List of first human settlements

This is a list of dates associated with the prehistoric peopling of the world (first known presence of Homo sapiens).

Overview map of the peopling of the world by anatomically modern humans (numbers indicate dates in thousands of years ago [kya])

The list is divided into four categories, Middle Paleolithic (before 50,000 years ago), Upper Paleolithic (50,000 to 12,500 years ago), Holocene (12,500 to 500 years ago) and Modern (Age of Sail and modern exploration). List entries are identified by region (in the case of genetic evidence spatial resolution is limited) or region, country or island, with the date of the first known or hypothesised modern human presence (or "settlement", although Paleolithic humans were not sedentary).

Human "settlement" does not necessarily have to be continuous; settled areas in some cases become depopulated due to environmental conditions, such as glacial periods or the Toba volcanic eruption.[1] Early Homo sapiens migrated out of Asia from as early as 270,000 years ago, although permanent presence outside of Asia may not have been established until after about 70,000 years ago.

Middle Paleolithic
Further information: Middle Paleolithic, Middle Stone Age, Anatomically modern humans, Southern Dispersal, and Early human migrations
Further information: Early expansions of hominins out of Africa, Archaic humans, and Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans

Before Homo sapiens, Homo erectus had already spread throughout Africa and non-Arctic Eurasia by about one million years ago (see Out of Africa I). The oldest known evidence for anatomically modern humans (as of 2017) are fossils found at Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, dated about 300,000 years old.[2]

Region Country Date (kya) Place Notes Ref(s)
North AfricaMorocco379–254 Jebel IrhoudAnatomically modern human remains of eight individuals dated 300,000 years old, making them the oldest known remains categorized as "modern" (as of 2018).[2]
West AsiaTurkey316–219Neanderthal admixtureGenetic evidence for early Homo sapiens admixture to Neanderthals in West Asia, discovered in 2017.[3]
Horn of AfricaEthiopia200–190Omo Kibish FormationThe Omo remains found in 1967 near the Ethiopian Kibish Mountains, dated stratigraphically to 195 ± 5 ka. Also see Ledi-Geraru.[4]
West AsiaIsrael195–177Misliya Cave, Mount CarmelFossil maxilla is apparently older than remains found at Skhyul and Qafzeh. Layers dating from between 250,000 and 140,000 years ago in the same cave contained tools of the Levallois type which could put the date of the first migration even earlier if the tools can be associated with the modern human jawbone finds.[5][6][7]
Southern AfricaSouth Africa200–110Klasies River Caves, population geneticsRemains found in the Klasies River Caves in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa show signs of human hunting dated c. 125 ka. There is some debate as to whether these remains represent anatomically modern humans.

Evidence from population genetics suggests separation before 110 ka,[8] most likely between 130 and 200 ka.[9]

 [10][11]
East AfricaSudan160–140SingaAnatomically modern human discovered 1924 with rare temporal bone pathology[12][13]
West Asia, ArabiaUnited Arab Emirates125Jebel FayaStone tools made by anatomically modern humans (discovered 2011).[14]
West Asia, ArabiaOman125–75AybutTools found in the Dhofar Governorate correspond with African objects from the so-called 'Nubian Complex', dating from 75–125,000 years ago. According to archaeologist Jeffrey I. Rose, human settlements spread east from Africa across the Arabian Peninsula.[15]
Central AfricaDemocratic Republic of the Congo90Katanda, Upper Semliki RiverSemliki harpoon heads carved from bone.[16]
East AsiaChina, PRC80Fuyan CaveTeeth were found under rock over which 80,000 years old stalagmites had grown.[17]
North AfricaLibya80–65Haua FteahFragments of 2 mandibles discovered in 1953[18]
South AsiaSri Lanka70–66population genetics

Genetic evidence suggests first settlement 70–66 kya. Available fossil evidence from Sri Lanka has been dated to 34 kya.

 [19][20]
Southeast AsiaSumatra, Indonesia73–63Lida Ajer caveTeeth found in Sumatra in the 19th century[21]
Southeast AsiaLuzon, Philippines67Callao CaveMijares and Piper (2010) found bones in a cave near Peñablanca, Cagayan, dated ca. 67 kya, the oldest known modern human fossil from the Asia-Pacific region. However, these may belong to a different species, Homo luzonensis.[22]
North AfricaEgypt50–80Taramasa HillSkeleton of 8- to 10-year-old child discovered in 1994[23]
AustraliaArnhem Land, Australia65–50MadjedbebeThe oldest human skeletal remains are the 40ky old Lake Mungo remains in New South Wales, but human ornaments discovered at Devil's Lair in Western Australia have been dated to 48 kya and artifacts at Madjedbebe in Northern Territory are dated to at least 50 kya, and to 62.1±2.9 ka (95% CI) in one 2017 study.[24][25][26][27]

Upper Paleolithic
Further information: Upper Paleolithic, Later Stone Age, Behavioral modernity, Early human migrations, and Settlement of the Americas
Region Country / island Date (kya) Place Notes Ref(s)
South AmericaNortheast Region, Brazil56–41?Pedra FuradaHypothetical Pleistocene peopling of the Americas: charcoal from the oldest layers yielded dates of 41,000–56,000 BP.[28]
East AsiaHonshu, Japan47Lake NojiriGenetic research indicates arrival of humans in Japan by 37,000 BP. Archeological remains at the Tategahana Paleolithic Site at Lake Nojiri have been dated as early as 47,000 BP.[19][29]
Southeast Asia, IndochinaLaos46Tam Pa Ling CaveIn 2009 an ancient skull was recovered from a cave in the Annamite Mountains in northern Laos which is at least 46,000 years old, making it the oldest modern human fossil found to date in Southeast Asia[30]
Europe45–43The earliest known remains of Cro-Magnon-like humans are radiocarbon dated to 43,000–45,000 BP, found in Italy and Great Britain. [31][32]
EuropeItaly45–44Grotta del Cavallo, ApuliaTwo baby teeth discovered in Apulia in 1964 are the earliest modern human remains yet found in Europe.[33]
EuropeGreat Britain, United Kingdom44–41Kents CavernHuman jaw fragment found in Torquay, Devon in 1927[34]
EuropeGermany43–42Geißenklösterle, Baden-WürttembergThree Paleolithic flutes belonging to the early Aurignacian, which is associated with the assumed earliest presence of Homo sapiens in Europe (Cro-Magnon). It is the oldest example of prehistoric music.[35]
Europe, BalticLithuania43–41Šnaukštai near GargždaiA hammer made from reindeer horn similar to those used by the Bromme culture was found in 2016. The discovery pushed back the earliest evidence of human presence in Lithuania by 30,000 years, i.e. to before the last glacial period.[36]
Southeast AsiaEast Timor42Jerimalai caveFish bones[37]
AustraliaTasmania41Jordan River LeveeOptically stimulated luminescence results from the site suggest a date ca. 41,000 BP. Rising sea level left Tasmania isolated after 8000 BP.[38]
Southeast AsiaBorneo, Malaysia46–34?Niah CaveA human skull in Sarawak, Borneo (Archaeologists have claimed a much earlier date for stone tools found in the Mansuli valley, near Lahad Datu in Sabah, but precise dating analysis has not yet been published.)[39][40]
Southeast AsiaNew Guinea40Indonesian Side of New GuineaArchaeological evidence shows that 40,000 years ago, some of the first farmers came to New Guinea from the South-East Asian Peninsula.[19]
EuropeRomania42–38Peștera cu Oase[41][42]
East AsiaHong Kong, PRC39Wong Tei TungOptically stimulated luminescence results from the site suggest a date ca. 39,000 BP.[43]
EuropeRussia40–35?Mamontovaya KuryaEarliest evidence of human (not necessarily anatomically modern humans) presence at Arctic latitudes.[44]
Central Asia, Tibetan PlateauTibet, PRC38Salween RiverFormerly dated to 15 kya, the date modern human presence in Tibet has been pushed back to at least 38 kya based on genetic evidence. Archaeological evidence from the bank of the Salween River in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau was dated between 32 and 39 kya.[45][46][47]
South AsiaSri Lanka34Fa Hien CaveThe earliest remains of anatomically modern man, based on radiocarbon dating of charcoal, have been found in the Fa Hien Cave in western Sri Lanka.[48]
North AmericaCanada40–25?Bluefish CavesHypothetical Pleistocene peopling of the Americas: Human-worked mammoth bone flakes found at Bluefish Caves, Yukon.[49][50]
East AsiaOkinawa32Yamashita-cho cave, Naha cityBone artifacts and an ash seam dated to 32,000±1000 BP.[51]
EuropeFrance32Chauvet CaveThe cave paintings in the Chauvet Cave in southern France have been called the earliest known cave art, though the dating is uncertain.[52]
EuropeCzech Republic31Mladeč cavesOldest human bones that clearly represent a human settlement in Europe.[53]
EuropePoland30Obłazowa CaveA boomerang made from mammoth tusk
Southeast AsiaBuka Island, New Guinea28Kilu CaveFlaked stone, bone, and shell artifacts[54]
East AsiaTaiwan, Republic of China30–20In 1972, fragmentary fossils of anatomically modern humans were found at Chouqu and Gangzilin, in Zuojhen District, Tainan, in fossil beds exposed by erosion of the Cailiao River. Though some of the fragments are believed to be more recent, three cranial fragments and a molar tooth have been dated as between 20,000 and 30,000 years old. The find has been dubbed "Zuozhen Man". No associated artifacts have been found at the site.[55][56]
EuropePortugal25Abrigo do Lagar VelhoPossible Neanderthal/Cro-Magnon hybrid, the Lapedo child[57]
EuropeSicily20San Teodoro caveHuman cranium dated by gamma-ray spectrometry[58]
South AmericaChile18.5-14.5Monte VerdeCarbon dating of remains from this site represent the oldest known settlement in South America.[59][60]
North AmericaUnited States16Meadowcroft RockshelterStone, bone, and wood artifacts and animal and plant remains found in Washington County, Pennsylvania. (Earlier claims have been made, but not corroborated, for sites such as Topper, South Carolina.)[61][62]
South AmericaPeru14PikimachayStone and bone artifacts found in a cave of the Ayacucho complex[63]
North AmericaSanta Rosa Island13Arlington Springs siteArlington Springs Man discovered in 1959. The four northern Channel Islands of California were once conjoined into one island, Santa Rosae

Holocene
Further information: Epipaleolithic, Neolithic, List of language families, and Pre-modern human migration
Region Country / island Date Place Notes Ref(s)
EuropeIreland, Republic of Ireland12,500 BPGwendoline CaveThe patella of a bear, which was subject to butchering close to the time of death has been radiocarbon dated to 10,500 BCE[64]
EuropeCyprus12,500 BPAetokremnosBurned bones of megafauna[65]
Americas, South AmericaColombia12,500 BPEl AbraStone, bone and charcoal artifacts[66]
Americas, North AmericaTriquet Island12,000 BPBritish Columbia [67][68]
Europe, ScandinaviaNorway11,000 BPAukraThe oldest remnants of the so-called Fosna culture were found in Aukra in Møre og Romsdal.[69]
Americas, South AmericaArgentina11,000 BPPiedra MuseoSpear heads and human fossils[70]
Europe, BalticEstonia11,000 BPPulliThe Pulli settlement on the bank of the Pärnu River briefly pre-dates that at Kunda, which gave its name to the Kunda culture.[71]
Africa, West AfricaBioko, Equatorial Guinea10,000 BPEarly Bantu migration[72]
Southeast Asia, IndochinaCambodia9,000 BPLaang SpeanLaang Spean cave in the Stung Sangker River valley, Battambang Province[73]
Arctic, New Siberian IslandsZhokhov Island8,300 BPHunting tools and animal remains in the High Arctic; later abandoned and still uninhabited[74][75]
PacificTuvalu8,000 BP?Caves of NanumangaEvidence of fire in a submerged cave last accessible 8000 BP. Polynesian settlement around 3000 BP, see Tuvalu#Pre-history[76]
MediterraneanMalta7,250 BPGħar DalamSettlers from Sicily brought agriculture and impressed ware pottery.[77]
CaribbeanTrinidad7,000 BPBanwari TraceStone and bone artifacts mark the oldest archaeological site in the Caribbean.[78]
CaribbeanPuerto Rico6,000 BPAngostura siteCarbon dating of burial site[79]
ArcticGreenland4,000 BPSaqqaqSaqqaq culture was the first of several waves of settlement from northern Canada and from Scandinavia.[80]
ArcticBaffin Island, Canada4,000 BPPond InletIn 1969, Pre-Dorset remains were discovered, with seal bones radiocarbon dated to 2035 BCE[81]
Asia, Central AsiaXinjiang, PRC3,800 BP?Tarim BasinTarim mummies[82]
PacificMariana Islands3,500 BP?Unai Bapot, SaipanPottery similar to that from nowadays Philippines has been discovered. This was the longest human ocean voyage at the time.[83][84]
ArcticWrangel Island3,400 BPChertov OvragSea-mammal hunting tools; later abandoned, with intermittent settlements 1914–present[85]
PacificTonga3,180 BPPea village on TongatapuRadiocarbon dating of a shell found at the site dates the occupation at 3180±100 BP.[86]
PacificFiji3,000 BPBourewaRadiocarbon dating of a shell midden at Bourewa on Viti Levu Island shows earliest inhabitation at 1220–970 BCE.[87]
North AfricaCanary Islands3,000 BPGenetic studies show relation to Moroccan Berbers, but precise date uncertain.[88]
PacificVanuatu3,000 BPTeouma etc.Lapita pottery found at Teouma cemetery on Efate and on several other islands.[89]
PacificSamoa3,000 BPMulifanuaLapita site found at Mulifanua Ferry Berth Site by New Zealand scientists in the 1970s.[90]
PacificHawaii 1,700 BPKa LaeEarly settlement from the Marquesas Islands[91]
PacificLine Islands 1,600 BP When Polynesian traders travelling to and from Hawaii[92]
Indian Ocean / East AfricaMadagascar 1,500 BPThe population of Madagascar seems to have derived in equal measures from Borneo and East Africa.[93]
Indian Ocean / East AfricaComoros 1,450 BPAustronesian settlers arrived no later than the 6th century, based on archaeological evidence on Nzwani; settlement beginning as early as the 1st century has been postulated.[94]
Europe, North AtlanticFaroe Islands 1,500 BPAgricultural remains from three locations were analysed and dated to as early as the sixth century CE[95]
CaribbeanBahamas 1,100 BPThree Dog Site (SS21), San Salvador IslandExcavated midden includes quartz and Ostionoid ceramic artifacts, wood and seed remains, etc., dated to 800–900.[96]
PacificHuahine, Society Islands (French Polynesia) 1,140 BPFa'ahiaBird bones dated to 1140±90 BP[97]
Europe, North AtlanticIcelandCE 874 / 1,076 BPReykjavíkIngólfr Arnarson, the first known Norse settler who came from mainland Norway, built his homestead in Reykjavík this year, though Norse or Hiberno-Scottish monks might have arrived up to two hundred years earlier.[98]
PacificEaster IslandCE 750–1150 / 1,200–800 BPAnakenaSettled by voyagers from the Marquesas Islands, possibly as early as CE 300.[99]
PacificNew ZealandCE 1250 / 700 BPWairau BarThough some researchers suggest settlements as early as CE 50–150, that later became extinct, it is generally accepted that the islands were permanently settled by Eastern Polynesians (the ancestors of the Māori) who arrived about 1250–1300.[100][101]
PacificNorfolk IslandCE 1250 / 700 BPEmily BaySettled by Polynesians, later abandoned. Resettled by British 1788.[102][103]
PacificAuckland IslandsCE 1250 / 700 BPSandy Bay, Enderby IslandSettled by Polynesians, later abandoned. Resettled from the Chatham Islands in 1842, later abandoned.[103]
PacificKermadec IslandsCE 1350 / 600 BPSettled by Polynesians by the 14th century (possibly previously, around the 10th century), later abandoned. Resettled by Europeans in 1810, later abandoned.[104]
AtlanticMadeiraCE 1420 / 530 BPSettlers from Portugal.[105]
AtlanticAzoresCE 1439 / 511 BPSanta Maria IslandSettlers from Portugal led by Gonçalo Velho Cabral.[106]
AtlanticCape VerdeCE 1462 / 488 BPCidade VelhaSettlers from Portugal founded the city as "Ribeira Grande."[107]
Atlantic / West AfricaSão Tomé and PríncipeCE 1485 / 465 BPSão ToméPortuguese settlement in 1485 failed but was followed in 1493 by a successful settlement led by Álvaro Caminha.[108]

Modern
Further information: Age of Sail, Age of Discovery, Timeline of European exploration, and Polar exploration
Sea / region Island Date Place Notes Ref(s)
South AtlanticSaint Helena1516Settled by Fernão Lopes (soldier). Later populated by escaped slaves from Mozambique and Java, then by English in 1659.[109]
Atlantic, Gulf of GuineaAnnobón1543Alvaro da Cunha requested Portuguese royal charter in 1543 and by 1559 had settled Africans slaves there.[110]
Pacific, New ZealandChatham Islands1550Moriori settlers from New Zealand. This was the last wave of Polynesian migrations.[111]
AtlanticBermuda1609Settled by English survivors of the Sea Venture shipwreck, led by George Somers.
ArcticSvalbard1619SmeerenburgSettled by Dutch and Danish whalers 1619–1657. Longyearbyen founded 1906 and continuously inhabited except for World War II.[112]
Indian OceanMauritius1638Vieux Grand PortFirst settled by Dutch under Cornelius Gooyer.[113]
Indian OceanRéunion1642Settled 1642 by a dozen deported French mutineers from Madagascar, who were returned to France several years later. In 1665 the French East India Company started a permanent settlement.
Indian OceanRodrigues1691Settled 1691 by a small group of French Huguenots led by François Leguat; abandoned 1693. The French settled slaves there in the 18th century.[114]
East Pacific OceanClipperton Island1725A short settlement in 1725. Intermittent settlement during the 19th and 20th centuries.[115]
PacificJuan Fernández Islands1750San Juan BautistaSettled by the Spanish to prevent its use by foreign powers and pirates. Destroyed in 1751 by a tsunami but soon rebuilt.[116]
South AtlanticFalkland Islands1764Puerto SoledadSettled by French (as "Port Saint Louis") during the expedition of Louis Antoine de Bougainville.[117]
Indian OceanSeychelles1770Ste. Anne IslandAlthough visited earlier by Maldivians, Malays and Arabs, the first known settlement was a spice plantation established by the French, first on Ste. Anne Island, then moved to Mahé. It is the sovereign state with the shortest history of human settlement (followed by Mauritius).[118]
PacificFloreana Island1805Black BeachFirst settled 1805–1809 by Patrick Watkins. Later attempts in 1837, 1893, 1925, and 1929.[119]
AtlanticTristan da Cunha1810First settled by Jonathan Lambert and two other men. Continuously inhabited since then except 1961–1963 evacuation due to volcano.[120]
South AtlanticAscension Island1815Settled as a British military garrison. Some prior shipwrecked sailors in 18th century.
Bering SeaCommander Islands1825Russians brought Aleuts from Atka Island and Attu Island to settle Bering Island and Medny Island..[121][122]
Indian OceanCocos (Keeling) Islandsc. 1826Settled c. 1826 by Alexander Hare and in 1827 by John Clunies-Ross.[123]
PacificBonin Islands1830Port Lloyd, Chichi-jimaSome evidence of early settlement from the Marianas, but the islands were abandoned except for occasional shipwrecks until a group of Europeans, Polynesians, and Micronesians settled Chichi-jima in 1830.[124]
Tasman SeaLord Howe Island1834Blinky BeachWhaling supply station.[103]
Indian OceanÎle Saint-Paul1843Although now uninhabited, there have been attempts at settlement. In June 1843, a French garrison was established under the command of Polish-born Captain Adam Mierolawski, but it was soon abandoned. In 1928, a spiny lobster cannery was established, with the last three settlers rescued in 1934.[125][126]
ArcticNovaya Zemlya1870Malye KarmakulyEarlier overwinterings dating back to 16th century[127][128][129]
Indian OceanÎle Amsterdam1871Camp HeurtinFollowing various shipwrecks and visits by sealers and scientists in the 18th and 19th century, a short-lived settlement was made in 1871 by Heurtin, a French resident of Réunion Island. A French scientific base has been maintained since 1949.[130]
Pacific OceanMinami-Tori-shima1886Despite visits dating back to the 17th century, the first permanent settlement was in 1886.[131]
Indian OceanChristmas Island1888Flying Fish CoveFirst European settlement established by George Clunies-Ross and John Murray with phosphate mining begun around 10 years later.[132]
South Pacific OceanCampbell Island1896Sheep farming was undertaken from 1896 until the lease, along with the sheep and a small herd of cattle, was abandoned in 1931 because of the Great Depression.[133]
PacificDaitō Islands1900MinamidaitōjimaTamaki Hanemon obtained the approval to develop two of islands from Empire of Japan
AntarcticSouth Orkney Islands1903Orcadas BaseVisited by sealers and whalers in the 19th century. Scientific base founded by Scottish National Antarctic Expedition and sold to Argentina in 1904.
South AtlanticSouth Georgia1904GrytvikenVisited by sealers in the 19th century. Carl Anton Larsen founded a permanent whaling station in 1904.
ArcticJan Mayen1921EggøyaVisited by whalers in the 17th century, with some overwinter sojourns in 1633, 1882, and 1907. Weather station at Eggøya established 1921, followed by other weather and military stations. The current station, Olonkinbyen, has been continuously inhabited since 1958.[134]
Indian OceanKerguelen Islands1927Port-CouvreuxAfter occasional sojourns and shipwrecks in the 19th century, three families settled in a sheep-farming colony but were evacuated in 1934. Scientific station at Port-aux-Français has been continuously inhabited since 1950.
Arctic, New Siberian IslandsKotelny Island1933Soviet Naval Base.[135]
AntarcticSouth Shetland Islands1947Captain Arturo Prat BaseVisited by sealers and explorers in the 19th century. Chilean naval base staffed continuously 1947–2004.
Indian OceanPrince Edward Islands1947Transvaal CoveVisited by sealers and shipwrecks in the 19th century. South Africa occupied the islands in 1947 and established a meteorological station.[136]
Antarctica1948Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme, Antarctic PeninsulaFirst permanent base in continental Antarctica, operated by the Chilean Army.
PacificMacquarie Island1948Macquarie Island StationOccasional sojourns and shipwrecks in the 19th century, continuously inhabited since 1948.
East PacificRevillagigedo Islands1957Socorro IslandMexican naval base established. Shorter stays in 19th and early 20th centuries[137]
Indian OceanCrozet Islands1963Alfred FaureOccasional shipwrecks and visiting sealers and whalers in the 19th century, continuously inhabited since 1963.
ArcticSevernaya Zemlya1974Cape BaranovA meteorological station was operated from 1974 to 1988. "Prima" Polar Station opened at some point in the 1980s.[138][139]
North Atlantic/British IslesRockall1985Former SAS member Tom McClean lived on the island from 26 May 1985 to 4 July 1985 to affirm the UK's claim to the islet. Other short stays have been made, including one by Greenpeace and a 60 day fundraising effort for Help for Heroes[140][141]

See also

References
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