Viverridae

Viverridae is a family of small to medium-sized mammals, the viverrids (/vaɪˈvɛrɪdz/), comprising 15 genera, which are subdivided into 38 species.[1] This family was named and first described by John Edward Gray in 1821.[3] Viverrids occur all over Africa, southern Europe, and South and Southeast Asia, across the Wallace Line. Their occurrence in Sulawesi and in some of the adjoining islands shows them to be ancient inhabitants of the Old World tropics.[4]

Viverridae[1]
Temporal range: 34–0 Ma Eocene to Recent[2]
Viverrids, including (top left to bottom right), species of Paradoxurus, Genetta, Paguma and Arctictis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Infraorder: Viverroidea
Family: Viverridae
Gray, 1821
Genera

Characteristics
Binturong (Arctictis binturong) on display at the Museum of Osteology

Viverrids have four or five toes on each foot and half-retractile claws. They have six incisors in each jaw and molars with two tubercular grinders behind in the upper jaw, and one in the lower jaw. The tongue is rough with sharp prickles. A pouch or gland occurs beneath the anus, but there is no cecum.[3]

Viverrids are the most primitive of all the families of feliform Carnivora and clearly less specialized than the Felidae. In external characteristics, they are distinguished from the Felidae by the longer muzzle and tuft of facial vibrissae between the lower jaw bones, and by the shorter limbs and the five-toed hind foot with the first digit present. The skull differs by the position of the postpalatine foramina on the maxilla, almost always well in advance of the maxillopalatine suture, and usually about the level of the second premolar; and by the distinct external division of the auditory bulla into its two elements either by a definite groove or, when rarely this is obliterated, by the depression of the tympanic bone in front of the swollen entotympanic. The typical dental formula is: 3.1.4.23.1.4.2, but the number may be reduced, although never to the same extent as in the Felidae.[4]

Their flesh-shearing carnassial teeth are relatively undeveloped compared to those of other feliform carnivores.[5] Most viverrid species have a penis bone (a baculum).[6]

Classification

Living species

In 1821, Gray defined this family as consisting of the genera Viverra, Genetta, Herpestes, and Suricata.[3] Reginald Innes Pocock later redefined the family as containing a great number of highly diversified genera, and being susceptible of division into several subfamilies, based mainly on the structure of the feet and of some highly specialized scent glands, derived from the skin, which are present in most of the species and are situated in the region of the external generative organs. He subordinated the subfamilies Hemigalinae, Paradoxurinae, Prionodontinae, and Viverrinae to the Viverridae.[4]

In 1833, Edward Turner Bennett described the Malagasy fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox) and subordinated the Cryptoprocta to the Viverridae.[7] A molecular and morphological analysis based on DNA/DNA hybridization experiments suggests that Cryptoprocta does not belong within Viverridae, but is a member of the Eupleridae.[8]

The African palm civet (Nandinia binotata) resembles the civets of the Viverridae, but is genetically distinct and belongs in its own monotypic family, the Nandiniidae. There is little dispute that the Poiana species are viverrids.[1]

DNA analysis based on 29 Carnivora species, comprising 13 Viverrinae species and three species representing Paradoxurus, Paguma and Hemigalinae, confirmed Pocock's assumption that the African linsang Poiana represents the sister group of the genus Genetta. The placement of Prionodon as the sister group of the family Felidae is strongly supported, and it was proposed that the Asiatic linsangs be placed in the monogeneric family Prionodontidae.[9]

Family Viverridae[2][1][10]
SubfamilyGenusSpeciesImage of type species
Viverrinae Viverra Linnaeus, 1758[11]
Viverricula Hodgson, 1838[14] Small Indian civet (V. indica) (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)[15]
Civettictis Pocock, 1915[16] African civet (C. civetta) (Schreber, 1776)[17]
Hemigalinae Gray, 1864[18]
Hemigalus Jourdan, 1837[19] Banded palm civet (H. derbyanus) Jourdan, 1837[19]
Cynogale Gray, 1836[20] Otter civet (C. bennettii) Gray, 1836[20]
Diplogale Thomas, 1912[21] Hose's palm civet (D. hosei) (Thomas, 1892)[22]
Macrogalidia Schwarz, 1910[23] Sulawesi palm civet (M. musschenbroekii) (Schlegel, 1877)[24]
Chrotogale Thomas, 1912[21] Owston's palm civet (C. owstoni) Thomas, 1912[21]
Paradoxurinae Gray, 1864[18] Paradoxurus Cuvier, 1822[25]
Arctictis Temminck, 1824[29] Binturong (A. binturong) (Raffles, 1822)[30]
Paguma Gray, 1831[31] Masked palm civet (P. larvata) (Smith, 1827)[32]
Arctogalidia Merriam, 1897[33] Small-toothed palm civet (A. trivirgata) (Gray, 1832)[34]
Genettinae Genetta Cuvier, 1816[35]
Poiana Gray, 1864[18]

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of Viverridae are shown in the following cladogram:[2][10]

 Viverridae 
 
 Paradoxurinae 
 
 
 
 Paradoxurus 
 
 
 

Golden palm civet P. zeylonensis

 
 

Jerdon's palm civet P. jerdoni

 
 
 
 

Asian palm civet P. hermaphroditus

 
 
 Macrogalidia 

Sulawesi palm civet M. musschenbroekii

 
 
 Paguma 

Masked palm civet P. larvata

 
 
 Arctictis 

Binturong A. binturong

 
 
 Arctogalidia 

Small-toothed palm civet A. trivirgata

 
 
 Hemigalinae 
 Cynogale 

Otter civet C. bennettii

 
 
 Chrotogale 

Owston's palm civet C. owstoni

 
 
 Diplogale 

Hose's palm civet D. hosei

 
 Hemigalus 

Banded palm civet H. derbyanus

 
 
 
 
 
 Viverrinae 
 Viverrinae 
 
 Viverra 
 
 
 

Malabar large-spotted civet V. civettina

 
 

Large-spotted civet V. megaspila

 
 
 

Large Indian civet V. zibetha

 
 
 

Malayan civet V. tangalunga

 
 
 Civettictis 

African civet C. civetta

 
 
 Viverricula 

Small Indian civet V. indica

 
 sensu stricto 
 Genettinae 
 Poiana 
 

West African oyan P. leightoni

 
 

Central African oyan P. richardsonii

 
 
 Genetta 
 
 

Abyssinian genet G. abyssinica

 
 

Haussa genet G. thierryi

 
 
 
 

Giant forest genet G. victoriae

 
 
 

Johnston's genet G. johnstoni

 
 
 
 
 

Aquatic genet G. piscivora

 
 

Servaline genet G. servalina

 
 
 

Crested servaline genet G. cristata

 
 
 
 

South African small-spotted genet G. felina

 
 

Common genet G. genetta

 
 
 

Cape genet G. tigrina

 
 
 

G. letabae

 
 

Schouteden’s genet G. schoutedeni

 
 

Rusty-spotted genet G. maculata

 
 
 
 

Angolan genet G. angolensis

 
 

Pardine genet G. pardina

 
 
 
 

Bourlon's genet G. bourloni

 
 

King genet G. poensis

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sensu lato 
 

Extinct species
SubfamilyGenusSpecies
Viverrinae Viverra Linnaeus, 1758 Leakey's civet (V. leakeyi) Leakey, 1982
Semigenetta Helbing 1927
  • †S. cadeoti Roman and Viret 1934
  • †S. elegans Dehm, 1950
  • †S. grandis Crusafont & Golpe, 1981
  • †S. laugnacensis De Bonis, 1973
  • †S. ripolli Petter, 1976
  • †S. sansaniensis Lartet, 1851
Paradoxurinae Kichechia Savage, 1965[46]
Tugenictis Morales & Pickford, 2005[48][49] †T. ngororaensis[48] Morales & Pickford, 2005
Kanuites Dehghani & Werdelin, 2008[50] †K. lewisae[50] Dehghani & Werdelin, 2008
Siamictis Grohé et al., 2020[51] †S. carbonensis[51] Grohé et al., 2020

Ecology and behavior

They are generally solitary and have excellent hearing and vision. They are omnivorous; the palm civet is almost entirely herbivorous.[5]

Favored habitats include woodland, savanna, mountains, and above all tropical rainforest. Due to heavy deforestation, many face severe habitat loss. Several species, such as the Hose's palm civet, which is endemic to northern Borneo, are considered vulnerable. The otter civet is classified as endangered.[1]

See also

References
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  2. Gaubert, P. & Cordeiro-Estrela, P. (2006). "Phylogenetic systematics and tempo of evolution of the Viverrinae (Mammalia, Carnivora, Viverridae) within feliformians: implications for faunal exchanges between Asia and Africa" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 41 (2): 266–278. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.034. PMID 16837215.
  3. Gray, J. E. (1821). "On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals". London Medical Repository. 15 (1): 296–310.
  4. Pocock, R. I. (1939). "Family Viverridae". The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. – Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 330–332.
  5. Wozencraft, W. C. (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 134–135. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
  6. Ewer, R. F. (1998). The Carnivores. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8493-6.
  7. Bennett, E. T. (1833). "Notice of a new genus of Viverridous Mammalia from Madagascar". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1833: 46.
  8. Veron, G.; Catzeflis, F. M. (1993). "Phylogenetic relationships of the endemic Malagasy carnivore Cryptoprocta ferox (Aeluroideae): DNA/DNA hybridization experiments". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 1 (3): 169–185. doi:10.1007/bf01024706. S2CID 21555307.
  9. Gaubert, P.; Veron, G. (2003). "Exhaustive sample set among Viverridae reveals the sister-group of felids: the linsangs as a case of extreme morphological convergence within Feliformia". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 270 (1532): 2523–2530. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2521. PMC 1691530. PMID 14667345.
  10. Nyakatura, K. & Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P. (2012). "Updating the evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia): a new species-level supertree complete with divergence time estimates". BMC Biology. 10: 12. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-10-12. PMC 3307490. PMID 22369503.
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