Monroe County, New York

Monroe County is a county in the Finger Lakes region of New York, in the United States. The county is along Lake Ontario's southern shore. As of 2019, Monroe County's population was 741,770, a decrease since the 2010 census.[1] Its county seat and largest city is the city of Rochester.[2] The county is named after James Monroe, the fifth President of the United States.[3] Monroe County is part of the Rochester, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area. The current County Executive is Adam Bello.

Not to be confused with Monroe, New York.

Monroe County
County
Monroe County Office Building
Seal
Location within the U.S. state of New York
New York's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 43°18′N 77°41′W
Country United States
State New York
FoundedFebruary 23, 1821
Named forJames Monroe
SeatRochester
Largest cityRochester
Government
 • County ExecutiveAdam Bello (D)
Area
 • Total1,367 sq mi (3,540 km2)
 • Land657 sq mi (1,700 km2)
 • Water710 sq mi (1,800 km2)  52%
Population
 • Estimate 
(2019)
741,770
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
Congressional districts25th, 27th
Websitewww.monroecounty.gov

History

When counties were established in the Province of New York in 1683, the present Monroe County was part of Albany County. This was an enormous county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory, extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. This county was reduced in size on July 3, 1766 by the creation of Cumberland County, and further on March 16, 1770 by the creation of Gloucester County, both containing territory now in Vermont.

On March 12, 1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the other pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion (and thus, since no western boundary was specified, theoretically still extended west to the Pacific). The eastern boundary of Tryon County was approximately five miles west of the present city of Schenectady, and the county included the western part of the Adirondack Mountains and the area west of the West Branch of the Delaware River. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State. The county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York.

In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada. In 1784, following the peace treaty that ended the American Revolutionary War, the name of Tryon County was changed to Montgomery County in order to honor the general, Richard Montgomery, who had captured several places in Canada and died attempting to capture the city of Quebec, replacing the name of the hated British governor.

In 1789, Ontario County was split off from Montgomery. The actual area split off from Montgomery County was much larger than the present county, also including the present Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Niagara, Orleans, Steuben, Wyoming, Yates, and part of Schuyler and Wayne counties.

Genesee County was created by a splitting of Ontario County in 1802. This was much larger than the present Genesee County, however. It contained the present Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, Niagara, Orleans, Wyoming, and portions of Livingston and Monroe counties.

Finally, Monroe County was formed from parts of Genesee and Ontario counties in 1821.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county's total area is 1,367 square miles (3,540 km2), of which 657 square miles (1,700 km2) is land and 710 square miles (1,800 km2) (52%) is water.[4]

Monroe County is in Western New York State's northern tier, northeast of Buffalo and northwest of Syracuse. The northern county line is also the state line and the border of the United States, marked by Lake Ontario. Monroe County is north of the Finger Lakes.

Adjacent counties

Major highways

Government and politics
Presidential election results
Presidential elections results[5]
Year Republican Democratic Third parties
2020 38.3% 145,661 59.4% 225,746 2.2% 8,468
2016 39.3% 136,582 54.2% 188,592 6.5% 22,616
2012 40.0% 133,362 58.0% 193,501 2.1% 6,950
2008 40.5% 144,262 58.2% 207,371 1.3% 4,791
2004 47.7% 163,545 50.6% 173,497 1.8% 6,022
2000 44.5% 141,266 50.9% 161,743 4.7% 14,816
1996 37.3% 115,694 53.2% 164,858 9.5% 29,442
1992 39.4% 134,021 41.6% 141,502 19.1% 64,846
1988 49.9% 155,271 49.3% 153,650 0.8% 2,545
1984 57.8% 182,696 41.8% 132,109 0.5% 1,472
1980 41.9% 128,615 46.4% 142,423 11.6% 35,695
1976 55.1% 167,303 44.4% 134,739 0.5% 1,392
1972 62.0% 196,579 37.8% 120,031 0.2% 695
1968 48.3% 143,233 47.7% 141,437 4.1% 12,085
1964 28.1% 80,099 71.9% 205,226 0.1% 257
1960 51.2% 148,423 48.8% 141,378 0.1% 147
1956 66.8% 183,747 33.2% 91,161 0.0% 0
1952 58.9% 159,172 41.0% 110,723 0.1% 370
1948 48.1% 109,608 48.6% 110,641 3.3% 7,544
1944 48.1% 111,725 51.5% 119,672 0.4% 876
1940 48.5% 114,383 51.1% 120,613 0.5% 1,099
1936 44.2% 93,055 54.3% 114,286 1.5% 3,182
1932 51.6% 95,964 44.8% 83,208 3.7% 6,788
1928 55.7% 99,803 41.2% 73,759 3.1% 5,516
1924 57.1% 80,577 20.5% 28,956 22.4% 31,595
1920 63.8% 73,809 24.7% 28,523 11.6% 13,389
1916 61.7% 39,393 34.1% 21,782 4.2% 2,688
1912 31.5% 16,880 33.3% 17,863 35.2% 18,834[lower-alpha 1]
1908 56.7% 33,250 38.7% 22,704 4.6% 2,695
1904 60.3% 30,772 32.4% 16,544 7.3% 3,737
1900 54.6% 26,691 40.1% 19,611 5.3% 2,568
1896 58.7% 26,288 38.3% 17,158 3.1% 1,372
1892 51.4% 21,327 42.7% 17,706 5.9% 2,455
1888 54.6% 21,650 42.0% 16,677 3.4% 1,361
1884 54.9% 18,325 39.7% 13,249 5.4% 1,812

County government

Monroe County was chartered as a municipal corporation by the New York State Legislature in 1892[6] and re-chartered under New York's Municipal Home Rule Law in 1965.[7]

Executive branch

The county's executive branch is headed by the County Executive, Adam Bello.[8][9] The executive's office is on the first floor of the County Office Building on West Main Street in Rochester. The County Clerk is Jamie Romeo.

The county was exclusively governed by a Board of Supervisors for the first 114 years of its history. In 1935, the position of County Manager, appointed by the Board, was approved by popular referendum.[10] In 1983, the position was replaced by a County Executive, directly elected by popular vote, with expanded powers (e.g., veto).[11] In 1993, the legislature enacted term limits for the executive office of 12 consecutive years to start in 1996.[12]

Monroe County Executives
NameTitlePartyTerm
Clarence A. SmithCounty ManagerRepublicanJanuary 1, 1936 – December 31, 1959
Gordon A. HoweCounty ManagerRepublicanJanuary 1, 1960 – December 31, 1971
Lucien A. MorinCounty Manager
County Executive		RepublicanJanuary 18, 1972 – December 31, 1982
January 1, 1983 – December 31, 1986
Thomas R. FreyCounty ExecutiveDemocratJanuary 1, 1987 – December 31, 1991
Robert L. KingCounty ExecutiveRepublicanJanuary 1, 1992 – January 14, 1995
John D. "Jack" DoyleCounty ExecutiveRepublicanJanuary 14, 1995 – December 31, 2003
Maggie BrooksCounty ExecutiveRepublicanJanuary 1, 2004 – December 31, 2015
Cheryl L. DinolfoCounty ExecutiveRepublicanJanuary 1, 2016 – December 31, 2019
Adam J. BelloCounty ExecutiveDemocratJanuary 1, 2020 –

Legislative branch

The county's legislative branch consists of a 29-member County Legislature which replaced the earlier 43-member Board of Supervisors on January 1, 1967.[10] It meets in the Legislative Chambers on the fourth floor of the County Office Building. All 29 members of the legislature are elected from districts. District Maps Currently, there are 15 Republicans and 14 Democrats, and the President of the Legislature is Dr. Joe Carbone. In 1993, the legislature enacted term limits of 10 consecutive years to start in 1996.[12] Legislators can return to the office after not being in the Legislature for a term. Since the enacting of term limits, as of 2020 three Legislators (Karla Boyce, Calvin Lee, Jr., and Robert Colby) returned after previously being term limited.

Judicial branch
  • Monroe County Court
  • Monroe County Family Court, for matters involving children
  • Monroe County Surrogates Court, for matters involving the deceased
  • Rochester City Court

Representation at the federal level

After redistricting based on the 2010 United States Census, Monroe County was split between two congressional districts:

DistrictAreas of Monroe CountyCongresspersonPartyFirst took officeResidence
New York's 25th congressional districtAll of Monroe County except those portions represented by the 27th district[13]Joseph D. MorelleDemocratic2018Irondequoit, Monroe County
New York's 27th congressional districtHamlin, Mendon, Rush, Wheatland, and the southwest corner of Clarkson[14]Chris JacobsRepublican2020Buffalo, Erie County

New York State Senate

After redistricting based on the 2010 United States Census, Monroe County was split between six state senate districts:

DistrictAreas of Monroe CountySenatorPartyFirst took officeResidence
54Webster[15]Pam HelmingRepublican2017Canandaigua, Ontario County
55Northeastern[16]Samra BroukDemocratic2021Rochester, Monroe County
56Northwestern[17]Jeremy CooneyDemocratic2021Rochester, Monroe County
59Henrietta, Wheatland[18]Patrick M. GallivanRepublican2011Elma, Erie County
61Chili, Riga, southern part of the City of Rochester[19]Michael H. RanzenhoferRepublican2009Amherst, Erie County
62Ogden, Sweden[20]Robert OrttRepublican2015North Tonawanda, Niagara County

New York State Assembly

After redistricting based on the 2010 United States Census, Monroe County was split between seven state assembly districts:

DistrictAreas of Monroe CountyAssemblypersonPartyFirst took officeResidence
133Mendon, Pittsford, Riga, Rush, Wheatland[21]Marjorie ByrnesRepublican2019Monroe County
134Greece, Ogden, Parma[22]Josh JensenRepublican2021Greece, Monroe County
135East Rochester, Penfield, Perinton, Webster[23]Jennifer LunsfordDemocratic2021Webster, Monroe County
136Brighton, Irondequoit, northwest portion and easternmost tip of the City of Rochester[24]Sarah ClarkDemocratic2021Rochester, Monroe County
137Gates, center of the City of Rochester[25]Demond MeeksDemocratic2021Rochester, Monroe County
138Chili, Henrietta, parts of the City of Rochester[26]Harry B. BronsonDemocratic2011Rochester, Monroe County
139Clarkson, Hamlin, Sweden[27]Stephen M. HawleyRepublican2006Batavia, Genesee County

Courts

Monroe County is part of

Economy

Monroe County is a home to a number of international businesses, including Eastman Kodak,[28] Paychex,[29] and Pictometry International,[30] all of which make Monroe County their world headquarters. While no longer headquartered in Rochester, Xerox has its principal offices and manufacturing facilities in Monroe County (Xerox 2010 Annual Report), and Bausch and Lomb was headquartered in Rochester until it was acquired by Valeant Pharmaceuticals. Monroe County is also home to regional businesses such as Wegmans,[31] Roberts Communications, Inc.,[32] Holding Corp.,[33] and major fashion label Hickey Freeman.[34]

High technology
Further information: Tech Valley

Tech Valley, the technologically recognized area of eastern New York State, has spawned a western offshoot into the Rochester, Monroe County, and Finger Lakes areas of New York State. Since the 2000s, as the more established companies in Rochester downsized, the economy of Rochester and Monroe County has been redirected toward high technology, with new, smaller companies providing the seed capital necessary for business foundation. The Rochester and Monroe County area is important in the field of photographic processing and imaging as well as incubating an increasingly diverse high technology sphere encompassing STEM fields, in part the result of private startup enterprises collaborating with major academic institutions, including the University of Rochester and Cornell University.[35] Given the high prevalence of imaging and optical science among the industry and the universities, Rochester is known as the world capital of imaging. The Institute of Optics of the University of Rochester and the Rochester Institute of Technology in nearby Henrietta both have imaging programs.[36]

Major Employers:

Several industries occupy a major portion of the jobs located regionally, with healthcare comprising a significant portion of jobs in Monroe County. The U of R (including its numerous hospitals) is the largest employer regionally with over 27,000 workers; Rochester Regional Health (parent company of Rochester General and Unity Hospitals) is the second largest consisting of over 15,000. Wegmans is third with about 13,000 local employees.[37]

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
183049,855—
184064,90230.2%
185087,65035.0%
1860100,64814.8%
1870117,86817.1%
1880144,90322.9%
1890189,58630.8%
1900217,85414.9%
1910283,21230.0%
1920352,03424.3%
1930423,88120.4%
1940438,2303.4%
1950487,63211.3%
1960586,38720.3%
1970711,91721.4%
1980702,238−1.4%
1990713,9681.7%
2000735,3433.0%
2010744,3441.2%
2019 (est.)741,770[38]−0.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[39]
1790-1960[40] 1900-1990[41]
1990-2000[42] 2010-2013[1]

As of the census of 2000, there were 735,343 people, 286,512 households, and 184,513 families residing in the county. The population density was 1,115 people per square mile (431/km2). There were 304,388 housing units at an average density of 462 per square mile (178/km2). The county's racial makeup was 79.14% White, 13.75% African American, 0.27% Native American, 2.44% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 2.44% from other races, and 1.94% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.31% of the population. 18.6% were of Italian, 15.3% German, 11.3% Irish and 8.3% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 4.64% of the population reported speaking Spanish at home, while 1.43% speak Italian.[43]

There were 286,512 households, out of which 31.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.40% were married couples living together, 13.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.60% were non-families. 28.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.60% under the age of 18, 9.50% from 18 to 24, 29.30% from 25 to 44, 22.60% from 45 to 64, and 13.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 93.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.20 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $44,891, and the median income for a family was $55,900. Males had a median income of $41,279 versus $29,553 for females. The per capita income for the county was $22,821. About 8.20% of families and 11.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.50% of those under age 18 and 7.40% of those age 65 or over.

Education

Primary and secondary education

The public school system educates the overwhelming majority of Monroe County's children. The schools operated by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester or Roman Catholic religious orders educate the next largest segment of children, although collectively, they are a distant second.

Public schools

There are some 26 public school districts that serve Monroe County, including the Rochester City School District, 10 suburban school districts in Monroe #1 BOCES, seven in Monroe #2–Orleans BOCES, and several primarily serving other counties (Avon, Byron–Bergen, Caledonia–Mumford, Holley, Wayne, Williamson and Victor central school districts).[44]

Public school districts in 2016–2017[45]
NameBOCESEstablishedDistrict populationProfessional staffSupport staffMedian teacher salaryEnrollmentBudgetPer pupil cost
Brighton Central School DistrictMonroe #1196626450372293$635803681$74.0 million$18444
Brockport Central School DistrictMonroe #2–Orleans192730000356362$599713411$78.9 million$23128
Churchville-Chili Central School DistrictMonroe #2–Orleans195030000350322$597523845$82.6 million$21523
East Irondequoit Central School DistrictMonroe #1195627000335352$564473145$76.3 million$24257
East Rochester Union Free School DistrictMonroe #11920820012591$538291179$27.4 million$23282
Fairport Central School DistrictMonroe #1195140000645516$656305905$123.3 million$20874
Gates Chili Central School DistrictMonroe #2–Orleans195635000451402$614234123$100.8 million$24459
Greece Central School DistrictMonroe #2–Orleans19289600011271249$7210011094$221.2 million$19941
Hilton Central School DistrictMonroe #2–Orleans194925323421367$604074452$80.0 million$17965
Holley Central School DistrictMonroe #2–Orleans1949777412587$533661051$24.4 million$23216
Honeoye Falls-Lima Central School DistrictMonroe #1196910500219205$620742212$48.5 million$19542
Kendall Central School DistrictMonroe #2–Orleans195730008676$53551704$17.4 million$22269
Penfield Central School DistrictMonroe #1194831000438477$616124564$93.3 million$20445
Pittsford Central School DistrictMonroe #1194633000575656$678485685$125.5 million$22280
Rochester City School DistrictNone18412090005786 (total)5786 (total)$6161730217$864.7 million$21546
Rush-Henrietta Central School DistrictMonroe #1194746000613603$633445247$119.9 million$22838
Spencerport Central School DistrictMonroe #2–Orleans194923000408351$623483584$77.1 million$21521
Webster Central School DistrictMonroe #1194854093801631$664088549$163.9 million$19167
West Irondequoit Central School DistrictMonroe #1195323754344258$598553568$71.2 million$19916
Wheatland–Chili Central School DistrictMonroe #2–Orleans195551008063$54967691$17.8 million$23837

Private schools

There are three private schools that serve more than 200 students each:

There is one small, but historically significant school: Rochester School for the Deaf in the city

Parochial schools
  • There are three small Judaic schools and two small Islamic schools.
  • There are about ten primary schools operated by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester.
  • There are four senior high schools (or combined junior/senior high schools) operated by or in the tradition of a Roman Catholic religious order:
SchoolFounding religious orderLocationEstablishedGrades
Aquinas InstituteBasilianCity of Rochester19026–12
Bishop Kearney High SchoolChristian Brothers, Sisters of Notre DameIrondequoit19626–12
McQuaid Jesuit High SchoolJesuitsBrighton19546–12
Our Lady of Mercy High SchoolSisters of MercyBrighton19286–12
  • There are more than two dozen schools operated by various sects of Christianity, two of which serve more than 200 students:
SchoolReligious affiliationLocationEstablishedGrades
The Charles Finney SchoolNon-denominational ChristianPenfield1992K–12
Northstar Christian AcademyBaptistGates1972K–12

Colleges and universities
For colleges and universities in the Greater Rochester Area, see Rochester, New York metropolitan area § Colleges and universities.

The county is home to nine colleges and universities:

Additionally, four colleges maintain satellite campuses in Monroe County:

Parks

County Parks
Wetlands Trail in Black Creek Park

The following is a list of parks owned and maintained by Monroe County:[50]

State Parks

The following is a list of parks owned and maintained by New York State:[51]

Communities
The town, village, and city borders

City

Towns

Villages

Villages in New York State are incorporated municipalities located within Towns. The town in which each village is located is noted in parenthesis.

Census-designated places

Hamlets

In New York State the term "Hamlet", although not defined in law, is used to describe an unincorporated community and geographic location within a town. The town in which each Hamlet is located is in parenthesis.

See also

Notes
  1. There were only 14,919 votes for the leading "other" candidate, Progressive Theodore Roosevelt, plus 2,943 for Socialist Eugene Debs, 705 for the Prohibition Party's Eugene Chafin, and 267 for Socialist Labor candidate Arthur Reimer.

References
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  5. Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved 2018-10-23.
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  8. "Monroe County Executive website". Retrieved 2008-06-22.
  9. Sharp, Brian. "Bello defeats Dinolfo, becomes first Democratic Monroe County executive in nearly 30 years". Rochester Democrat and Chronicle. Retrieved 2019-11-06.
  10. "Monroe County Guide to Local Government". Rochester, New York: Monroe County League of Women Voters. 1986: 10. OCLC 13907929. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. "Monroe County Guide to Local Government". Rochester, New York: Monroe County League of Women Voters. 1986: 11. OCLC 13907929. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. "Monroe limits legislator terms". Democrat and Chronicle. Rochester, New York. 1993-11-03. p. 1A. ISSN 1088-5153.
  13. W, Eric (2012-04-02). "Congressional District 25" (PDF). View 2012 Congressional Maps. Albany, New York: The New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
  14. W, Eric (2012-04-02). "Congressional District 27" (PDF). View 2012 Congressional Maps. Albany, New York: The New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
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  47. "Rochester Location". Saratoga, New York: Empire State College. Archived from the original on 2012-01-23. Retrieved 2011-12-21.
  48. "Rochester Center". Ithaca, New York: Ithaca College. Retrieved 2011-12-21. Ithaca College maintains a teaching and research facility in Rochester, NY on the campus of the Colgate Rochester Crozier Divinity School (CRCDS on South Goodman St. at Highland Ave.) and is affiliated with the University of Rochester and Strong Memorial Hospital.
  49. "Rochester Campus". Buffalo, New York: Medaille College. Archived from the original on 2011-12-31. Retrieved 2011-12-21. We are located at 1880 South Winton Road, situated near Rochester's Outer Loop
  50. "Parks Department Monroe County, NY". MonroeCounty.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
  51. "State Park Search Results". New York State Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved 2020-11-19.

Further reading
  • Sherwood, D.A. (2003). Water resources of Monroe County, New York, water years 1997-99, with emphasis on water quality in the Irondequoit Creek basin : atmospheric deposition, ground water, streamflow, trends in water quality, and chemical loads to Irondequoit Bay [Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4221]. Ithaca, NY: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
  • Raines, Thomas; et al. (1895). Landmarks of Monroe County, New York. Boston: The Boston History Company. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
  • Federal Writers' Project. New York (State) (1937). Rochester and Monroe County. Rochester, NY: Scrantom's. Retrieved 2013-11-11.
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