta (ºC)". Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (Inmet). Retrieved August 5, 2014.
    19. "Temperatura Mínima Absoluta (ºC)". Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (Inmet). Retrieved August 5, 2014.
    20. Síntese de Indicadores Sociais 2000 (in Portuguese). João Pessoa, Brazil: IBGE. 2000. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2009.
    21. "Religion in João Pessoa by IBGE". Archived from the original on March 23, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2009.
    22. "João Pessoa in Brazil". Footprint Travel Guides. Archived from the original on August 29, 2015. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
    23. "João Pessoa". CBTU-Brazilian company of urban trains. Archived from the original on August 30, 2018. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
    24. GDP (PDF) (in Portuguese). João Pessoa, Brazil: IBGE. 2005. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2008. Retrieved July 18, 2007.
    25. per capita income (PDF) (in Portuguese). João Pessoa, Brazil: IBGE. 2005. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2008. Retrieved July 18, 2007.
    26. "MUNICIPALITY OF JOÃO PESSOA". cidade-brasil. Archived from the original on August 27, 2018. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
    27. "Cities-Sisters – João Pessoa and Pompano Beach". Gazeta News. March 24, 2014. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
    28. "PICÃOZINHO". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. Archived from the original on February 4, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
    29. "SEIXAS NATURAL SWIMMING POOLS". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. Archived from the original on January 9, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
    30. "PÔR DO SOL DO JACARÉ". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. Archived from the original on February 4, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
    31. "Penha Beach". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
    32. "Beach of the Sun". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
    33. "MANAIR BEACH". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
    34. "Beach Tambaú". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
    35. "CAPE WHITE BEACH". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
    36. "Beach Bessa". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
    37. "JACARAPÉ BEACH". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
    38. "GRAMAME BAR BEACH". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
    39. "Seixas Beach". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
    40. "ABOUT THE CENTER". Government of Paraiba. Archived from the original on October 31, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
    41. "Bica Natural History Museum". Archived from the original on January 11, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
    42. "Museum Foundation house of Jose Américo". Archived from the original on August 29, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2019.
    43. "Hotel Globo". Paraiba Criativa. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
    44. Hévilla Wanderley (January 2, 2017). "10 years of Espectros: review in photos the decade of the best team in the Northeast". Globo Esporte. Archived from the original on September 6, 2018. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
    45. Hévilla Wanderley (January 4, 2017). "10 anos de Espectros: passeie pela história do time a partir de seus vultos". Globo Esporte. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
    46. "Caiaque". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
    47. "windsurf". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
    48. "VELA". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
    49. "SURF". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
    50. "mergulho". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
    51. "Naufrágio Alvarenga". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
    52. "Naufrágio Alice". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
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