List of largest domes

A dome is a self-supporting structural element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere. This list excludes dome-shaped structures that are not self-supporting such as The O2 in London which is 365 m (1,198 ft) in diameter and supported by masts.

Comparison of some famous domes
Oval dome of St. Gereon's Basilica in Cologne, Germany
Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem
Long Island Green Dome in Baiting Hollow, New York

Every dome in the world which was the largest dome of its time is listed below. The defining criterion is in each case the inner diameter of the largest circular cross-section of the dome.


Worldwide

Below is a list of buildings that have held the title of the largest dome in the world.

Held record Diameter Name Location Builder Notes
1250 BC–
1st century BC		 14.5 m[1] Treasury of Atreus Mycenae, Greece City state of Mycenae Corbel dome
1st century BC–
19 BC		 21.5 m[2] Temple of Mercury Baiae, Italy Roman Empire First monumental dome[3]
19 BC–start of 2nd century 25.0 m[4] Baths of Agrippa,
"Arco della Ciambella"		 Rome, Italy Roman Empire First Thermae in Rome with a domed central building[4]
Start of 2nd century–128 30.0 m[5] Baths of Trajan Rome, Italy Roman Empire Half dome
128–1436 43.4 m[2] Pantheon Rome, Italy Roman Empire Largest unreinforced solid concrete dome in the world till present.[6] Archetype of Western dome construction to this day[2][7]
1436–1871 42.05 m (45.52 m diagonal) Santa Maria del Fiore Florence, Italy Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence Largest brick and mortar dome in the world till present. Octagonal dome. Architect Filippo Brunelleschi
1871–1913 66.85 m[8][9]
56.49 m
(elliptical)		 Royal Albert Hall London, England Lucas Brothers Wrought iron and glazed dome. Architects Captain Francis Fowke and Major-General Henry Y. D. Scott
1902–1913 61.0 m[22] West Baden Springs Hotel West Baden, Indiana, USA Lee Wiley Sinclair Architect Harrison Albright
1913–1930 65.0 m[10] Centennial Hall Wrocław, Poland German Empire Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Max Berg
1930–1955 65.8 m[11] Leipzig Market Hall Leipzig, Saxony, Germany Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Franz Dischinger
1955–1957 101.5 m[12] Bojangles' Coliseum Charlotte, North Carolina, USA Thompson and Street Structural Steel dome. Architect Odell and Associates
1957–1963 109 m[13] Belgrade Fair – Hall 1 Belgrade, Serbia Belgrade Fair World's largest prestressed concrete dome
1963–1965 121.9 m[14] Assembly Hall Champaign, Illinois, USA University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Max Abramovitz
1965–1975 195.5 m
(642 ft)[15][16]		 Astrodome Houston, Texas, USA H.A. Lott, Inc. First domed sports stadium in the world with more than 20,000 seats[16]
1975–1992 207.0 m
(678 ft)[16]		 Louisiana Superdome New Orleans, Louisiana, USA Blount International[17] Structural steel frame.[18] Architect Nathaniel Curtis
1984-1985 236.5 m
[19]		 Istra dome Istra, Moscow region, Russia [19] Structural steel frame. VNIIEM
1992–2001 256.0 m[20] Georgia Dome Atlanta, Georgia, USA Brasfield & Gorrie Tensegrity structure
2001–2009 274.0 m[21] Ōita Stadium Ōita, Japan Kisho Kurokawa Retractable roof
2009–2013 275.0 m Cowboys Stadium Arlington, Texas, USA HKS, Inc. Retractable roof
2013–present 310.0 m Singapore National Stadium Tanjong Rhu, Kallang, Singapore Dragages Retractable roof; Architect – Arup Associates + DPA

By continent

Below is a list of buildings that have held the title of the largest dome on their continent.

Europe
Held record Diameter Name Location Builder Notes
1250 BC–1st century BC 14.5 m[1] Treasury of Atreus Mycenae, Greece City state of Mycenae Corbel dome
1st century BC–
19 BC		 21.5 m[2] Temple of Mercury Baiae, Italy Roman Empire First monumental dome[3]
19 BC–start of 2nd century 25.0 m[4] Baths of Agrippa,
'Arco della Ciambella'		 Rome, Italy Roman Empire First Thermae in Rome with a domed central building[4]
Start of 2nd century–
128		 30.0 m[5] Baths of Trajan Rome, Italy Roman Empire Half dome
128–1436 43.4 m[2] Pantheon Rome, Italy Roman Empire Largest unreinforced solid concrete dome in the world till present.[6] Archetype of Western dome construction to this day[2][7]
1436–1871 45.52 Santa Maria del Fiore Florence, Italy Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence Architect Filippo Brunelleschi; first double-dome structure of the Renaissance, set the standards for all renaissance and baroque domes; to this day the largest brick and mortar dome ever built.
1871–1913 66.85 m[22][23]
56.49 m
(elliptical)		 Royal Albert Hall London, England Lucas Brothers Wrought iron and glazed dome. Architects Captain Francis Fowke and Major-General Henry Y. D. Scott
1913–1930 65.0 m[10] Centennial Hall Wrocław, Poland German Empire Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Max Berg
1930–1957 65.8 m[11] Leipzig Market Hall Leipzig, Germany German Empire Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Franz Dischinger
1957–present 109.0 m[13] Belgrade Fair – Hall 1 Belgrade, Serbia Belgrade Fair World's largest prestressed concrete dome

In the first half of the 1980s a dome with a diameter of 234 metres was built near Istra, Russia. It collapsed on January 25, 1986.

In 1990, the 129 m in diameter building named "Kupolen" (the Dome) was completed in Borlänge, Sweden. Originally an exposition hall with a few stores at ground level, today a mall in three levels.

North America
Held record Diameter Name Location (all USA) Builder Notes
1864–1867 29.0 m[24] United States Capitol Washington, D.C. United States Architect Thomas U. Walter
1867–1902 46 m[25] Mormon Tabernacle Salt Lake City, Utah Architect Henry Grow. Largely built without nails.
1902–1955 61.0 m[26] West Baden Springs Hotel West Baden, Indiana Lee Wiley Sinclair Architect Harrison Albright
1955–1963 101.5 m[27] Charlotte Coliseum[lower-alpha 1] Charlotte, North Carolina Thompson and Street Structural Steel dome. Architect Odell and Associates
1963–1965 121.9 m[14] Assembly Hall[lower-alpha 2] Champaign, Illinois University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Max Abramovitz
1965–1975 195.5 m
(642 ft)[15][16]		 Astrodome Houston, Texas H.A. Lott, Inc. First domed sports stadium in the world with more than 20,000 seats[16]
1975–1992 207 m
(678 ft)[16]		 Louisiana Superdome[lower-alpha 3] New Orleans, Louisiana Blount International[17] Structural steel frame.[18] Architect Nathaniel Curtis Largest completely enclosed dome structure from 1975-1992 and again since 2017
1992–2009 256.0 m[20] Georgia Dome[lower-alpha 4] Atlanta, Georgia Georgia World Congress Center Authority Tensegrity structure, was largest completely enclosed dome structure from 1992-2017.
2009–present 275.0 m AT&T Stadium[lower-alpha 5] Arlington, Texas HKS, Inc. Retractable roof
  1. Now known as Bojangles' Coliseum. Not to be confused with the second Charlotte Coliseum, a non-domed indoor arena that no longer exists.
  2. Now known as State Farm Center.
  3. Now known as the Mercedes-Benz Superdome.
  4. Demolished in 2017.
  5. Originally known as Cowboys Stadium.

South America
Held record Diameter Name Location Builder Notes
1902–1913 Palace of the Argentine National Congress Buenos Aires, Argentina Government of Argentina Bronze-plated dome. Architect Vittorio Meano
1960 Palace of the Brazilian National Congress Brasília, Brazil Government of Brazil

Asia
Held record Diameter Name Location Builder Notes
2nd century–150 11.5 m[28] Red Hall Pergamon, Turkey Brick
150–1312 23.85 m[29] Zeus Asklepios Temple Pergamon, Turkey Earliest monumental brick dome[30]
1312–1659 25.6 m Dome of Soltaniyeh Soltaniyeh, Zanjan, Iran Persian architects, Ilkhanate era Persian architects were building double-shell domes at the start of the 5th century, but the Dome of Soltaniyeh is the earliest such architecture extant, dating to 1312; over 100 years before Brunelleschi used the same technique to build the Dome of Florence. Brunelleschi also used the same octagonal supporting walls design of Soltaniyeh for his dome. Soltaniyeh is the 3rd largest brick dome in the world after Florence Duomo and Hagia Sophia. Hagia Sophia is older than Soltaniyeh, but it is a single layer brick dome.
1659–1934 44.0 m[31] Gol Gumbaz Bijapur, India Sultanate of Bijapur Mausoleum of Muhammad Adil Shah II (1627–57) of the Sultanate of Bijapur
1934–1960 60.0 m Novosibirsk Opera and Ballet Theatre Novosibirsk, Soviet Union Reinforced concrete
1937–1960 45 m[32] Phsar Thom Thmei Phnom Penh, Cambodia Jean Desbois and Wladimir Kandaouroff Reinforced concrete. Known as the "Central Market" in English.
1960–2001 108 m Araneta Coliseum Quezon City, Philippines J. Amado Araneta Also known as the Big Dome, it opened as the world's biggest indoor venue in 1960.
2001–2013 274 m Ōita Stadium Ōita, Japan Kisho Kurokawa Known as the Big Eye.
2013–present 310.0 m Singapore National Stadium Singapore Sports Hub, Singapore Dragages Retractable roof; Architect: Arup Associates and DPA

Africa
Held record Diameter Name Location Builder Notes
1988–1997 90 metres (300 ft)[33] Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast Ivory Coast Modeled after the St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; world's tallest dome
1997–2018 140.0 m[34] Coca-Cola Dome Johannesburg, South Africa Sports arena
2018-present 247 m[35] Dunamis Glory Dome Abuja, Nigeria Dunamis Church Said to be the biggest church auditorium in the world. Size of three football pitches[35]

Australia
Held record Diameter Name Location Builder Notes
1913–1959 34.75 m State Library of Victoria Melbourne, Victoria. Designed by Norman G. Peebles
1959-1988 47.4 m The Shine Dome Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. Designed by Sir Roy Grounds
1988–present 133.0 m Burswood Superdome Perth, Western Australia

By structure

Below is a list of buildings that have held the title of the largest dome in terms of their structure.

Held record Diameter Name Location Builder Notes
Stone
1250 BC–150/175 AD 14.5 m[1] Treasury of Atreus Mycenae, Greece City state of Mycenae Corbel dome
150/175 –2006 15.0 m[36] Western Thermae Gerasa, Jordan Roman Empire One of the earliest voussoir domes with square ground plan[36]
2006-present 85.15 m[37] Global Vipassana Pagoda Mumbai, India. Global Vipassana Foundation The stone dome was completed in October 2006. The monument was officially inaugurated on February 8, 2009. Architect/Structural Engineer/ Sompura/ Proof Consultant: Parvez Dumasia/ Nandadeep Building Center/ Late. Chandubhai Trivedi/ Prof. Jangid (IIT Bombay)
Concrete
1st century BC–
1st century BC		 6.52 m[3] Stabiae Thermae,
Laconicum		 Pompeii, Italy Roman Empire Cone vault (early form of a dome). Oldest known concrete dome[3]
1st century BC–
19 BC		 21.5 m[2] Temple of Mercury Baiae, Italy Roman Empire First monumental dome[3]
128–present 43.4 m[2] Pantheon Rome, Italy Roman Empire Largest unreinforced solid concrete dome in the world till present.[6] Archetype of Western dome construction to this day[2][7]
Masonry
2nd century–150 11.5 m[28] Red Hall Pergamon, Turkey Roman Empire Brick
150–beginning of the 4th century 23.85 m[29] Zeus Asklepios Temple Pergamon, Turkey Roman Empire Earliest monumental brick dome[30]
Beginning of 4th century–563 24.15 m[30] Rotunda of St. George Thessaloniki, Greece Roman Empire Radially laid bricks[30]
1312 -present 24.5 m Dome of Soltaniyeh Soltaniyeh, Iran Ilkhanate Dome of Soltaniyeh, with a diameter of 24.5m (80 ft) is the earliest existing double-shell dome and the 3rd largest brick dome in the world after the domes of Florence Cathedral and Hagia Sophia
563–1436 31.5 m Hagia Sophia Istanbul, Turkey Byzantine Empire First pendentive dome in history. First completed in 537, rebuilt in 563 after earthquake. Architects Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus
1436–present 45.0 m[38] The Duomo Florence, Italy City state of Florence First double-dome structure of the Renaissance
Clay hollowware
Beginning of 3rd century–216 12.0 m[35] Thermae of Aquae Flavianae El Hammam, Algeria Roman Empire Earthenware pipes put together
216–present 35.08 m[39] Baths of Caracalla,
Caldarium		 Rome, Italy Roman Empire Amphora put together
Wood
691–1781 20.40 m[24] Dome of the Rock Jerusalem Umayyad Empire
1781–1957 36.0 m[40][41] St. Blaise's Abbey St. Blaise, Baden-Württemberg, Germany Pierre Michel d'Ixnard Third-widest dome in Europe at the time of its construction[40]
1957–1977 91.4 m[42] Brick Breeden Fieldhouse Bozeman, Montana, United States Montana State University – Bozeman Second-largest dome in United States at the time of its construction[42]
1977–1983 153.0 m Walkup Skydome Flagstaff, Arizona, United States Northern Arizona University Geodesic dome
1983–1991 161.5 m Tacoma Dome Tacoma, Washington, United States City of Tacoma, WA Geodesic dome
1991–present 163.4 m Superior Dome Marquette, Michigan, United States State of Michigan/Northern Michigan University Geodesic dome
Cast iron
1811–1881 39.0 m[43] Bourse de commerce (ex Halle aux blés) Paris, France First French Empire Architect François-Joseph Bélanger; Engineer François Brunet
1881–present 46.9 m[44] Devonshire Royal Hospital Buxton, England, United Kingdom Cotton Famine Relief Fund Converted from a horse stables to a hospital. Slate-covered iron frame. Architect Robert Rippon Duke
Wrought iron
1871– 66.85 m[45][46]
56.49 m
(elliptical)		 Royal Albert Hall London, England, United Kingdom Lucas Brothers Wrought iron and glazed dome. Architects Captain Francis Fowke and Major-General Henry Y. D. Scott
Steel
1902–1965 59.45 m[26] West Baden Springs Hotel West Baden, Indiana, United States Lee Wiley Sinclair Steel and glass dome. Architect Harrison Albright
1965–1975 195.5 m
(642 ft)[15][16]		 Astrodome Houston, Texas, United States H.A. Lott, Inc. First domed sports stadium in the world with more than 20,000 seats[16]
1975–2013 207.0 m
(678 ft)[16]		 Louisiana Superdome New Orleans, Louisiana, United States Blount International[17] Structural steel frame.[18] Architect Nathaniel Curtis
2013–present 310.0 m Singapore National Stadium Singapore Sports Hub, Singapore Dragages Retractable roof. Architect: Arup Associates & DPA
Reinforced concrete
1913–1930 65.0 m[10] Centennial Hall Wrocław, Poland Architect Max Berg
1930–1957 65.8 m[11] Leipzig Market Hall Leipzig, Saxony, Germany Architect Franz Dischinger
1957–1963 100.6 m[14] Palazzetto dello sport Rome, Italy 1960 Summer Olympics Consulting Engineer Pier Luigi Nervi
1963–1971 121.9 m[14] Assembly Hall Champaign, Illinois, United States University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Architect Max Abramovitz
1971–1976, 2000–present 134.1 m[14] Norfolk Scope Norfolk, Virginia, United States City of Norfolk Consulting Engineer Pier Luigi Nervi
1976–2000 201.17 m [47] Kingdome Seattle, Washington, United States King County Reinforced concrete dome. Architects Naramore, Skilling & Praeger

Famous large domes

Below is a list of large domes which are considered particularly important for various reasons but have never held the title of the largest dome in the world.

Completion
date		 Diameter Name Location Builder Notes
c. 64 13.48 m[3] Domus Aurea Rome, Italy Roman Empire First dome with a polygonal ground plan (octagon). First in palace architecture[3]
563 31.87 m[48] Hagia Sophia Istanbul, Turkey Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire First pendentive dome in history. First completed in 537, rebuilt in 563 after earthquake. Architects Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus
1227 21.0 m long
16.9 m wide[49]		 St. Gereon's Basilica Cologne, Germany Bishop or city? Oval shape. Largest occidental dome built between Hagia Sophia and the Duomo.
1405 18.2 m Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasavi Türkistan, Kazakhstan Tamerlane Double dome
1557 27.2 m Süleymaniye Mosque Istanbul, Turkey Ottoman Empire Architect Mimar Sinan
1575 31.25 m[50] Selimiye Mosque Edirne, Turkey Ottoman Empire Architect Mimar Sinan
1626 42.3m[3] St Peter's Basilica Rome, Italy Holy See Architect Michelangelo Buonarroti; Worlds tallest dome until 1990 and tallest dome interior (including lantern) at present; Two layer dome
1641 17.7 m[51] Taj Mahal Agra, India Mughal Empire
1710 30.8 m[52] St. Paul's Cathedral London, England Christopher Wren Double dome. The two domes are separated by a cone over the top of the inner which helps support the outer.
1732 37.15 m
24.80m		 Sanctuary of Vicoforte Vicoforte, Piemonte, Italy House of Savoy Largest elliptic dome in the world. Architects Ascanio Vitozzi and Francesco Gallo.
1781 36.0 m[40][41] St. Blaise's Abbey St. Blaise, Baden-Württemberg, Germany Pierre Michel d'Ixnard Third-widest dome in Europe at the time of its construction[40]
1871 36.6 metres (120 ft)[53] Mosta Dome Mosta, Malta Giorgio Grognet de Vassé Third-largest unsupported dome in the world[54][55]
1894 31.0 m[56] Marble Church Copenhagen, Denmark Frederick V Built from 1749 to 1894 by three different architects, with no construction done from 1770 to 1877
1904 15.24 m Rhode Island State House Providence, Rhode Island, USA Fourth-largest unsupported marble dome in the world.[57][58]
1944 61.0 m[59][60] V-2 Bunker La Coupole Wizernes, France Nazi Germany Reinforced concrete dome, 5m thick
1952 27 m Rotunda of Xewkija Xewkija, Gozo, Malta Architect: Joseph D'Amato. The dome is 75 m high. Calculated weight: 45,000 tons. Circumference: 85 m.
1960 108.0 m Araneta Coliseum Quezon City, Philippines J. Amado Araneta Also known as the Big Dome, it opened as the world's biggest indoor venue in 1960.
1988 51.8 m Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Mosque Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia Biggest mosque in Malaysia, second biggest in South East Asia. Also known as Blue Mosque. Can accommodate up to 16,000 worshippers.
2005 21.3 m Long Island Green Dome Baiting Hollow, New York, USA Kevin Michael Shea Largest residential wood geodesic dome in North America. It is a home and attraction site advocating sustainable living.
2009 78 m[61] Medgidia clinker storage facility Medgidia, Romania
2014 227 m
179 m[62]		 Philippine Arena Bocaue, Philippines Iglesia ni Cristo Oval shape. Dome of the largest indoor arena by capacity in the world.

See also

References
  1. Treasury of Atreus at Structurae
  2. Robert Mark, Paul Hutchinson: "On the Structure of the Roman Pantheon", Art Bulletin, Vol. 68, No. 1 (1986), p.24
  3. Rasch 1985, p. 118
  4. Werner Heinz: "Römische Thermen. Badewesen und Badeluxus im römischen Reich", München 1983, ISBN 3-7774-3540-6, p.60-64
  5. Rasch 1985, p. 119
  6. "Romanconcrete.com". Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2006-12-29.
  7. Werner Müller: "dtv – Atlas Baukunst I. Allgemeiner Teil: Baugeschichte von Mesopotamien bis Byzanz", 14. Aufl., 2005, ISBN 3-423-03020-8, p.253
  8. The British Foreign Mechanic and Scientific Instructor. J. Sydal. 23 July 1870. p. 30.
  9. "Roof". royalalberthall.com. Royal Albert Hall. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  10. UNESCO World Heritage: Centennial Hall in Breslau Archived 2007-02-13 at the Wayback Machine
  11. Leipzig Market Hall at Structurae
  12. "Survey and Research Report on the Charlotte Coliseum". Archived from the original on 2016-01-18.
  13. "Belgrade Fair (Beogradski Sajam), Hall 1". Archived from the original on 2016-05-30. Retrieved 2019-07-31.
  14. "Reinforced Concrete Thin Shell Sports Facilities". monolithic.com. Archived from the original on 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
  15. Encarta: Kuppel. Archived 2009-10-31.
  16. Encyclopædia Britannica: Astrodome
  17. "Air University: Eagle Biography: Winton M. "Red" Blount". Archived from the original on 2011-12-23. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
  18. Archrecord.construction.com: Now infamous, Superdome once stood as a great New Orleans landmark Archived 2008-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  19. """". Retrieved 2010-08-15.
  20. Building Big Databank: Georgia Dome Archived 2017-09-17 at the Wayback Machine, PBS Online/WGBH
  21. ""Big Bigger Biggest – Series 2: Episode 9 – Dome", Windfall Films Ltd". Archived from the original on 2014-04-08. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
  22. The British Foreign Mechanic and Scientific Instructor. J. Sydal. 23 July 1870. p. 30.
  23. "Roof". royalalberthall.com. Royal Albert Hall. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  24. H. Hagedann & Ch. Plato. "Kuppeln historisch" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2007.
  25. "The Great Mormon Tabernacle at Salt Lake". Scientific American. 8 June 1867
  26. Wayne Curtis: "Back home in Indiana" Archived 2018-11-21 at the Wayback Machine, Preservation, Vol. 59, No. 3 (2007), pp.40-47
  27. "Survey and Research Report on the Charlotte Coliseum". Archived from the original on 2016-01-18.
  28. Rasch 1985, p. 137
  29. Rasch 1985, p. 129
  30. Rasch 1985, p. 125
  31. Manfred Görgens: "Kleine Geschichte der indischen Kunst", DuMont, Köln 1986, ISBN 3-7701-1543-0, p.226
  32. Phnom Penh Central Market at Structurae
  33. List of largest church buildings in the world, fr:Basilique Notre-Dame de la Paix de Yamoussoukro
  34. Coca-Cola Dome: Dimensions of Coca-Cola Dome Archived 2008-06-09 at the Wayback Machine
  35. Rasch 1985, p. 124
  36. Rasch 1985, p. 126
  37. "Salient Features – Global Pagoda website". Archived from the original on 2009-02-13. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
  38. Figures vary. archINFORM gives a 45 m wide tambour, while Santa Maria del Fiore at Structurae gives a 43 m diameter of the cupola, others as little as 42 m.
  39. Erwin Heinle, Jörg Schlaich: "Kuppeln aller Zeiten, aller Kulturen", Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-421-03062-6, p.27
  40. "Website of the Dom St. Blasien". Archived from the original on 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2008-08-25.
  41. Schnell Kunstführer: "St. Blasien/Schwarzwald", No. 555, Regensburg 2001, ISBN 3-7954-4017-3, p.7
  42. Setterberg, Diana (Spring 2007). "Brick Breeden Fieldhouse: 50 years and going strong". montana.edu. Archived from the original on 4 June 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
  43. "Bourse de Commerce". structurae.net (in French). Structurae. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  44. E. P. Copp: "The Devonshire Royal Hospital Buxton", Rheumatology, Vol. 43 (2004), p.385
  45. The British Foreign Mechanic and Scientific Instructor. J. Sydal. 23 July 1870. p. 30.
  46. "Roof". royalalberthall.com. Royal Albert Hall. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  47. "Kingdome". emporis.com. EMPORIS GMBH. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  48. "Hagia Sofia Museum". istanbul.gov.tr. Archived from the original on February 18, 2010. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
  49. Werner Schäfke: "Kölns romanische Kirchen. Architektur, Ausstattung, Geschichte", Köln, 1985, 5. ed., ISBN 3-7701-1360-8, p.100&118
  50. Selimiye Mosque at Structurae
  51. Taj Mahal at Structurae
  52. Robert Mark, Paul Hutchinson: "On the Structure of the Roman Pantheon", Art Bulletin, Vol. 68, No. 1 (1986) p.34
  53. Cauchi, Raymond (1988). The Mosta Rotunda: short history & guide. Cauchi's Emporium. p. 79. Archived from the original on 2018-04-29. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
  54. Malta – The Mythical Island – Travelling Wizards 2010, ISBN 1460921011
  55. In the Image of His God: The Curse of the Shroud Archived 2017-02-17 at the Wayback Machine – Outskirts Press Inc. Denver, Colorado, 2008, ISBN 9781432728786
  56. Marmorkirken.dk: Marble Church Archived 2008-10-08 at the Wayback Machine
  57. "Facts and Figures". rilin.state.ri.us. Archived from the original on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
  58. "The Providence Heritage Trail". visitrhodeisland.com. Archived from the original on 3 September 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
  59. Inventaire général des monuments et des richesses artistiques de la France: Schotterwerk Nord West (SNW) : Base V2 (the number of 71.0 m given here refers to the outer diameter)
  60. "Dimensioned cross section of the central part of the bunker complex in Wizernes, France". Archived from the original on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2008-08-25.
  61. Scope of Work, "Lafarge Cement Plant – Clinker Bulk Storage – Romania - Dome Technology". www.dometechnology.com. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  62. Kim, Jong-soo; Cho, Duck-won; Choi, Eun-gyu; Cho, Hyun-wook (2015). "Structural health monitoring during construction in Philippine Arena". Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2015.

Sources
  • Rasch, Jürgen (1985). "Die Kuppel in der römischen Architektur. Entwicklung, Formgebung, Konstruktion". Architectura. 15. pp. 117–139.


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