List of massacres in India

A massacre is the deliberate slaughter of members of one group by one or more members of another more powerful group. A massacre may be indiscriminate or highly methodical in application. A massacre is a single event, though it may occur during the course of an extended military campaign or war. A massacre is separate from a battle (an event in which opposing sides fight), but may follow in its immediate aftermath, when one side has surrendered or lost the ability to fight, yet the victors persist in killing their opponents.

For other topics with similar names, see Indian massacre (disambiguation).

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Pre-colonial India
Name/Place Date Location Perpetrator Deaths Notes Reference(s)
Bakthiyar's invasion of Bihar 1202 Gahadavala Khilji clan Unknown Bakhtiyar Khalji attacked a fort, which he discovered was a Vihara, likely Nalanda. He also captured Vikramashila and wrought havoc there. [1]
Massacre in south Delhi 1265 South Delhi,

Delhi Sultanate

 Delhi Sultanate 100,000 Hindu Rajputs of Mewat Almost all the Rajputs of Mewat were completely exterminated by Delhi Sultan Ghiyas ud din Balban during the massacre. [2][3]
Siege of Chittorgarh (1303) 1303 Chittor, Guhila kingdom Delhi Sultanate 30,000 Alauddin Khalji ordered the massacre of 30,000 people of Chittor after besieging and capturing it, according to Amir Khusrau. [4]
Massacre of Srirangam 1323 Srirangam, Pandyan kingdom Delhi Sultanate 12,000 Hindu ascetics 12,000 Hindu ascetics at or around the temple were slaughtered by Muhammad bin Tughluq's soldiers while they city was sacked. [5]
Mass killings in Bengal by Firuz Shah Tughlaq 1353–13?? Bengal Sultanate Delhi Sultanate 180,000 Hindus Firuz Shah invaded Bengal after it rebelled and paid for the 180,000 heads of Hindus massacred by his soldiers. [6]
Massacres around Vijayanagara 1365–1367 Areas surrounding Vijayanagara,

Vijayanagara Empire

 Bahmani Sultanate 500,000 Hindus 500,000 inhabitants were massacred in all the districts surrounding Vijayanagara by the Bahmani Sultanate soldiers. In Raichur Doab alone, 70,000 Hindus were massacred by the army of the Bahmani Sultanate in response to killing of the garrison of Mudgal. [7][8][9]
Execution of slaves by Timurid forces 1398 Loni, Ghaziabad,

Delhi Sultanate

 Timurid Empire 100,000 Hindu captives Before the battle of Delhi commenced, Timur ordered his soldiers to kill all the 100,000 captives they caught to avoid a rebellion before the attack on Delhi. [10][11][12]
Timurid campaign in Haryana 1398 Haryana (then part of

Delhi Sultanate)

 Timurid Empire Unknown Thousands of residents who fled mostly non-Muslim town of Sarsuti (Sirsa) were chased and killed by Timur's forces. In Fatehabad, a large number of civilians staying behind were killed. Thousands of Ahirs resisting him at Ahruni were killed. In addition to 200 Jats at Tohana and further 2000 who fled were killed with their wives and children taken captive. Reaching Kaithal, he massacred or plundered many people. On the way he was joined by another wing of his army from Kabul which massacred or plundered villages that resisted. From there he went to the fort of Assandh whilst destroying all villages along the way. [13][14]
Timurid massacre of Delhi 1398 Delhi,

Delhi Sultanate

 Timurid Empire Unknown Hindus of the city were killed or enslaved. After the massacre ended, the survivors either died of famine and disease and Timur's forces further enslaved many people. [15][16][17][18]
Battle of Meerut 1399 Meerut,

Delhi Sultanate

 Timurid Empire Unknown (all of the inhabitants) The massacre took place during the battle for Meerut for with all the Hindus and the inhabitants of the fort being put to sword. [19][20][21]
Battle of Ahmednagar 1559-60 Ahmednagar Sultanate Ahmednagar Sultanate Unknown According to Firishta, the Vijayanagar army of Ram Raya allied with Bijapur laid waste to the Ahmednagar's country so thoroughly that from Parenda to Junnar and from Ahmednagar to Daulatabad, not a vestige of population left. They also massacred and looted Muslims in Ahmednagar. During the siege of Ahmednagar fort, Ali Adil Shah of Bijapur and Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah of Golconda also laid waste to the adjacent territory. [22][23][24]
Massacre of Garha 1560 Garha-Katanga Kingdom (now Narsinghpur district) Mughal Empire 48,000 Hindu peasants and Rajputs Ordered by Emperor Akbar, in the early years of his reign. [25]
Sack of Vijayanagara 1565 Vijayanagara,

Vijayanagara Empire

 Deccan Sultanates Unknown Vijayanagara was sacked and razed by Deccan Sultanates after Battle of Talikota.Most large temple centres were destroyed. [26][27]
Siege of Chittorgarh February 1568 Chittor Fort,

Udaipur State

 Mughal Empire 30,000 Hindus About 30,000 non-combatants were ordered to be executed while 8,000 Rajput women immolated themselves as part of jauhar. [28]
Massacres during Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire 1738–1740 Northern India,

Mughal Empire

 Afsharid Empire 300,000 Indians Persian invaders massacred Indian civilians in the Mughal Empire. [29]
Maratha expeditions in Bengal 1741–1751 Bengal Subah Maratha Empire Unknown (Est. 400,000 people) A 1755 Dutch account estimates that over 400,000 people were killed in Bengal and Bihar including textile workers, merchants and other inhabitants. [30]
Chhōtā Ghallūghārā 1746 Lahore Mughal Empire 3,000 Sikh prisoners 7,000 Sikhs were killed in battle with armies of Diwan of Lahore. 3,000 were captured and executed in Lahore. [31][32]
Maratha's Afghan conquests 1757-1758 Durrani Empire Maratha Empire Thousands of Afghan soldiers The Marathas massacred and looted thousands of Afghan soldiers and captured Lahore, Multan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Attock, Peshawar in the Punjab region and Kashmir. [33]
Massacres after the Battle of Panipat 1761 Panipat, Haryana,

Maratha Empire

 Durrani Empire 40,000–70,000 Maratha

soldiers

 About 22,000 Maratha women and young children enslaved by the Afghans. [34][35]
Vaḍḍā Ghallūghārā 1763 Punjab Durrani Empire Est. 25,000–30,000 Sikhs Perpetrated by Afghan Muslim forces of Ahmad Shah Durrani. [32]
Mangalore Christian massacre 1784–1799 Srirangapatna,

Kingdom of Mysore

 Kingdom of Mysore 5,600 Christians Persecution of Mangalore Catholic Christians by Tipu Sultan. [36]
Massacre of Mandyam Iyengars 1784–1799 Srirangapatna, Mandya district,

Kingdom of Mysore

 Kingdom of Mysore 700-800 Iyengars About 800 men, women and children of Mandyam Iyengar community were killed by Tipu Sultan at Srirangapatna. [37][38][39]

Colonial India
Name/Place Date Location Deaths Notes Reference(s)
Delhi Palace, peepal tree massacre 16 May 1857 Delhi, Mughal Empire ~ 40–52 Europeans Bahadur Shah's palace servants executed the European civilians captured in the previous day's riots.
Mutiny in Allahabad 6 June 1857 Allahabad, Company rule in India ~ 50 Europeans The 6th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry Mutinied, killing their European officers, and looted the city. [40]
Siege of Cawnpore, 5–25 June 1857 Kanpur, Company rule in India ~ 1,000 Europeans soldiers, merchants, engineers, their wives and children, along with the East India Company sepoys, who were either Christian or refused to mutiny, and join Nana Sahib
Massacres by General Neill 17 June–July 1857 Allahabad, Kanpur and surrounding areas, Company rule in India Thousands of Indian mutineers, suspected rebels and civilians The massacres at Allahabad took place before the Bibighar massacre; the ones at Kanpur after it [41]
Satichaura Ghat massacre 27 June 1857 Kanpur, Company rule in India ~ 200 British officers Massacre by Nana Sahib's forces [42]
Bibighar massacre 15 July 1857 Kanpur, Company rule in India ~ 200 British women and children The victims were prisoners under Nana Sahib's forces. The massacre was carried out by a group of butchers, but who ordered it remains unclear. [43]
Kuka (Namdhari) massacre at Malerkotla 17–18 January 1872 Malerkotla, Punjab, British Raj ~ 65 Kuka (Namdhari) Killed Mr. Cowan (the Deputy Commissioner of Ludhiana) and Mr. Forsyth (the Commissioner of Ambala) ordered the Namdharis to be executed with cannons, without any trial, on 17 and 18 January 1872 respectively. [44]
Jallianwala Bagh massacre 13 April 1919 Amritsar, Punjab, British Raj 379–381 dead, ~1,100 Indians. Reginald Edward Harry Dyer ordered a unit of the British Indian Army to open fire on an unarmed, nonviolent group of protesters, along with Baishakhi pilgrims.
Moplah Rebellion October 1921 Malabar, Kerala, British Raj 2,337–10,000 Hindus (100,000 Hindus permanently migrated). Khilafat Movement considered as main cause.
Kohat riots 9–11 September 1924 Kohat, North-West Frontier Province, British Raj 155 Hindus and Sikhs were killed (100,000 Hindus permanently migrated).
Calcutta riots 15 July 1926 Calcutta, Bengal, British Raj 100+ dead, 200+ injured A Muslim mob attacked a Hindu possession, later broken up by a mounted police charge on the Muslim rioters. [45]
United Provinces riots 1923 to 1927 United Provinces, British Raj thousands dead and injured 88 separate communal riots, including the: 4 September 1927 Nagpur riots, 3–7 May 1927 Lahore, November 1927 Lahore. [46][47][48]
Nagpur riots 4 September 1927 Nagpur, Bombay Presidency, British Raj 22 killed, 100+ injured
Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre 23 April 1930 Peshawar, British Raj 1 British Indian Army dispatch rider, and ~ 20– 230 protesters After a British Indian Army despatch rider was killed and burned in the Bazaar two armoured cars were ordered to drive in and open fire on the protesters.
Amko-Simko Massacre 25 April 1939 Simko Village, Sundergarh, Odisha British Raj ~ 49 to 300 tribal peasants dead, ~ 50 injured Hundreds of tribals who were protesting unfair taxes imposed on them had gathered in the Amko-Simko field to hear good news from Rani Janaki, only to realize that the Rani had sought help from the British to suppress the agitators. Lt. Marger ordered the British Army to open fire on the crowd which had gathered to hear about the remission of taxes. [49]
Calcutta Riots 15 August – 17 September 1946 West Bengal, British Raj 7,000 to 10,000 Hindus and Muslims. Hindus and Muslims clashed during a protest by All India Muslim League termed as Direct Action Day. [50]
Noakhali riots September–October 1946 East Bengal, British Raj 5,000 Hindus Muslim community attacked Hindu community for seizing wealth and forced conversion to Islam. Around 150,000 to 750,000 survivors were sheltered in temporary relief camps [51][52][53]
Bihar Massacre 30 October – 7 November 1946 Bihar, British Raj 2,000–3,000 Muslims By Hindus in reaction to Noakhali riots [54]
Garhmukteshwar Anti-Muslim Violence November 1946 United Provinces, British Raj at least 214 Muslims Partition of the country into India and Pakistan was looming. [55]

Independent India
Name/Place Date Location Deaths Notes Reference(s)
Partition of India 1947 Punjab, Delhi and Sindh, , Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan ~ 200,000–2,000,000 people Massacre of Sikhs and Hindus by Muslims in West Punjab and of Muslims by Sikhs and Hindus in East Punjab. The communal violence resulted in the murder of 20,000–25,000 Muslims in Delhi by Hindus. UNHCR estimates 14 million were displaced by the violence.
[56][57][58][59]
Jammu massacres September to November 1947 Jammu Division, Jammu and Kashmir (princely state) 20,000–30,000 Muslims[60][61]

50,000+ Hindus and Sikhs[62][63][64]

 [61][65][66][67][68]
Anti-Brahmin riots of 1948 January 1948 Paschim Maharashtra Unknown Post the Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi on 30 January 1948, at the hands of Nathuram Godse, a Chitpavan Brahmin, there were heavy reprisals on the community by Congress supporters in notable regions of Western Maharashtra like Pune, Satara, Kolhapur, Sangli, Ahmednagar, Solapur. Pre-existing social tensions between the castes, resentment among non-Brahmins, especially Marathas, towards the socio-political dominance of Brahmins in the region was said to be a major cause. Aspects of the violence included arson, looting of Brahmin households, assaults on Brahmins, the nature of which turned fatal in numerous instances. [69][70]
Hyderabad massacre of 1948 1948 Hyderabad State 27,000–40,000 Hyderabadi Muslim civilians [71] Backlash against Muslims for earlier violence by Razakars after India's take-over of Hyderabad. [71]
1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation 7 November 1966 New Delhi 375–5000 Hindus killed Hindu Sadhus and protestors killed by government [72]
Kilvenmani massacre 25 December 1968 Nagapattinam Tamil Nadu 44 killed Striking agricultural workers murdered by a gang, allegedly by their landlords.
1969 Gujarat riots 1969 Gujarat Officially 660 total; 430 Muslims, 24 Hindus, 58 others/unidentified casualties Hindu-Muslim riots. 1074 injured and over 48,000 lost their property. Unofficial reports claim as high as 2000 deaths. Muslim community suffered the majority of the losses. Out of the 512 deaths reported in the police complaints, 430 were Muslims. Property worth 42 million rupees destroyed during the riots, with Muslims losing 32 million worth of property. [73][74][75]
Turkman gate demolition and rioting 1976 Delhi Officially 6, unofficially 15 killed by police (nearly all Muslims). Killing of Delhi residents who refused to move residence. [76]
Marichjhapi incident 31 January 1979 West Bengal Official figures 2, Hindustan Times quotes 50 to 1000 Hindu refugees. Actual numbers estimated to be around 3000–5000. Killing of refugees who came from East Pakistan. [77]
Moradabad riots 1980 Uttar Pradesh Officially 400; unofficial estimates as high as 2500. Started as a Muslim-Police conflict; later turned into a Hindu-Muslim riot. [78]
Mandai massacre 1980 Tripura 255–500 Bengali Hindu refugees [79]
Nellie massacre 18 February 1983 Assam 2,191 Bengali Muslims In Assam [80]
Train Passenger massacre I (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 23 February 1984 Punjab 11 Hindus
1984 anti-Sikh riots 31 October – 4 November 1984 Primarily Delhi but also other parts of India 2,800 to 8,000 Sikhs all over India Series of pogroms by Congress supporters after Assassination of Indira Gandhi.
Hondh-Chillar massacre (part of the 1984 anti-Sikh riots) 2 November 1984 Hondh-Chillar, Haryana 32 Sikhs Rioting by Indian National Congress Party members after Assassination of Indira Gandhi.
Desri Ground massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 28 March 1986 Ludhiana, Punjab 13 Hindus
Mallian massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 29 March 1986 Jalandhar, Punjab 20 Hindu labourers
Bus Passenger massacre III (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 25 July 1986 Mukatsar, Punjab 15 Hindus
Bus Passenger massacre IV (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 30 November 1986 Khudda, Punjab 24 Hindus
Hashimpura massacre 22 May 1987 Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 42 Muslims
Bus Passenger massacre V (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) July 1987 Fatehbad, Haryana 80 Hindus
Jagdev Kalan massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 6 August 1987 Punjab 13 Hindus
Rajbah massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 31 March 1988 Punjab 18 Hindus belonging to 1 family
Train Passenger massacre II (part of the 1991 Punjab killings) 15 June 1988 Ludhiana, Punjab 80 (mostly Hindus)
Train Passenger massacre III (part of the 1991 Punjab killings) December 1988 Ludhiana, Punjab 49 (mostly Hindus)
Hazaribagh massacre September 1989 Hazaribag 53 Hindus and 20 Muslims
Bhagalpur riots October 1989 Bhagalpur, Bihar The total dead numbered around 1000, around 900 were Muslims; it was difficult to establish the religious identity of other victims. Two false rumors about the killing of Hindu students started circulating: one rumor stated that nearly 200 Hindu university students had been killed by the Muslims, while another rumor stated that 31 Hindu boys had been murdered with their bodies dumped in a well at the Sanskrit College.
1990 Kashmiri Hindus killings 1990s Kashmir Valley Officially 219 Hindus;[81] though estimates as high as 1,341 have been reported[82] Large numbers had fled since 1989 to escape targeted killings and abductions. 219 were killed from 1989 to 2004 according to government of Jammu and Kashmir, while an organization of the community in Kashmir carried out a survey whose data stated that 399 had been killed since 1990 with an estimated 75% killed in 1990 alone. [83][81]

[84][85]

Gawakadal massacre 20 January 1990 Srinagar, Kashmir 50 Kashmiri Protestors Indian Forces opened fire, with heavy guns, on a group of Kashmiri protesters, who were pelting stones at the police
Ayodhya police firing 30 October 1990 Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh 16 Hindus (official figure) Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Mulayam Singh Yadav ordered the police to open fire on kar sevaks who reached Ayodhya. The dead bodies were allegedly thrown in Saryu river. [86][87][88]
1991 anti-Tamil violence in Karnataka 12–13 December 1991 Mainly Bangalore, Mysore but also other parts of southern Karnataka 18 Tamils violent attacks originated in the demonstrations organised against the orders of the Cauvery Water Tribunal
Bombay riots December 1992 – January 1993 Mumbai 575 Muslims, 275 Hindus, 45 unknown and 5 others Hindu-Muslim communal riot as an effect of Demolition of Babri Masjid in Ayodhya.
Sopore massacre 6 January 1993 Sopore, Kashmir 55 Kashmiri students Security forces fired on procession.
Bijbehara Massacre 22 October 1993 Bijbehara, Kashmir 55 Kashmiri protestors Indian armed forces fired upon unarmed Kashmiri protestors resulting in 55 civilian deaths.
1997 Ramabai killings 11 July 1997 Ramabai colony, Mumbai 10 people of the Dalit caste A team of State Reserve Police Force members fired upon a crowd protesting the recent desecration of a statue of Dalit activist B. R. Ambedkar.
Laxmanpur Bathe massacre 1 December 1997 Arwal district, Bihar 58 people of the Dalit caste Upper caste Ranvir Sena enter village at night and kill 58 Dalits, were sympathizers of the Maoists behind the killing of 37 upper caste men in Bara in Gaya district in 1992. [89]
1998 Wandhama massacre 25 January 1998 Wandhama, Jammu and Kashmir 23 Kashmiri Pandit Unknown militants
1998 Prankote massacre 17 April 1998 Jammu and Kashmir 26 Hindus
1998 Chapnari massacre 19 June 1998 Chapnari, Jammu and Kashmir 25 Hindus Allegedly perpetrated by Pakistani-backed insurgents.
1998 Chamba massacre 3 August 1998 Chamba district, Himachal Pradesh 35 Hindus Attack by Islamic militant group
Chittisinghpura massacre 20 March 2000 Chittisinghpura, Anantnag district, Jammu and Kashmir 36 Sikhs Attack by Islamic militant group
Gouranga Tilla massacre 2000 Tripura 16 non-tribal Hindus [90]
Bagber massacre 20 May 2000 Tripura 25 non-tribal Hindus [90]
Nanoor massacre 27 July 2000 West Bengal 11 labourers
2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre 1 August 2000 Jammu and Kashmir 30 (Hindu pilgrims) Attack by Muslim militants
2001 Kishtwar massacre 3 August 2001 Jammu and Kashmir 19 Hindus Attack by Muslim militants
Godhra massacre 27 February 2002 Godhra, Gujarat 59 Hindus Hindu passengers (mostly women and children) burnt alive and pelted with rocks. Different commissions were set up; one was by the Government of Gujarat to investigate the train burning spent 6 years going over the details of the case, and concluded that the fire was arson committed by a mob of 1000–2000 people. But some reports say the cause of the Godhra train fire is still uncertain. The court convicted 31 Muslims and another 63 were acquitted due to lack of evidence. [91][92][93]
2002 Gujarat riots 28 February 2002 Ahmedabad As per government reports, 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus killed, 223 reported missing, 2,500 injured. Unofficial estimates by groups like Human Rights Watch put the death toll to over 2,000.[94][95] Communal violence [96]
Gulbarg Society massacre (part of the 2002 Gujarat riots) 28 February 2002 Ahmedabad 69 (mostly Muslims)
Naroda Patiya massacre (part of the 2002 Gujarat riots) 28 February 2002 Naroda, Ahmedabad 97 Muslims [97][98][99]
March 2002 Raghunath attack (part of 2002 Raghunath temple attacks) 30 March 2002 Jammu & Kashmir 11 Hindus killed, 20 injured (Hindu devotees) Muslim militant
2002 Qasim Nagar massacre 13 July 2002 Jammu and Kashmir 29 Hindus Terrorist attack
Akshardham Temple attack 24 September 2002 Gujarat 29 killed, 79 injured (Hindus) Terrorist attack
November 2002 Raghunath temple attack (part of 2002 Raghunath temple attacks) 24 November 2002 Jammu & Kashmir 14 killed, 45 injured (mostly Hindu devotees) Blamed on Lashkar-e-Taiba [100]
2003 Nadimarg massacre 23 March 2002 Jammu and Kashmir 24 Hindus Terrorist attack
2002 Kaluchak massacre 14 May 2002 Jammu and Kashmir 31 Terrorist attack on a tourist bus and Army's family quarter.
Marad massacre May 2003 Kerala 8 killed, 58 injured - A.
2006 Varanasi bombings March 2006 Uttar Pradesh 28 killed, 101 injured - Devotees of Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple targeted Terrorist attack on a Hindu temple.
2006 Doda massacre 30 April 2006 Jammu & Kashmir 35 Hindus Terrorist attack
2007 Samjhauta Express bombings 18 February 2007 Diwana station 68 people mostly Pakistani nationals and some Indians including some Railway employees [101]
2008 Mumbai attacks 26 November 2008 Mumbai Over 164 killed, over 600 injured 11 coordinated attacks by proven Pakistani terrorists; casualties include people of various nationalities, and Israeli victims were reportedly tortured before being killed. [102]
April 2010 Maoist attack in Dantewada 6 April 2010 Chhattisgarh 76 Maoist militant ambushed CRPF
2010 Dantewada bus bombing 17 May 2010 Chhattisgarh 44 Maoist militant attacked a civilian bus.
2012 Assam violence July 2012 Assam 77 Racial sentiments of the majority Assamese and Bodo community towards the local Bengali speaking Bangladeshi Muslim community leads to several attempts to deport the minority Bengali Muslums to Bangladesh forcefully, thus with a protest in defence from the other party, Communal violence broke out between Assamese, Bodos (Tribal, Christian, and Hindu faith) and Bengali speaking Bangladeshi Muslims.
2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley 25 May 2013 Chhattisgarh 28 28 people from a Congress Party motorcade
2013 Muzaffarnagar riots 25 August 2013 – 17 September 2013 Muzaffarnagar district, Uttar Pradesh 42 Muslims and 20 Hindus killed and 93 injured Eve-teasing of Hindu Girls, murder of a Muslim boy, then public lynching of the murderers (two Hindu boys) triggered communal riot between the Hindu and the Muslim community.
2017 Amarnath Yatra attack 10 July 2017 Anantnag district, Jammu and Kashmir 8 Hindu pilgrims A bus carrying Hindu pilgrims of Amarnath Yatra was attacked by Lashkar-e-Taiba, resulting in deaths of 8 pilgrims. [103]
2017 Haryana riots 25-26 August 2017 Panjab, Haryana, Chandigarh district, Northern India 41+ killed and 300+ injured 546 Arrested, Nearly 1000 Detained, Caused by Rape conviction of Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh, Charged Honeypreet Insan, Rioting and arson
2020 Delhi riots 23 February 2020 – 1 March 2020 North East Delhi 53 killed and 200+ injured 2,200 arrested (including detained). Caused by clashes between pro-CAA mobs and anti-CAA mobs.

See also

References
  1. Chandra, Satish (2004). Volume 1 of Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Har-Anand Publications. p. 41. ISBN 978-8124110645.
  2. Hunter, W. W. (5 November 2013). The Indian Empire: Its People, History and Products. Routledge. p. 280. ISBN 9781136383014.
  3. Ellam, J. E. (1930). Swaraj: The Problem of India. Concept Publishing Company. p. 88.
  4. Barua, Pradeep (January 2005). "The State at War in South Asia". University of Nebraska Press. pp. 30, 317. ISBN 0803213441.
  5. Hopkins, Steven Paul (18 April 2002). "Singing the Body of God: The Hymns of Vedantadesika in Their South Indian Tradition". Oxford University Press. p. 69. ISBN 9780198029304.
  6. Rummel, R. J. (31 December 2011). Death by Government. Transaction Publishers. p. 60. ISBN 9781412821292.
  7. Lars Tore Flåten (2016). Hindu Nationalism, History and Identity in India: Narrating a Hindu past under the BJP. p. 174. ISBN 9781317208716. Accordingly, the Hindu ruler Bukka put an entire garrison, excluding one man, 'to sword'. ...Bahmani Sultan's answer to this was to massacre half a million inhabitants around the city of Vijayanagar.
  8. Lars Tore Flåten (2011). The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India. p. 192. ISBN 978-9814311670.
  9. Wolseley Haig (1958). The Cambridge History Of India Volume III. Cambridge University Press. pp. 380–382. ISBN 9781296821876.
  10. Raychaudhuri and Habib (2004). Cambridge Economic History Of India Vol-1. Orient Blackswan. p. 91. ISBN 9788125027300. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  11. N. Jayapalan (2001). History of India. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. ISBN 978-8171569281.
  12. The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period. Trübner and Company. 1871. p. 491.
  13. Phadke, H.A. (1990). Haryana, Ancient and Medieval. Harman Publishing House. p. 123.
  14. Elliot, Sir Henry Miers (1871). The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3. Trübner and Company. pp. 427–431.
  15. Quote bfrom Tuzuk-e-Taimuri: "Excepting the quarters of the sayyids, the 'ulama and the other Musalmans (Muslims), the whole city was sacked." See Dhillon, Dalbir Singh (1988). Sikhism Origin and Development.
  16. Keay, John (12 April 2011). India: A History. Revised and Updated. Grove/Atlantic, Inc. ISBN 9780802195500.
  17. Burgan, M. (2009). Empire of the Mongols. Facts On File, Incorporated. p. 71. ISBN 9781604131635. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  18. Elliot, Sir Henry Miers (1871). The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3. Trübner and Company. pp. 447–449.
  19. Statistical, descriptive and historical account of the North-western Provinces of India, ed. by E.T. Atkinson [and others]. Oxford University. 1876. p. 321. Safi, who had fought well, was killed and the Mughals "put all gabrs and people of the place to death.
  20. The Cambridge Shorter History of India. Cambridge University Press. 2016. p. 252. ISBN 9781317208716.
  21. Elliot, Sir Henry Miers (1871). The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3. Trübner and Company. pp. 451. The braves and soldiers of my army spread themselves over every part of the fortifications, and put all the gabrs and people of the place to death.
  22. Radhey Shyam (1966). The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 110, 111. ISBN 9788120826519.
  23. Sanjay Subrahmanyam (30 October 2012). Courtly Encounters: Translating Courtliness and Violence in Early Modern Eurasia. Harvard University Press. p. 79. ISBN 9780674067363.
  24. Wolseley Haig. The Cambridge History of India, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 682.
  25. Paul Joseph (15 June 2016). The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives. ISBN 9781483359915.
  26. John Bowman (5 September 2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 273. ISBN 9780231500043.
  27. Steven E. Falconer, Charles L. Redman (2009). Polities and Power: Archaeological Perspectives on the Landscapes of Early States. ISBN 9780816526031.
  28. Everret Jenkins Jr. (2000). The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. McFarland. ISBN 9780786446896.
  29. Montgomery, J.; Shelley, M.W. (1835). Eminent Literary and Scientific Men of Italy, Spain, and Portugal ...: Galileo. Guicciardini. Vittoria Colonna. Guarini. Tasso. Chiabrera. Tassoni. Marini. Filicaja. Metastasio. Goldoni. Alfieri. Monti. Ugo Foscolo. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longman. p. 359. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  30. K. N. Chaudhuri (23 November 2006). The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company: 1660–1760. Cambridge University Press. p. 253. ISBN 9780521031592.
  31. Jaswant Lal Mehta (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813. Sterling Publishers. ISBN 9781932705546.
  32. Giorgio Shani (2007). Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age. Routledge. p. 85. ISBN 9781134101894.
  33. Roy (2011), p. 103.
  34. T. S. Shejwalkar, Panipat 1761 (in Marathi and English) (Deccan College Monograph Series. I), Pune (1946)
  35. James Grant Duff History of the Mahrattas, Vol II (Ch. 5), Printed for Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1826"
  36. Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians. I.J.A. Publications. ISBN 978-81-86778-25-8. An article based on the book: Sarasvati's Children by Joe Lobo.
  37. "The two sides of tipu sultan". The New Indian Express.
  38. ramdev, sangeeta bora and darshana (12 November 2015). "'Realpolitik dictated Tipu's decisions'". Deccan Chronicle.
  39. Team, BS Web (13 November 2015). "Tipu Sultan: Religious zealot or nationalist hero?". Business Standard India – via Business Standard.
  40. Meek, R. (Robert) (1857). The martyr of Allahabad; memorials of Ensign Arthur Marcus Hill Cheek, of the Sixth Native Bengal Infantry, murdered by the Sepoys at Allahabad. University of California Libraries. London : J. Nisbet.
  41. Heather Streets (2004). Martial Races: The Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914. Manchester University Press. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-0-7190-6962-8. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  42. Alex Tickell (17 June 2013). Terrorism, Insurgency and Indian-English Literature, 1830–1947. Routledge. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-136-61841-3. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  43. Michael Gorra (15 April 2008). After Empire: Scott, Naipaul, Rushdie. University of Chicago Press. pp. 21–. ISBN 978-0-226-30476-2. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  44. Rebels Against the British Rule (1995). Bhai Nahar Singh & Bhai Kirpal Singh. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors; Page XXI
  45. "The Calcutta Riots (15 July 1926)". Townsville Daily Bulletin. Townsville Daily Bulletin. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  46. Singh Nijjar, Bakhshish (1996). History of the United Panjab, Volume 1. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 153. ISBN 978-8171565344. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  47. Ganesan, A (1988). The Press in Tamil Nadu and the Struggle for Freedom, 1917–1937. Mittal Publications. p. 109. ISBN 978-8170990826. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  48. "The British Empire - India". The British Empire. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  49. Xaxa, Johani (2001). "CHAPTER IV - Freedom Movement in Sundargarh" (PDF). Political culture of the tribal political leaders A study of the scheduled tribe political leaders of Sundargarh district of Orissa (Thesis). Sambalpur University.
  50. Sengupta, Debjani (2006). "A City Feeding on Itself: Testimonies and Histories of 'Direct Action' Day" (PDF). In Narula, Monica (ed.). Turbulence. Serai Reader. Volume 6. The Sarai Programme, Center for the Study of Developing Societies. pp. 288–295. OCLC 607413832.
  51. Khan, Yasmin (2007). The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan. Yale University Press. pp. 68–69. ISBN 9780300120783.
  52. "India from 1900 to 1947 | Sciences Po Encyclopédie des violences de masse". www.sciencespo.fr. 20 January 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  53. Sinha, Dinesh Chandra; Dasgupta, Ashok (2011). 1946: The Great Calcutta Killings and Noakhali Genocide. Kolkata: Himangshu Maity. pp. 278–280. ISBN 9788192246406.
  54. Ian Stephens, Pakistan (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1963), p. 111.
  55. Pandey, Gyanendra (2001). Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 94–98. ISBN 9780521002509.
  56. D'Costa, Bina (2011). Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia. Routledge. p. 53. ISBN 9780415565660.
  57. Sikand, Yoginder (2004). Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations. Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 9781134378258.
  58. Butalia, Urvashi (2000). The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of India. Duke University Press.
  59. Zamindar, Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali (2010). The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories. Columbia University Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-231-13847-5.
  60. Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 2015, p. 167.
  61. Khalid Bashir Ahmad (5 November 2014). "circa 1947: A Long Story". www.kashmirlife.net. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
  62. Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013, p. 56.
  63. Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir 2012, p. 97.
  64. Hasan, Mirpur 1947 (2013)
  65. Ranjan, Amit (2 January 2017). "Christopher Snedden. Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris; Aman M. Hingorani. Unravelling the Kashmir Knot". Asian Affairs. 48 (1): 167–169. doi:10.1080/03068374.2017.1271605. ISSN 0306-8374. S2CID 164760980.
  66. Kumar, Satish (July 2012). "Book Review: Christopher Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten HistorySneddenChristopherKashmir: The Unwritten History (Noida, India: Harper Collins Publishers, 2013), 460pp. ₹599". International Studies. 49 (3–4): 449–451. doi:10.1177/0020881714534539. ISSN 0020-8817. S2CID 155812870.
  67. Das Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan (1968), "The State of Jammu and Kashmir", Jammu and Kashmir, Springer Netherlands, pp. 12–33, doi:10.1007/978-94-011-9231-6_2, ISBN 9789401184991
  68. "Mirpur 1947 – the untold story". 28 September 2011. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  69. Dossal, Mariam; Maloni, Ruby (1 January 1999). State Intervention and Popular Response: Western India in the Nineteenth Century. Popular Prakashan. p. 11. ISBN 9788171548552.
  70. "Gandhi Assassination Backlash in Satara by Arvind Kolhatkar". www.dadinani.com. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  71. Thomson, Mike (24 September 2013). "India's hidden massacre". BBC. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  72. "Remembering the 7th Nov 1966 Gopastami Hindu Massacre in Delhi - Hindu Human Rights Online News Magazine". Hindu Human Rights Online News Magazine. 7 November 2016.
  73. Pingle Jagamohan Reddy; Nusserwanji K Vakil & Akbar S Sarela (1971). Report: Inquiry into the communal disturbances at Ahmedabad and other places in Gujarat on and after 18th September 1969. Commission of Inquiry on Communal Disturbances at Ahmedabad and at Various Places in the State of Gujarat on and after 18 September 1969, Home Department, Government of Gujarat. p. 180.
  74. Muslims in Indian cities : trajectories of marginalisation. Gayer, Laurent., Jaffrelot, Christophe. New York (N.Y.): Columbia University Press. 2012. ISBN 9780231703086. OCLC 730413638.CS1 maint: others (link)
  75. 1982-, Kumar, Megha (16 June 2016). Communalism and sexual violence in India : the politics of gender, ethnicity and conflict. London. ISBN 9781786720689. OCLC 958926230.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  76. India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics ISBN 9788131725672
  77. Bhattacharya, Snigdhendu (25 April 2011). "Ghost of Marichjhapi returns to haunt". The Hindustan Times. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  78. Satish Saberwal, Mushirul Hasan (1991). "14. Moradabad Riots, 1980: Causes and Meanings". In Asgharali Engineer (ed.). Communal riots in post-independence India. Universities Press. pp. 209–227. ISBN 978-81-7370-102-3. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  79. "350 Bengalis Are Massacred in Indian Village". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 16 June 1980. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
    • Chadha, Vivek, Low Intensity Conflicts in India. Sage Publications, 2005.
  81. "219 Kashmiri Pandits killed by militants since 1989". The Hindu. 24 March 2010.
  82. "The Exodus of Kashmiri Pandits". European Foundation for South Asian Studies. July 2017. Archived from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  83. "U S Congress Bill". thomas.loc.gov. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  84. "399 Pandits killed since 1990: KPSS". greaterkashmir.com. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  85. State, Society, and Minorities in South and Southeast Asia. Lexington Books. 2015. p. 46. ISBN 9780739188910.
  86. "1990 decision to order firing on 'kar sevaks' painful, Mulayam Singh Yadav says - The Times of India". The Times Of India. 16 July 2013.
  87. "Firing on kar sevaks was sad but needed: Mulayam Singh Yadav". The Indian Express.
  88. "Ayodhya DeQoded". the quint.
  89. Arun Kumar (8 April 2010). "16 to hang for killing 58 in Bihar village". The Times of India. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
  90. "19 Killed in Tripura Massacre Rerun". telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  91. "South Asia | Gujarat riot death toll revealed". BBC News. 11 May 2005. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  92. "Times Of India". Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  93. Godhra verdict: 31 convicted, 63 acquitted NDTV – 1 March 2011
  94. Jaffrelot, Christophe (July 2003). "Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk?" (PDF). Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics: 16. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  95. The Ethics of Terrorism: Innovative Approaches from an International Perspective. Charles C Thomas Publisher. 2009. p. 28. ISBN 9780398079956.
  96. "Gujarat riot death toll revealed". BBC. 11 May 2005.
  97. "Ex-BJP Minister among 32 convicted of Naroda-Patiya massacre". The Hindu. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  98. "Naroda Patiya massacre: BJP MLA Maya Kodnani, Bajrang Dal leader Babu Bajrangi and 30 others convicted". CNN-IBN. 29 August 2012.
  99. "Godhra verdict: 31 convicted in Sabarmati Express burning case - Times Of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  100. Pasricha, Anjana. "Security Increased in Jammu City Following Attack on Hindu Temple". Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  101. "Direct hand of Aseemanand in Samjhauta blasts: NIA". hindustantimes.com/.
  102. "HM announces measures to enhance security" (Press release). Press Information Bureau (Government of India). 11 December 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
  103. "Amarnath Terror Attack: Pilgrim Dies In Hospital, Number Of Deaths Now 8". NDTV.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.