Nymph

A nymph (Greek: νύμφη, nýmphē; Ancient: [nýmpʰɛː], Modern: [nímfi]) in ancient Greek folklore is a minor female nature deity. Different from Greek goddesses, nymphs are generally regarded as personifications of nature, are typically tied to a specific place or landform, and are usually depicted as beautiful maidens. They were not necessarily immortal, but lived much longer than humans before they died.[1]

Nymph
In this 1896 painting of Hylas and the Nymphs by John William Waterhouse, Hylas is abducted by the Naiads, i.e. fresh water nymphs
GroupingMythological
Sub groupingNature spirit
CountryGreece

They are often divided into various broad subgroups, such as the Meliae (ash tree nymphs), the Naiads (freshwater nymphs), the Nereids (sea nymphs), and the Oreads (mountain nymphs).[2]

Nymphs are often featured in classic works of art, literature, mythology, and fiction. Since medieval times, nymphs have been sometimes popularly associated or even confused with fairies.

Etymology

The Greek word νύμφη has the primary meaning of "young woman; bride, young wife" but is not usually associated with deities in particular. Yet the etymology of the noun νύμφη remains uncertain. The Doric and Aeolic (Homeric) form is νύμφα.

Modern usage more often applies to young women at the peak of their attractiveness, contrasting with parthenos (παρθένος) "a virgin (of any age)", and generically as kore (κόρη < κόρϝα) "maiden, girl". The term is sometimes used by women to address each other and remains the regular Modern Greek term for "bride".

Ancient Greek mythology

Nymphs were sometimes beloved by many and dwelt in specific areas related to the natural environment: e.g. mountainous regions; forests; springs. Other nymphs were part of the retinue of a god (such as Dionysus, Hermes, or Pan) or of a goddess (generally the huntress Artemis).[3]

The Greek nymphs were also spirits invariably bound to places, not unlike the Latin genius loci, and sometimes this produced complicated myths like the cult of Arethusa to Sicily. In some of the works of the Greek-educated Latin poets, the nymphs gradually absorbed into their ranks the indigenous Italian divinities of springs and streams (Juturna, Egeria, Carmentis, Fontus) while the Lymphae (originally Lumpae), Italian water goddesses, owing to the accidental similarity of their names, could be identified with the Greek Nymphae. The classical mythologies of the Roman poets were unlikely to have affected the rites and cults of individual nymphs venerated by country people in the springs and clefts of Latium. Among the Roman literate class, their sphere of influence was restricted and they appear almost exclusively as divinities of the watery element.

Greek folk religion

The ancient Greek belief in nymphs survived in many parts of the country into the early years of the twentieth century when they were usually known as "nereids".[4] Nymphs often tended to frequent areas distant from humans but could be encountered by lone travelers outside the village, where their music might be heard, and the traveler could spy on their dancing or bathing in a stream or pool, either during the noon heat or in the middle of the night. They might appear in a whirlwind. Such encounters could be dangerous, bringing dumbness, besotted infatuation, madness or stroke to the unfortunate human. When parents believed their child to be nereid-struck, they would pray to Saint Artemidos.[5][6]

Nymphs and fairies

Nymphs are often depicted in classic works across art, literature, mythology, and fiction. They are often associated with the medieval romances or Renaissance literature of the elusive fairies or elves.[7][8]

Sleeping nymph

The statue of a sleeping nymph in a grotto at Stourhead gardens, England.

A motif that entered European art during the Renaissance was the idea of a statue of a nymph sleeping in a grotto or spring.[9][10][11] This motif supposedly came from an Italian report of a Roman sculpture of a nymph at a fountain above the River Danube.[12] The report, and an accompanying poem supposedly on the fountain describing the sleeping nymph, are now generally concluded to be a fifteenth-century forgery, but the motif proved influential among artists and landscape gardeners for several centuries after, with copies seen at neoclassical gardens such as the grotto at Stourhead.[13][14][15]

List

All the names for various classes of nymphs have plural feminine adjectives, most agreeing with the substantive numbers and groups of nymphai. There is no single adopted classification that could be seen as canonical and exhaustive.[16] Some classes of nymphs tend to overlap, which complicates the task of precise classification. e.g. Dryads and hamadryads as nymphs of trees generally, meliai as nymphs of ash trees, and naiads as nymphs of water, but no others specifically.[16]

By type of dwelling

The following is not the authentic Greek classification, but is intended simply as a guide:

Classification by type of dwelling
Type / Group / Individuals Location Relations and Notes
Celestial nymphs
Aurae (breezes) also called Aetae or Pnoae, daughters of Boreas [17]
Asteriae (stars) mainly comprising the Atlantides (daughters of Atlas)
1. Hesperides Far West nymphs of the sunset, the West, and the evening; daughters of Atlas; also had attributes of the Hamadryads[18]
Aegle ditto
Arethusa ditto
Erytheia (or Eratheis) ditto mother of Eurytion by Ares[19]
Hesperia (or Hispereia) ditto
2. Hyades (star cluster; sent rain) Boeotia (probably) daughters of Atlas by either Pleione or Aethra[20]
3. Pleiades Boeotia (probably) daughters of Atlas and Pleione;[21] constellation; also were classed as Oreads
Maia Mt. Cyllene, Arcadia partner of Zeus and mother of Hermes[22]
Electra Mt. Saon, Samothrace mother of Dardanus and Iasion by Zeus[23]
Taygete Taygetos Mts., Laconia mother of Lacedaemon by Zeus[24]
Alcyone Mt. Cithaeron, Boeotia mother of Hyperes and Anthas by Poseidon[25]
Celaeno Mt. Cithaeron, Boeotia or Euboea mother of Lycus and Nycteus by Poseidon[26]
Asterope Pisa, Elis mother of Oenomaus by Ares[27]
Merope Corinth wife of Sisyphus and mother of Glaucus[28]
Nephele (clouds) daughters of Oceanus[29] and/or Tethys[30] or of Aither[31]
Land nymphs
Alseides (groves) [32]
Auloniades (valley pastures, glens)
Leimakides or Leimonides (meadows)
Napaeae (dells) [33]
Oreads (mountains, grottoes), also Orodemniades
Wood and plant nymphs
Anthousai (flowers)
Dryades (trees)
Hamadryades or Hadryades
1. Daphnaeae (laurel tree)
2. Epimeliades or Epimelides (apple tree; also protected flocks) other name variants include Meliades, Maliades and Hamameliades; same as these are also the Boucolai (Pastoral Nymphs)
3. Kissiae (ivy)
4. Meliae (manna-ash tree) born from the drops of blood that fell on Gaia when Cronus castrated Uranus[34]
Hyleoroi (watchers of woods)
Water nymphs (Hydriades or Ephydriades)
Haliae (sea and seashores)
1. Nereids Mediterranean Sea 50 daughters of Nereus and Doris[35]
Naiads or Naides (fresh water)
1. Crinaeae (fountains)
2. Eleionomae (wetlands)
3. Limnades or Limnatides (lakes)
4. Pegaeae (springs)
5. Potameides (rivers)
Tágides Tagus River
Oceanids daughters of Oceanus and Tethys,[36] any freshwater, typically clouds and rain. see List of Oceanids
Underworld nymphs
Lampades Hades torch bearers in the retinue of Hecate
Orphne Hades is a representation of the darkness of the river Styx, the river of hatred, but is not to be confused with the goddess Styx herself, but she is associated with both Styx and Nyx. She is the consort of Acheron, (the god of the river in Hades), and the mother of Ascalaphus, (the orchardist of Hades).[37]
Leuce (white poplar tree) Hades daughter of Oceanus and lover of Hades[38]
Minthe (mint) Cocytus River probably a daughter of Cocytus, lover of Hades and rival of Persephone[39][40]
Melinoe Hades Orphic nymph, daughter of Persephone and "Zeus disguised as Pluto".[41] Her name is a possible epithet of Hecate.
Other nymphs
Hecaterides (rustic dance) daughters of Hecaterus by a daughter of Phoroneus; sisters of the Dactyls and mothers of the Oreads and the Satyrs[42]
Kabeirides daughters of Cadmilus and sisters of the Kabeiroi[43] or of Hephaestus and Cabeiro[44]
Maenads or Bacchai or Bacchantes frenzied nymphs in the retinue of Dionysus
1. Lenai (wine-press)
2. Mimallones (music)
3. Naides (Naiads)
4. Thyiai or Thyiades (thyrsus bearers)
Melissae (honey) likely a subgroup of Oreades or Epimelides

By location

The following is a list of groups of nymphs associated with this or that particular location. Nymphs in such groupings could belong to any of the classes mentioned above (Naiades, Oreades, and so on).

Location-specific groupings of nymphs
Groups and Individuals Location Relations and Notes
Aeaean Nymphs Aeaea Island handmaidens of Circe
Aegaeides Aegaeus River on the island of Scheria
Aesepides Aesepus River in Anatolia
Abarbarea ditto
Acheloides Achelous River in Acarnania
Callirhoe, second wife of Alcmaeon ditto
Acmenes Stadium in Olympia, Elis
Amnisiades Amnisos River on the island of Crete entered the retinue of Artemis
Anigrides Anigros River in Elis believed to cure skin diseases
Asopides Asopus River in Sicyonia and Boeotia
Aegina Island of Aegina mother of Menoetius by Actor, and Aeacus by Zeus
• Asopis
• Chalcis Chalcis, Euboea regarded as the mother of the Curetes and Corybantes; perhaps the same as Combe and Euboea below
• Cleone Cleonae, Argos
Combe Island of Euboea consort of Socus and mother by him of the seven Corybantes
Corcyra Island of Corcyra mother of Phaiax by Poseidon
Euboea Island of Euboea abducted by Poseidon
• Gargaphia or Plataia or Oeroe Plataea, Boeotia carried off by Zeus
• Harmonia Akmonian Wood, near Themiscyra mother of the Amazons by Ares[45][46]
Harpina Pisa, Elis mother of Oenomaus by Ares
Ismene Ismenian spring of Thebes, Boeotia wife of Argus, eponymous king of Argus and thus, mother of Argus Panoptes and Iasus.
• Nemea Nemea, Argolis others called her the daughter of Zeus and Selene
• Ornea Ornia, Sicyon
Peirene Corinth others called her father to be Oebalus or Achelous by Poseidon she became the mother of Lecheas and Cenchrias
Salamis Island of Salamis mother of Cychreus by Poseidon
Sinope Sinope, Anatolia mother of Syrus by Apollo
• Tanagra Tanagra, Boeotia mother of Leucippus and Ephippus by Poemander
Thebe Thebes, Boeotia wife of Zethus and also said to have consorted with Zeus
• Carmentis,or Carmenta Arcadia She had a son with Hermes, called Evander. Her son was the founder of the Pallantium. Pallantium became one of the cities that was merged later into the ancient Rome. Romans called her, Carmenta.[47]
• Thespeia Thespia, Boeotia abducted by Apollo
Astakides Lake Astacus, Bithynia appeared in the myth of Nicaea
Nicaea Nicaea, Bithynia
Asterionides Asterion River, Argos daughters of the river god Asterion; nurses of the infant goddess Hera
Acraea ditto
Euboea ditto
• Prosymna ditto
Carian Naiades (Caria) Caria
Salmacis Halicarnassus, Caria
Nymphs of Ceos Island of Ceos
Corycian Nymphs (Corycian Cave) Corycian cave, Delphi, Phocis daughters of the river god Pleistos
Kleodora (or Cleodora) Mt. Parnassus, Phocis mother of Parnassus by Poseidon
Corycia Corycian cave, Delphi, Phocis mother of Lycoreus by Apollo
• Daphnis Mt. Parnassus, Phocis
Melaina Dephi, Phocis mother of Delphos by Apollo
Cydnides River Cydnus in Cilicia
Cyrenaean Nymphs City of Cyrene, Libya
Cypriae Nymphs Island of Cyprus
Cyrtonian Nymphs Town of Cyrtone, Boeotia Κυρτωνιαι
Deliades Island of Delos daughters of Inopus, god of the river Inopus
Dodonides Oracle at Dodona
Erasinides Erasinos River, Argos daughters of the river god Erasinos; attendants of the goddess Britomartis.
Anchiroe ditto
• Byze ditto
Maera ditto
Melite ditto
Nymphs of the river Granicus River Granicus daughters of the river-god Granicus
Alexirhoe ditto mother of Aesacus by Priam
• Pegasis ditto mother of Atymnios by Emathion
Heliades River Eridanos daughters of Helios who were changed into trees
Himeriai Naiades Local springs at the town of Himera, Sicily
Hydaspides Hydaspers River, India nurses of infant Zagreus
Idaean Nymphs Mount Ida, Crete nurses of infant Zeus
• Ida ditto
Adrasteia ditto
Inachides Inachos River, Argos daughters of the river god Inachus
Io ditto mother of Epaphus by Zeus
Amymone ditto
Philodice ditto wife of Leucippus of Messenia by whom she became the mother of Hilaeira, Phoebe and possibly Arsinoe
• Messeis ditto
• Hyperia ditto
Mycene ditto wife of Arestor and by him probably the mother of Argus Panoptes; eponym of Mycenae
Ionides Kytheros River in Elis daughters of the river god Cytherus
• Calliphaea ditto
• Iasis ditto
• Pegaea ditto
• Synallaxis ditto
Ithacian Nymphs Local springs and caves on the island of Ithaca
Ladonides Ladon River
Lamides or Lamusides Lamos River in Cilicia possible nurses of infant Dionysus
Leibethrides Mounts Helicon and Leibethrios in Boeotia; or Mount Leibethros in Thrace)
• Libethrias
• Petra
Lelegeides Lycia, Anatolia
Lycaean Nymphs Mount Lycaeus nurses of infant Zeus, perhaps a subgroup of the Oceanides
Melian Nymphs Island of Melos transformed into frogs by Zeus; not to be confused with the Meliae (ash tree nymphs
Mycalessides Mount Mycale in Caria, Anatolia
Mysian Nymphs Spring of Pegai near Lake Askanios in Bithynia who abducted Hylas
• Euneica
• Malis
• Nycheia
Naxian Nymphs Mount Drios on the island of Naxos nurses of infant Dionysus; were syncretized with the Hyades
• Cleide
• Coronis
• Philia
Neaerides Thrinacia Island daughters of Helios and Neaera, watched over Helios' cattle
Nymphaeides Nymphaeus River in Paphlagonia
Nysiads Mount Nysa nurses of infant Dionysos, identified with Hyades
Ogygian Nymphs Island of Ogygia four handmaidens of Calypso
Ortygian Nymphs Local springs of Syracuse, Sicily named for the island of Ortygia
Othreides Mount Othrys a local group of Hamadryads
Pactolides Pactolus River
Euryanassa, wife of Tantalus
Pelionides Mount Pelion nurses of the Centaurs
Phaethonides a synonym for the Heliades
Phaseides Phasis River
Rhyndacides Rhyndacus River in Mysia
Sithnides Fountain at the town of Megara
Spercheides River Spercheios one of them, Diopatra, was loved by Poseidon and the others were changed by him into trees
Sphragitides, or Cithaeronides Mount Cithaeron
Tagids, Tajids, Thaejids or Thaegids River Tagus in Portugal and Spain
Thessalides Peneus River in Thessaly
Thriae Mount Parnassos prophets and nurses of Apollo
Trojan Nymphs Local springs of Troy

Others

The following is a selection of names of the nymphs whose class was not specified in the source texts. For lists of Naiads, Oceanids, Dryades etc. see respective articles.

Individual names of some of the nymphs
Names Location Relations and Notes
Alphesiboea India loved by Dionysus[48]
Aora Crete eponym of the town Aoros in Crete[49]
Areia Crete daughter of Cleochus and mother of Miletus by Apollo[50]
Astyoche one of the Danaïdes, and the mother of Chrysippus by Pelops.[51]
Axioche or Danais Elis mother of Chrysippus by Pelops[52][53]
Brettia Mysia eponym of Abrettene, Mysia[54]
Brisa brought up the god Dionysus[55]
Calybe Troy mother of Bucolion, Laomedon[56]
Chalcea mother of Olympus by Zeus[57]
Chania a lover of Heracles
Chariclo Thebes mother of Tiresias by Everes[58]
Charidia mother of Alchanus by Zeus[57]
Chryse Lemnos fell in love with Philoctetes[59]
Cirrha Phocis eponym of Cirrha in Phocis[60]
Clymene mother of Tlesimenes by Parthenopaeus[61]
Cretheis briefly mentioned in Suda[62]
Crimisa Italy eponym of a city in Italy[63]
Deiopea one of Hera's nymphs who was promised to Aeolus[64]
Dodone Dodona eponym of Dodona[65]
Echemeia Cos spelled "Ethemea" by Hyginus, consort of Merops[66]
Eidothea Mt. Othrys mother by Eusiros of Cerambus[67]
Eunoë Phrygia possible mother of Hecuba by Dymas[68]
Eunoste Boeotia (possibly) nurse of Eunostus[69]
Euryte Athens mother of Halirrhothius by Poseidon[70]
Hegetoria Rhodes consort of Ochimus[71]
Hemera mother of Iasion by Zeus
Himalia Rhodes mother of Cronius, Spartaios, and Cytos by Zeus[72]
Hyale belongs to the train of Artemis[73]
Hyllis Argos possible eponym of the tribe Hylleis and the city Hylle[74]
Idaea Crete mother of Cres[75] and Asterion[57] by Zeus
Idaea Mt. Ida, Troad mother of Teucer by Scamander[76]
Ithome Messenia one of the nurses of Zeus[77]
Laodice Argolis (possibly) mother of Apis by Phoroneus[78]
Leucophryne Magnesia (possibly) priestess of Artemis Leucophryne
Ligeia
Linos mother of Pelops by Atlas in some accounts[79]
Lotis pursued by Priapus and was changed into a tree that bears her name[80]
Ma nymph in the suite of Rhea who nursed Zeus
Melanippe Attica (possibly) married Itonus, son of Amphictyon.[81]
Melissa Crete nurse of Zeus[82]
Mendeis Thrace consort of Sithon[83]
Menodice daughter of Orion and mother of Hylas by Theiodamas[84]
Myrmex Attica beloved companion of Athena whom she turned into an ant[85]
Nacole Phrygia eponym of Nacoleia in Phrygia[86]
Neaera Thrinacia mother of Lampetia and Phaethusa by Helios[87]
Neaera mother of Aegle by Zeus
Neaera Lydia mother of Dresaeus by Theiodamas[88]
Nymphe Samothrace mother of Saon by Zeus[89]
Oeneis mother of Pan by Hermes[90]
Oinoie Sicinus mother of Sicinus by Thoas[91]
Olbia Bithynia mother of Astacus by Poseidon[92]
Paphia possibly the mother of Cinyras by Eurymedon[93]
Pareia Paros mother of four sons by Minos[94]
Polydora one of the Danaïdes[95]
Pyronia mother of Iasion by Minos
Psalacantha Icaria changed into a plant by Dionysus[96]
Rhene Mt. Cyllene, Arcadia consorted with Oileus[97]
Semestra Thrace nurse of Keroessa[98]
Sinoe Arcadia nurse of Pan[99]
Teledice Argolis (possibly) a consort of Phoroneus[100]
Thalia Sicily mother of the Palici by Zeus[101]
Thisbe Boeotia eponym of the town of Thisbe[102]
Tithorea Mt. Parnassus, Phocis eponym of the town of Tithorea (previously called Neon)[103]

In non-Greek tales influenced by Greek mythology

See also

References

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  2. Grimal, p. 313, s.v. Nymphs.
  3. Larson, Jennifer (1997). "Handmaidens of Artemis?". The Classical Journal. 92 (3): 249–257. JSTOR 3298110.
  4. Lawson, John Cuthbert (1910). Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 131.
  5. "Heathen Artemis yielded her functions to her own genitive case transformed into Saint Artemidos", as Terrot Reaveley Glover phrased it in discussing the "practical polytheism in the worship of the saints", in Progress in Religion to the Christian Era 1922:107.
  6. Tomkinson, John L. (2004). Haunted Greece: Nymphs, Vampires and Other Exotika (1st ed.). Athens: Anagnosis. chapter 3. ISBN 978-960-88087-0-6.
  7. Kready, Laura (1916). A Study of Fairy Tales. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
  8. Briggs, Katharine Mary (1976). "Euphemistic names for fairies". An Encyclopedia of Fairies. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-394-73467-X.
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  16. Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica 1.683 ff
  17. Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica 4.26.2
  18. Stesichorus, Geryoneis Frag S8
  19. Hyginus, Fabulae 192
  20. Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3.10.1
  21. Hesiod, Theogony 938
  22. Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3.12.1
  23. Hyginus, Fabulae 155
  24. Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 2.30.8
  25. Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3.10.1
  26. Hyginus, Fabulae 84
  27. Hyginus, Astronomica 2.21
  28. Aristophanes, Clouds 264
  29. Orphic Hymn 22
  30. Aristophanes, Clouds 563
  31. Homer, Iliad 20.4
  32. Statius, Thebaid 9.385
  33. Hesiod, Theogony 182–187
  34. Hesiod, Theogony 240-262
  35. Hesiod, Theogony 365–366
  36. Ovid, Metamorphoses 5.539 ff
  37. Servius, Commentary on Virgil's Aeneid 7.61
  38. Oppian, Halieutica 3.485 ff
  39. Strabo, Geographica 8.3.14
  40. Orphic Hymn 71
  41. Strabo, Geographica 10.3.19
  42. Acusilaus Frag as cited in Strabo, Geographica 10.3.21
  43. Strabo, Geographica 10.3.21 citing Pherecydes
  44. Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, Book 2
  45. ARGONAUTICA BOOK 2
  46. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 2.1
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  48. Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica s.v. Aōros
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  52. Plutarch, Parallela minora 33
  53. Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica s.v. Abrettēnē
  54. Schol. ad Pers. Sat. i. 76.
  55. Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3.12.3
  56. Pseudo-Clement, Recognitions 10.21–23
  57. Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3.6.7
  58. Sophocles, Philoctetes 1327
  59. Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 10.37.5
  60. Hyginus, Fabulae 71
  61. Suida, Suda Encyclopedia s.v. Kretheus
  62. Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica s.v. Krimisa
  63. Virgil, Aeneid 1.71-75
  64. Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica s.v. Dodone
  65. Hyginus, Astronomica 2.16.2
  66. Antoninus Liberalis. Metamorphoses, 22 vs Cerambus
  67. Scholia on Homer's Iliad 16. 718 with Pherecydes as the authority
  68. Plutarch, Quaestiones Graecae 40
  69. Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3.14.2
  70. Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica 5.57.7
  71. Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica 5.55.5
  72. Ovid, Metamorphoses 3.155
  73. Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica s.v. Hylleis
  74. Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica s.v. Krētē
  75. Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3.12.1
  76. Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 4.33.1
  77. Tzetzes on Lycophron, 177
  78. Robert Graves. The Greek Myths, section 108 s.v. Tantalus
  79. Ovid, Fasti 1.416 & 1.423; Metamorphoses, 9.347
  80. Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 9.1.1
  81. Lactantius, Divine Institutes 1.22.3
  82. Conon, Narrations 10
  83. Hyginus, Fabulae 14
  84. William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology s.v. Myrmex
  85. Suida, Suda Encyclopedia s.v. Nakoleia
  86. Homer, Odyssey 12.133 ff
  87. Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy, 1. 290 – 291
  88. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Antiquitates Romanae 1.61.3
  89. Scholiast ad Theocritus, 1.3
  90. Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, 1.620 ff with scholia on 1.623
  91. Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica s.v. Astakos
  92. Scholia on Pindar, Pythian Ode 2.28
  93. Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3.1.2
  94. Antoninus Liberalis, Metamorphoses 32
  95. Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History 5 in Photius, Myrobiblion 190
  96. Homer, Iliad 2.728
  97. Dionysius of Byzantium, Anaplous of the Bosporos, §24
  98. Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 8.30.2
  99. Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2.1.1
  100. Macrobius, Saturnalia 5.19.15
  101. Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 9.32.3
  102. Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 10.32.9

Sources

  • Burkert, Walter (1985). Greek Religion (1st ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-36281-9.
  • Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. ISBN 978-0-631-20102-1.
  • Larson, Jennifer Lynn (2001). Greek Nymphs: Myth, Cult, Lore. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514465-9.
  • Lawson, John Cuthbert, Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1910, p. 131
  • Nereids
  • paleothea.com homepage
  • Tomkinson, John L. (2004). Haunted Greece: Nymphs, Vampires and Other Exotika (1st ed.). Athens: Anagnosis. ISBN 978-960-88087-0-6.
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