Manenberg
Manenberg is a township of Cape Town, South Africa, that was created by the apartheid government for low-income Coloured families in the Cape Flats in 1966[2] as a result of the forced removal campaign by the National Party. It has an estimated population of 52,000 residents. The area consists of rows of semi-detached houses and project-like flats, known as "korre". The township is located about 20 km away from the city centre of Cape Town. It is separated from neighbouring Nyanga and Gugulethu townships by a railway line to the east and from Hanover Park by the Sand Industria industrial park to the west and Heideveld to the north.
Manenberg | |
|---|---|
  From top, A view of Manenberg looking towards Table Mountain in the background. The red roofed government housing blocks in-which a large proportion of the community's population lives can be seen in the foreground. Below, painted murals on public housing. | |
  Manenberg  Manenberg  Manenberg | |
| Coordinates: 33°59′S 18°33′E | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | Western Cape |
| Municipality | City of Cape Town |
| Main Place | Cape Town |
| Area | |
| • Total | 3.35 km2 (1.29 sq mi) |
| Population (2011)[1] | |
| • Total | 52,877 |
| • Density | 16,000/km2 (41,000/sq mi) |
| Racial makeup (2011) | |
| • Black African | 11.7% |
| • Coloured | 84.3% |
| • Indian/Asian | 0.5% |
| • White | 0.1% |
| • Other | 3.4% |
| First languages (2011) | |
| • Afrikaans | 71.8% |
| • English | 17.8% |
| • Xhosa | 6.8% |
| • Other | 3.6% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |
| Postal code (street) | 7764 |
| PO box | 7764 |
| Area code | 021 |
History
Planning for a Coloured township to receive forcibly relocated people during the height of implementation of Group Areas Act by the apartheid government of South Africa began in 1964. Manenberg was established in 1966 with residents predominantly coming from areas designated by the apartheid government as white such as Constantia, District Six, Cape Town city centre, the Bo-Kaap, Wynberg, Crawford, Sea Point, and Lansdowne. Provision for public facilities and access to resources and jobs in the rest of the city was designed to keep residents at disadvantage relative to white areas.[3]
The building phase of the neighbourhood lasted from 1966 to 1970 with completion of 5,621 homes for 33,922 residents at a cost of R7,386,817[3] (roughly equivalent to R460,000,000 in 2017).[4] By 1975 the area consisted of about seven corner shops and two liquor outlets. There were no adequate commercial facilities or community services. A railway line from the black township of Gugulethu divides Manenberg. Nyanga Railway Station was established to service the growing population of Gugulethu and Manenberg. Later in the mid-1980s, because of housing shortages and problems around squatting in Manenberg, 364 additional buildings known as maisonettes (or as ‘infill scheme’) were built. These had three bedrooms, a living room, a kitchen, hot water, and a toilet and were regarded as better accommodation units.[3]
Housing conditions and the basic design of area was a major grievance that prompted local residents to participate in a range of anti-apartheid activities including acts of civil disobedience in an effort to make the country ungovernable.[3]
Early activism in the 1970s and 1980s in Manenberg
Community activists mobilized residents in Manenberg around housing and living conditions. A citizen newspaper (named "Grassroots") was started, forming part of an alternative press movement in the 1980s. It was the first of a series of anti-apartheid community newspapers, with a circulation that grew up to 20 000 and covered community issues such as local protests.
From the national 1976 riots to the meat boycotts of 1981 to the United Democratic Front UDF and Mass Democratic Movement era of the early to late 1980s. Manenberg had activists that helped make South Africa ungovernable, many of which were trained by the African National Congress ANC in the underground movement.[3] From the 1970s right through the 1990s, numerous community and civic movements and organisations were established.[2]
1999 tornado
In the night of 29 August 1999 a tornado hit the neighbourhood killing five people with wind speeds reaching over 150 km per hour. Over 220 people were injured[5] and more than 5,000 residents[6] were left homeless with 40 flats being "totally gutted".[5] R1 million (roughly equivalent to R2.6 million in 2017) was allocated by City of Cape Town's disaster relief fund for rebuilding.[6]
Present day
The area over the years has become overcrowded and living conditions problematic with a high incidence of crime, gang activity and social disturbance emerging. Graffiti exhibits portraying gangster life are prominent in Manenberg.
Popular culture
- The famous and well respected jazz pianist Abdullah Ibrahim has a composition named "Mannenberg" after the township. Manenberg has a rich history of minstrel (Kaapse Klopse) music and several minstrel teams still emanate from this part of Cape Town.
- Manenberg has been featured in the National Geographic television series Taboo: Blood Bonds for its street gangs, most notably "The Americans", "Hard Living" and "Clever Kids."
- The feature documentary Manenberg[7] (2010) by directors/anthropologists Karen Waltorp & Christian Vium (Denmark)[8] about two young people coming of age in the community.
References
- "Sub Place Manenberg". Census 2011.
- "Manenberg", South African History Online.
- Abongile (2013-07-05). "Manenberg". www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
- "Inflation Calculator - South Africa". www.inflationcalc.co.za. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
- "BBC News | Africa | Cape Town tornado kills three". news.bbc.co.uk. 29 August 1999. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
- "'I saw terror twister hit Manenberg' | IOL". IOL News. 30 August 1999. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
- Manenberg. Archived 2012-04-25 at the Wayback Machine
- Karen Waltorp & Christian Vium website. Archived 2012-04-25 at the Wayback Machine
- Part of this article is a summarised excerpt of my MA Thesis. J. Jacobs (2011) Manenberg: Then and Now: Activism in Manenberg, 1980 to 2010. Unpublished thesis (MA), University of the Western Cape.