Government of Michigan

Michigan has a republican form of government with three branches of government: the executive branch consisting of the Governor of Michigan and the other independently elected constitutional officers; the legislative branch consisting of the House of Representatives and Senate; and the judicial branch consisting of the one court of justice. The state also allows direct participation of the electorate by initiative, referendum, recall, and ratification.[1]

Legislative branch
The House Chamber of the Michigan State Capitol in Lansing
Main article: Michigan Legislature

The Michigan Legislature is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Michigan. It is organized as a bicameral institution consisting of the Senate, the upper house, and the House of Representatives, the lower house. Article IV of the Michigan Constitution, adopted in 1963, defines the role of the legislature and how it is to be constituted. Legislative acts are published in the official Acts of the Legislature and codified in the Michigan Compiled Laws.[2] The Michigan Legislature meets in the Michigan State Capitol in Lansing, Michigan. Michigan is one of ten states to have a full-time legislature.[3][4]

  • State Officers Compensation Commission

The State officers compensation commission, consisting of seven governor appointed members, exists to set salaries for the governor and other elected officials, unless a two-thirds majority in both legislative chambers turned it down.[5]

  • Independent redistricting commission

The independent redistricting commission draws up legislative and Congressional districts after each census. The 13 non-office holding members consisting of five independent members, four self-declared Democrats and four self-declared Republicans, would be selected randomly by the Secretary of State from submitted applications.[6]

A Commission on legislative apportionment was written into the 1963 state constitution. However, the same state constitution provided for land weighting factors for state senatorial districts. Such weighting factors were found unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in Reynolds v Sims (1964) for violating the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution.[7] Because land weighting factors were interdependent and not severable from the commission on legislative apportionment, the commission was also invalidated by the Supreme Court's decision in Reynolds v Sims (1964). This commission was transferred to the Department of State under the Executive Organization Act OF 1965.[8] The state legislature has apportioned districts after census until 2020 as the November 6, 2018 general election proposal 2 created a constitutional independent redistricting commission.[6]

Executive branch

Michigan's elected executive officers are:[1]

For elected single person executives, term limits of two terms were put into place in 1993.[1] Since 1966, the Lieutenant Governor is elected with the Governor on the same ticket.[9] The Lieutenant Governor is the President of the Michigan Senate[1] and acts as the governor when the Governor is unable to execute the office, including whenever the Governor leaves the state. The Governor is the principal executive officer with the power of veto, appointment, reorganize executive government, budget proposal and other powers.[1]

The Grand Tower in Lansing

The two other elected constitutional executives of the state are the Secretary of State and Attorney General. Both are elected separately for four-year terms concurrently with the governor/lieutenant governor slate. The elected officeholders are second and third in the line of succession respectively and may act as governor during disabilities or absences from the state. The Attorney General is the state's chief law enforcement officer, executive agencies legal counsel and leads the Department of the Attorney General. The Secretary of State and its department handles automobile-related licensing, elections and record holding.[1]

Departments
Further information: List of Michigan state agencies

The 1963 Constitution requires that all permanent agencies or commissions, except universities, be assigned to one of a maximum of 20 principal departments.[1] The principal departments are the Department of:[10][11]

Type 1 agencies are under the administration of the agency but operate independently of the principal department in carrying out its function and in most cases created by a type 1 transfer.[12] Regulations are published in the Michigan Register (MR) and codified in the Michigan Administrative Code (MAC or AC).[13][14][15]

Education

The state board of Education is a statewide elected board that head the Michigan Department of Education which oversees all education except that of the state universities.[1]

Michigan's state universities are immune from control by the legislature, many aspects of the executive branch, and cities in which they are located; but they are not immune from the authority of the courts. Some degree of political control is exercised as the legislature approves appropriations for the schools. Furthermore, the governor appoints the board of control of most state universities with the advice and consent of the state Senate. Only the board members of the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, and Wayne State University are chosen in general elections.

Judicial branch
Main article: Judiciary of Michigan
The Michigan Hall of Justice in Lansing

The court system consists of the Michigan Supreme Court, the Michigan Court of Appeals as the intermediate appellate court, the circuit courts and district courts as the two primary trial courts, and several administrative courts and specialized courts. The Supreme Court administers all the courts. The Michigan Supreme Court consists of seven members who are elected on non-partisan ballots for staggered eight-year terms, while state appellate court judges are elected to terms of six years and vacancies are filled by an appointment by the governor, and circuit court and district court judges are elected to terms of six years.

Local government
Main article: Administrative divisions of Michigan
See also: Government of Detroit
Lansing City Hall

Michigan is largely divided in the same way as many other U.S. states, but is distinct in its usage of charter townships. Michigan ranks 13th among the 50 states in terms of the number of local governmental entities.

The state is divided into 83 counties, and further divided into 1,240 townships, 276 cities, and 257 villages. Additionally, the state consists of 553 school districts, 57 intermediate school districts, 14 planning and development regions, and over 300 special districts and authorities.[16]

County Government

Michigan has home rule for counties, meaning there is flexibility for the organization of county government and number of elected officials.[17]

Some common elected officials include:

See also

References
  1. "Chapter 2: About State Government" (PDF). Michigan In Brief: 1998–99. Public Sector Consultants, Inc. 1999.
  2. Browne, William P.; VerBurg, Kenneth (1995). Michigan Politics and Government: Facing Change in a Complex State. Politics and Governments of the American States. University of Nebraska Press. p. 349. ISBN 0-8032-6088-1. LCCN 94-18928.
  3. "States with a full-time legislature". Ballotpedia. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  4. National Conference of State Legislatures. "Full- and Part-Time Legislatures". National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  5. Harrison, Wilma L. (ed.). "2: About State Government". Michigan in Brief: 2002–03 (PDF). Public Sector Consultants. p. 9. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  6. Gibbons, Lauren (November 6, 2018). "Voters Not Politicians declares victory for Proposal 2". MLive Lansing. Mlive Media Group. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  7. "Constitution of Michigan of 1963 Articl IV Legislative Branch Section 2 & 6" (PDF). www.legislature.mi.gov. State of Michigan. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  8. "Michigan Legislature - Section 16.132". www.legislature.mi.gov. State of Michigan. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  9. Dunbar, Willis F.; May, George S. (1995). Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State (3rd ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 585. ISBN 0-8028-7055-4. LCCN 95-13128.
  10. MCL 16.104
  11. "Executive Branch". State of Michigan.
  12. "T". Glossary. Michigan State Budget Office. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
  13. Browne & VerBurg (1995), p. 349.
  14. Administrative Rules in Michigan: A Manual of Style and Procedures (PDF). Michigan Legislative Service Bureau. 2003. pp. 6–8.
  15. Koscielniak, Kimberly (January 2002). "Finding Michigan Agency Materials" (PDF). Michigan Bar Journal. 81 (1).
  16. "Michigan's System of Local Government" (PDF). Michigan Manual 2005-2006. pp. 715–718. Retrieved May 15, 2007.
  17. "Elected county executives and county home rule in Michigan: Part one". MSU Extension. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
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