List of Malpighiales of South Africa

The Malpighiales comprise one of the largest orders of flowering plants, containing about 36 families and more than 16,000 species, about 7.8% of the eudicots.[1][2] The order is very diverse, containing plants as different as the willow, violet, poinsettia, manchineel, rafflesia and coca plant, and are hard to recognize except with molecular phylogenetic evidence. It is not part of any of the classification systems based only on plant morphology. Molecular clock calculations estimate the origin of stem group Malpighiales at around 100 million years ago (Mya) and the origin of crown group Malpighiales at about 90 Mya.[3]

The anthophytes are a grouping of plant taxa bearing flower-like reproductive structures. They were formerly thought to be a clade comprising plants bearing flower-like structures. The group contained the angiosperms - the extant flowering plants, such as roses and grasses - as well as the Gnetales and the extinct Bennettitales.[4]

23,420 species of vascular plant have been recorded in South Africa, making it the sixth most species-rich country in the world and the most species-rich country on the African continent. Of these, 153 species are considered to be threatened.[5] Nine biomes have been described in South Africa: Fynbos, Succulent Karoo, desert, Nama Karoo, grassland, savanna, Albany thickets, the Indian Ocean coastal belt, and forests.[6]

The 2018 South African National Biodiversity Institute's National Biodiversity Assessment plant checklist lists 35,130 taxa in the phyla Anthocerotophyta (hornworts (6)), Anthophyta (flowering plants (33534)), Bryophyta (mosses (685)), Cycadophyta (cycads (42)), Lycopodiophyta (Lycophytes(45)), Marchantiophyta (liverworts (376)), Pinophyta (conifers (33)), and Pteridophyta (cryptogams (408)).[7]

20 families are represented in the literature. Listed taxa include species, subspecies, varieties, and forms as recorded, some of which have subsequently been allocated to other taxa as synonyms, in which cases the accepted taxon is appended to the listing. Multiple entries under alternative names reflect taxonomic revision over time.

Achariaceae

Family: Achariaceae,[7]

Acharia

Genus Acharia:[7]

Ceratiosicyos

Genus Ceratiosicyos:[7]

  • Ceratiosicyos laevis (Thunb.) A.Meeuse, indigenous

Guthriea

Genus Guthriea:[7]

Kiggelaria

Genus Kiggelaria:[7]

Rawsonia

Genus Rawsonia:[7]

Xylotheca

Genus Xylotheca:[7]

Chrysobalanaceae

Family: Chrysobalanaceae,[7]

Parinari

Genus Parinari:[7]

Clusiaceae

Family: Clusiaceae,[7]

Clusia

Genus Clusia:[7]

  • Clusia rosea Jacq. not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised, invasive

Garcinia

Genus Garcinia:[7]

Dichapetalaceae

Family: Dichapetalaceae,[7]

Dichapetalum

Genus Dichapetalum:[7]

Tapura

Genus Tapura:[7]

  • Tapura fischeri Engl. indigenous

Elatinaceae

Family: Elatinaceae,[7]

Bergia

Genus Bergia:[7]

  • Bergia anagalloides E.Mey. ex Fenzl, indigenous
  • Bergia capensis L. indigenous
  • Bergia decumbens Planch. ex Harv. indigenous
  • Bergia glomerata L.f. endemic
  • Bergia pentheriana Keissl. indigenous
  • Bergia polyantha Sond. indigenous
  • Bergia salaria Bremek. indigenous

Elatine

Genus Elatine:[7]

  • Elatine ambigua Wight, indigenous
  • Elatine triandra Schkuhr, indigenous

Erythroxylaceae

Family: Erythroxylaceae,[7]

Erythroxylum

Genus Erythroxylum:[7]

  • Erythroxylum delagoense Schinz, indigenous
  • Erythroxylum emarginatum Thonn. indigenous
  • Erythroxylum pictum E.Mey. ex Sond. endemic

Nectaropetalum

Genus Nectaropetalum:[7]

  • Nectaropetalum capense (Bolus) Stapf & Boodle, endemic
  • Nectaropetalum zuluense (Schonland) Corbishley, endemic

Euphorbiaceae
Main article: List of Euphorbiaceae of South Africa

Family: Euphorbiaceae,[7] 47 genera have been recorded. Not all are necessarily currently accepted.

Hypericaceae

Family: Hypericaceae,[7]

Hypericum

Genus Hypericum:[7]

  • Hypericum aethiopicum Thunb. indigenous
    • Hypericum aethiopicum Thunb. subsp. aethiopicum, indigenous
    • Hypericum aethiopicum Thunb. subsp. sonderi (Bredell) N.Robson, indigenous
  • Hypericum androsaemum L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
  • Hypericum canariense L. not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised, invasive
  • Hypericum forrestii (Chitt.) N.Robson, not indigenous, naturalised
  • Hypericum hookerianum Wight & Arn. not indigenous, naturalised
  • Hypericum lalandii Choisy, indigenous
  • Hypericum natalense J.M.Wood & M.S.Evans, indigenous
  • Hypericum perforatum L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
  • Hypericum pseudohenryi N.Robson, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
  • Hypericum revolutum Vahl, indigenous
    • Hypericum revolutum Vahl subsp. revolutum, indigenous
  • Hypericum roeperianum G.W.Schimp. ex A.Rich. indigenous
    • Hypericum roeperianum G.W.Schimp. ex A.Rich. var. roeperianum, indigenous
  • Hypericum wilmsii R.Keller, indigenous

Linaceae

Family: Linaceae,[7]

Hugonia

Genus Hugonia:[7]

  • Hugonia orientalis Engl. indigenous

Linum

Genus Linum:[7]

  • Linum acuticarpum C.M.Rogers, endemic
  • Linum adustum E.Mey. ex Planch. endemic
  • Linum aethiopicum Thunb. endemic
  • Linum africanum L. endemic
  • Linum brevistylum C.M.Rogers, endemic
  • Linum comptonii C.M.Rogers, endemic
  • Linum esterhuyseniae C.M.Rogers, endemic
  • Linum gracile Planch. endemic
  • Linum heterostylum C.M.Rogers, endemic
  • Linum pungens Planch. endemic
  • Linum quadrifolium L. endemic
  • Linum thesioides Bartl. endemic
  • Linum thunbergii Eckl. & Zeyh. indigenous
  • Linum usitatissimum L. not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised
  • Linum villosum C.M.Rogers, endemic

Malpighiaceae

Family: Malpighiaceae,[7]

Acridocarpus

Genus Acridocarpus:[7]

  • Acridocarpus natalitius A.Juss. indigenous
    • Acridocarpus natalitius A.Juss. var. linearifolius Launert, indigenous
    • Acridocarpus natalitius A.Juss. var. natalitius, indigenous

Sphedamnocarpus

Genus Sphedamnocarpus:[7]

  • Sphedamnocarpus pruriens (A.Juss.) Szyszyl. indigenous
    • Sphedamnocarpus pruriens (A.Juss.) Szyszyl. subsp. galphimiifolius (A.Juss.) P.D.de Villiers & D.J.B, indigenous
    • Sphedamnocarpus pruriens (A.Juss.) Szyszyl. subsp. pruriens, indigenous
  • Sphedamnocarpus transvalicus (Kuntze) Burtt Davy, accepted as Sphedamnocarpus pruriens (A.Juss.) Szyszyl. subsp. galphimiifolius (A.Juss.) P.D.de Villiers & D.J.B, present

Triaspis

Genus Triaspis:[7]

  • Triaspis glaucophylla Engl. endemic
    • Triaspis hypericoides (DC.) Burch. indigenous
    • Triaspis hypericoides (DC.) Burch. subsp. canescens (Engl.) Immelman, indigenous
    • Triaspis hypericoides (DC.) Burch. subsp. hypericoides, indigenous
    • Triaspis hypericoides (DC.) Burch. subsp. nelsonii (Oliv.) Immelman, indigenous

Ochnaceae

Family: Ochnaceae,[7]

Brackenridgea

Genus Brackenridgea:[7]

Ochna

Genus Ochna:[7]

  • Ochna arborea Burch. ex DC. indigenous
    • Ochna arborea Burch. ex DC. var. arborea, indigenous
    • Ochna arborea Burch. ex DC. var. oconnorii (E.Phillips) Du Toit, indigenous
  • Ochna barbosae N.Robson, indigenous
  • Ochna confusa Burtt Davy & Greenway, indigenous
  • Ochna gamostigmata du Toit, indigenous
  • Ochna glauca I.Verd. indigenous
  • Ochna holstii Engl. indigenous
  • Ochna inermis (Forssk.) Schweinf. indigenous
  • Ochna natalitia (Meisn.) Walp. indigenous
  • Ochna pretoriensis E.Phillips, indigenous
  • Ochna pulchra Hook.f. indigenous
  • Ochna serrulata (Hochst.) Walp. indigenous

Passifloraceae

Family: Passifloraceae,[7]

Adenia

Genus Adenia:[7]

  • Adenia digitata (Harv.) Engl. indigenous
  • Adenia fruticosa Burtt Davy, indigenous
    • Adenia fruticosa Burtt Davy subsp. fruticosa, endemic
    • Adenia fruticosa Burtt Davy subsp. simplicifolia W.J.de Wilde, indigenous
    • Adenia fruticosa Burtt Davy subsp. trifoliata W.J.de Wilde, endemic
  • Adenia glauca Schinz, indigenous
  • Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms, indigenous
  • Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms var. gummifera, indigenous
  • Adenia hastata (Harv.) Schinz, indigenous
    • Adenia hastata (Harv.) Schinz var. glandulifera W.J.de Wilde, indigenous
    • Adenia hastata (Harv.) Schinz var. hastata, indigenous
  • Adenia natalensis W.J.de Wilde, endemic
  • Adenia repanda (Burch.) Engl. indigenous
  • Adenia spinosa Burtt Davy, indigenous
  • Adenia wilmsii Harms, endemic

Basananthe

Genus Basananthe:[7]

  • Basananthe pedata (Baker f.) W.J.de Wilde, indigenous
  • Basananthe polygaloides (Hutch. & K.Pearce) W.J.de Wilde, endemic
  • Basananthe sandersonii (Harv.) W.J.de Wilde, indigenous
  • Basananthe triloba (Bolus) W.J.de Wilde, indigenous

Paropsia

Genus Paropsia:[7]

  • Paropsia braunii Gilg, indigenous

Passiflora

Genus Passiflora:[7]

Schlechterina

Genus Schlechterina:[7]

  • Schlechterina mitostemmatoides Harms, indigenous

Phyllanthaceae

Family: Phyllanthaceae,[7]

Andrachne

Genus Andrachne:[7]

Antidesma

Genus Antidesma:[7]

Bridelia

Genus Bridelia:[7]

  • Bridelia cathartica G.Bertol. indigenous
    • Bridelia cathartica G.Bertol. subsp. cathartica, indigenous
    • Bridelia cathartica G.Bertol. var. melanthesoides forma melanthesoides, indigenous
  • Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. indigenous
  • Bridelia mollis Hutch. indigenous

Cleistanthus

Genus Cleistanthus:[7]

Flueggea

Genus Flueggea:[7]

  • Flueggea verrucosa (Thunb.) G.L.Webster, endemic
  • Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Voigt, indigenous
    • Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Voigt subsp. virosa, indigenous

Heywoodia

Genus Heywoodia:[7]

Hymenocardia

Genus Hymenocardia:[7]

  • Hymenocardia ulmoides Oliv. indigenous
    • Hymenocardia ulmoides Oliv. var. capensis Pax, accepted as Hymenocardia ulmoides Oliv. indigenous

Lachnostylis

Genus Lachnostylis:[7]

  • Lachnostylis bilocularis R.A.Dyer, endemic
  • Lachnostylis hanekomii R.H.Archer & J.C.Manning, endemic
  • Lachnostylis hirta (L.f.) Mull.Arg. endemic

Margaritaria

Genus Margaritaria:[7]

  • Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) G.L.Webster, indigenous
    • Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) G.L.Webster var. fagifolia (Pax) Radcl.-Sm. indigenous
    • Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) G.L.Webster var. nitida (Pax) Radcl.-Sm. indigenous

Phyllanthus

Genus Phyllanthus:[7]

  • Phyllanthus asperulatus Hutch. indigenous
  • Phyllanthus burchellii Mull.Arg. accepted as Phyllanthus parvulus Sond. var. garipensis (E.Mey. ex Drege) Radcl.-Sm. present
  • Phyllanthus cedrelifolius I.Verd. accepted as Phyllanthus polyanthus Pax, present
  • Phyllanthus delagoensis Hutch. indigenous
  • Phyllanthus fraternus G.L.Webster, not indigenous, naturalised
  • Phyllanthus genistoides Sond. accepted as Phyllanthus incurvus Thunb. present
  • Phyllanthus glaucophyllus Sond. indigenous
  • Phyllanthus graminicola Hutch. ex S.Moore, indigenous
  • Phyllanthus heterophyllus E.Mey. ex Mull.Arg. indigenous
  • Phyllanthus incurvus Thunb. indigenous
  • Phyllanthus loandensis Welw. ex Mull.Arg. indigenous
  • Phyllanthus macranthus Pax, indigenous
    • Phyllanthus macranthus Pax var. macranthus, indigenous
  • Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. indigenous
  • Phyllanthus meyerianus Mull.Arg. indigenous
  • Phyllanthus myrtaceus Sond. indigenous
  • Phyllanthus nummulariifolius Poir. indigenous
    • Phyllanthus nummulariifolius Poir. var. nummulariifolius, indigenous
  • Phyllanthus omahakensis Dinter & Pax, indigenous
  • Phyllanthus parvulus Sond. indigenous
    • Phyllanthus parvulus Sond. var. garipensis (E.Mey. ex Drege) Radcl.-Sm. indigenous
    • Phyllanthus parvulus Sond. var. parvulus, indigenous
  • Phyllanthus pentandrus Schumach. & Thonn. indigenous
  • Phyllanthus pinnatus (Wight) G.L.Webster, indigenous
  • Phyllanthus polyanthus Pax, indigenous
  • Phyllanthus polyspermus Schumach. indigenous
  • Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. indigenous
    • Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. var. reticulatus, indigenous
  • Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb. var. garipensis (E.Mey. ex Drege) Mull.Arg. accepted as Phyllanthus parvulus Sond. var. garipensis (E.Mey. ex Drege) Radcl.-Sm. present

Pseudolachnostylis

Genus Pseudolachnostylis:[7]

  • Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Pax, indigenous
    • Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Pax var. dekindtii (Pax) Radcl.-Sm. indigenous
    • Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Pax var. glabra (Pax) Brenan, indigenous

Picrodendraceae

Family: Picrodendraceae,[7]

Androstachys

Genus Androstachys:[7]

Hyaenanche

Genus Hyaenanche:[7]

Podostemaceae

Family: Podostemaceae,[7]

Leiothylax

Genus Leiothylax:[7]

  • Leiothylax warmingii (Engl.) Warm. accepted as Letestuella tisserantii G.Taylor

Sphaerothylax

Genus Sphaerothylax:[7]

  • Sphaerothylax algiformis Bisch. ex C.Krauss, indigenous

Tristicha

Genus Tristicha:[7]

  • Tristicha trifaria (Bory ex Willd.) Spreng. indigenous
  • Tristicha trifaria (Bory ex Willd.) Spreng. subsp. trifaria, indigenous

Putranjivaceae

Family: Putranjivaceae,[7]

Drypetes

Genus Drypetes:[7]

  • Drypetes arguta (Mull.Arg.) Hutch. indigenous
  • Drypetes gerrardii Hutch. indigenous
    • Drypetes gerrardii Hutch. var. gerrardii, indigenous
    • Drypetes gerrardii Hutch. var. tomentosa Radcl.-Sm. indigenous
  • Drypetes mossambicensis Hutch. indigenous
  • Drypetes natalensis (Harv.) Hutch. indigenous
    • Drypetes natalensis (Harv.) Hutch. var. natalensis, indigenous
  • Drypetes reticulata Pax, indigenous

Rhizophoraceae

Family: Rhizophoraceae,[7]

Bruguiera

Genus Bruguiera:[7]

Cassipourea

Genus Cassipourea:[7]

  • Cassipourea flanaganii (Schinz) Alston, endemic
  • Cassipourea gerrardii (Schinz) Alston, accepted as Cassipourea malosana (Baker) Alston, present
  • Cassipourea gummiflua Tul. indigenous
    • Cassipourea gummiflua Tul. var. verticillata (N.E.Br.) J.Lewis, indigenous
  • Cassipourea malosana (Baker) Alston, indigenous
  • Cassipourea mossambicensis (Brehmer) Alston, indigenous
  • Cassipourea swaziensis Compton, indigenous

Ceriops

Genus Ceriops:[7]

Rhizophora

Genus Rhizophora:[7]

Salicaceae

Family: Salicaceae,[7]

Casearia

Genus Casearia:[7]

Dovyalis

Genus Dovyalis:[7]

  • Dovyalis caffra (Hook.f. & Harv.) Warb. indigenous
  • Dovyalis longispina (Harv.) Warb. indigenous
  • Dovyalis lucida Sim, indigenous
  • Dovyalis revoluta J.E.Thom, accepted as Dovyalis zeyheri (Sond.) Warb. present
  • Dovyalis rhamnoides (Burch. ex DC.) Burch. & Harv. indigenous
  • Dovyalis rotundifolia (Thunb.) Thunb. & Harv. endemic
  • Dovyalis zeyheri (Sond.) Warb. indigenous

Flacourtia

Genus Flacourtia:[7]

Homalium

Genus Homalium:[7]

  • Homalium dentatum (Harv.) Warb. indigenous
  • Homalium rufescens Benth. endemic
  • Homalium subsuperum Sprague, accepted as Homalium dentatum (Harv.) Warb. present

Oncoba

Genus Oncoba:[7]

  • Oncoba spinosa Forssk. indigenous
    • Oncoba spinosa Forssk. subsp. spinosa, indigenous

Populus

Genus Populus:[7]

  • Populus alba L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
    • Populus alba L. var. alba, not indigenous, naturalised
  • Populus canescens (Aiton) Sm. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
  • Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marshall subsp. deltoides, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
  • Populus nigra L. not indigenous, naturalised
    • Populus nigra L. var. italica Munchh. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive

Pseudoscolopia

Genus Pseudoscolopia:[7]

Salix

Genus Salix:[7]

  • Salix babylonica L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
    • Salix babylonica L. var. babylonica, not indigenous, naturalised
  • Salix caprea L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
  • Salix mucronata Thunb. indigenous
    • Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Immelman, accepted as Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. mucronata, present
    • Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. hirsuta (Thunb.) Immelman, endemic
    • Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. mucronata, indigenous
    • Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. wilmsii (Seemen) Immelman, accepted as Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. woodii (Seemen) Immelman, present
    • Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. woodii (Seemen) Immelman, indigenous
  • Salix subserrata Willd. accepted as Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. subserrata (Willd.) R.H.Archer & Jordaan
  • Salix x fragilis L. var. fragilis, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive

Scolopia

Genus Scolopia:[7]

  • Scolopia flanaganii (Bolus) Sim, endemic
  • Scolopia mundii (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Warb. indigenous
  • Scolopia oreophila (Sleumer) Killick, endemic
  • Scolopia stolzii Gilg & Sleumer, indigenous
    • Scolopia stolzii Gilg & Sleumer var. stolzii, indigenous
  • Scolopia zeyheri (Nees) Harv. indigenous

Trimeria

Genus Trimeria:[7]

  • Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb. indigenous
    • Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb. subsp. grandifolia, indigenous
  • Trimeria trinervis Harv. endemic

Turneraceae

Family: Turneraceae,[7]

Afroqueta

Genus Afroqueta:[7]

  • Afroqueta capensis (Harv.) Thulin & Razafim. indigenous

Piriqueta

Genus Piriqueta:[7]

  • Piriqueta capensis (Harv.) Urb. accepted as Afroqueta capensis (Harv.) Thulin & Razafim. indigenous

Streptopetalum

Genus Streptopetalum:[7]

  • Streptopetalum serratum Hochst. indigenous

Tricliceras

Genus Tricliceras:[7]

  • Tricliceras glanduliferum (Klotzsch) R.Fern. indigenous
  • Tricliceras laceratum (Oberm.) Oberm. indigenous
  • Tricliceras longepedunculatum (Mast.) R.Fern. indigenous
    • Tricliceras longepedunculatum (Mast.) R.Fern. var. longepedunculatum, indigenous
  • Tricliceras mossambicense (A.Fern. & R.Fern.) R.Fern. indigenous
  • Tricliceras schinzii (Urb.) R.Fern. indigenous
    • Tricliceras schinzii (Urb.) R.Fern. subsp. schinzii var. juttae, indigenous
  • Tricliceras tanacetifolium (Klotzsch) R.Fern. indigenous

Violaceae

Family: Violaceae, [7]

Hybanthus

Genus Hybanthus:[7]

  • Hybanthus capensis (Thunb.) Engl. indigenous
  • Hybanthus densifolius Engl. indigenous
  • Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell. not indigenous, naturalised
    • Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell. var. caffer (Sond.) N.Robson, not indigenous, naturalised
    • Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell. var. enneaspermus, not indigenous, naturalised
    • Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell. var. serratus Engl. not indigenous, naturalised
  • Hybanthus parviflorus (L.f.) Baill. not indigenous, naturalised

Rinorea

Genus Rinorea:[7]

  • Rinorea angustifolia (Thouars) Baill. indigenous
    • Rinorea angustifolia (Thouars) Baill. subsp. natalensis (Engl.) Grey-Wilson, indigenous
  • Rinorea domatiosa A.E.van Wyk, endemic
  • Rinorea ilicifolia (Welw. ex Oliv.) Kuntze, indigenous
    • Rinorea ilicifolia (Welw. ex Oliv.) Kuntze subsp. ilicifolia, indigenous
    • Rinorea ilicifolia (Welw. ex Oliv.) Kuntze subsp. ilicifolia var. ilicifolia, indigenous

Viola

Genus Viola:[7]

References
  1. Endress, Peter K.; Davis, Charles C.; Matthews, Merran L. (May 2013). "Advances in the floral structural characterization of the major subclades of Malpighiales, one of the largest orders of flowering plants". Annals of Botany. 111 (5): 969–985. doi:10.1093/aob/mct056.
  2. Stevens, P.F. (2020) [2001]. "Malpighiales". AP Web v. 14. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  3. Magallón, Susana; Castillo, Amanda (2009). "Angiosperm diversification through time". American Journal of Botany. 96 (1): 349–365. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800060. PMID 21628193.
  4. Doyle, J. A.; Donoghue, M. J. (1986). "Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of the angiosperms - an experimental cladistic approach". Botanical Review. 52 (4): 321–431. doi:10.1007/bf02861082.
  5. Butler, Rhett A. (1 July 2019). "Total number of plant species by country". Mongabay. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  6. "Vegetation of South Africa". PlantZAfrica.com. SA National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  7. "species_checklist_20180710.csv". South African National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
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